Following one of our research lines, we present here the first English translation of Social Parasitism in the Life of Nations, a work written by Arno Schickedanz representing an example of ideological purity. In the discussion section we make use of the herd analogy to describe social organization of some groups. Examples are provided and fully discussed. This approach is perfectly acceptable because Homo sapiens belong to the order Primates and certainly exhibit herd behavior under certain circumstances. This model is employed to show how a country can be colonized and manipulated.

In December 2019, an outbreak of a new type of acute respiratory disease (pneumonia) was reported in central China, and the number of people infected with it increased rapidly. Doctors named this disease COVID–19 and identified its origin as a virus called SARS–COV–2. So far, no effective drug has been produced that can be used to treat this disease with certainty, but some drugs have been identified and introduced that have shown a significant effect on the recovery of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate and analyze the drugs that have been used to treat Covid–19 patients so that the drugs that have the greatest effect on the recovery of patients can be identified and introduced. The drugs lopinavir and ritonavir, in combination with complementary drugs such as interferon alpha, have been effective in reducing the load capacity of the Betacoronaviruses family. The drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been effective in limiting the replication of COVID–19 in laboratory conditions. The antiviral drug amantadine reduces the replication capacity of the virus. Remdesivir can prevent lung damage caused by coronavirus infection in humans. In the case of favipiravir, studies have shown a recovery rate of 91.43%, indicating a very high effectiveness of this drug. Favipiravir and remdesivir have shown significant effectiveness. The drugs lopinavir and ritonavir, used in combination with interferon alpha, as well as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, have shown low effectiveness.

Introduction: Cardiomyopathy refers to a group of heart conditions characterized by abnormal structure of the myocardium. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of heart failure in Sudan. It has different implications for the quality of life and the psychological status of patients. This study aims to assess the Psychological Impact and Quality of Life in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in the outpatient department of Alshaab teaching hospital. A sample of 107 patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Using self-administered questionnaires including socio-demographic data, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the WHOQOL-BREF. The study assessed the quality of life and psychological symptoms of participants using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA to explore associations between clinical and sociodemographic factors and QoL outcomes. Results: The study showed that 23 (21.5%) patients had anxiety, and 19 (17.8%) patients had depression. Regarding the four domains related to quality of life, the physical health domain had the lowest mean score (56.15), indicating significant physical limitations, while the social domain scored highest (68.55), reflecting strong social support. Most participants were middle-aged, predominantly male, married, and residing in urban areas, with the majority reporting sufficient income. Higher NYHA class and lower LVEF were significantly associated with poorer physical and psychological quality of life, emphasizing the impact of heart failure severity. Employment and sufficient income were linked to better physical, psychological, and environmental scores. Mental health issues were prevalent, with 21.5% experiencing anxiety and 17.8% depression; these conditions significantly correlated with lower psychological and social QoL scores. Conclusion: Dilated cardiomyopathy affects patients’ psychological status and their quality of life. In this study, sociodemographic and clinical factors considerably influenced the participants' quality of life, underscoring the need for comprehensive management approaches addressing both medical and psychosocial aspects.

Diabetes mellitus remains a global public health problem associated with many complications. Acacia nilotica has been used in local management of diabetes and demonstrated anti-diabetic activities in animal model. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit-fly) has been used as a model for investigating pharmacological activities of natural products because of its genetic resemblance to human genes. This study aims at evaluating the anti-diabetic activities of aqueous leaves extract of Acacia nilotica in HSD-induced diabetic Drosophila melanogaster model. The results showed that flies treated with 0.250 g/mL and 0.500 g/mL of the extract demostrated significant (p < 0.05) increase in locomotor performance compared with diabetic control. The aqueous leaves extract of Acacia nilotica demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose, glycogen, trehalose and triglycerides levels in the treated flies compared with diabetic control. In comparison with diabetic control, the extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) decrease in MDA level and increase in SOD, CAT and GSH levels in treated flies. The aqueous leaves extract of Acacia nilotica demonstrates significant anti-diabetic activity in Drosophila melanogaster model validating its anti-diabetic effect in animal model and its use in the local management of diabetes.

CRISPR-Cas nucleases have changed the world of genetic editing because they provides specific, programmable and scalable editing possibilities. These RNA-guided nucleases were first described in the adaptive immune systems of prokaryotes, but have since enjoyed a second incarnation in eukaryotes, where they edit pathogenic mutations, control transcription, and even alter epigenetic structure. The field of structural biology has shown distinctly varied architecture among Cas nucleases, such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and newly studied variants, and has shown the conserved catalytic cores, RNA guide recognition elements, and ever-changing structural dynamics of the target and the controls that modulate its cleavage effectiveness. Biochemical analyses have shed light on the mechanisms of interrogating DNA, forming R-loops, allosteric activation, and collateral activity, guiding the engineering approaches to improve fidelity and minimize off-target effects. Although substantial progress has been made, there remains the challenge of achieving single-nucleotide precision and reducing genotoxicity, as well as improving delivery efficiency to a wide variety of cell and tissue types. Advanced innovations in high-fidelity variants, base, prime editing, and Anti-CRISPR controllers have broadened their application and improved their safety profiles. While clinical trials for monogenic disorders like sickle cell disease and Leber congenital amaurosis have noted early successes, their long-term efficacy, immunogenicity, and ethical issues remain significant obstacles. This review integrates biochemistry and structural biology of CRISPR-Cas nucleases and focuses on mechanisms of their function and engineering that are central to the CRISPR-Cas Rational Design. The application of structural biology in conjunction with functional genomics and translational medicine aids in a refined and well-integrated understanding of the mechanisms guiding the evolution of CRISPR therapeutics. This review analyses the role of atomic resolution structures in guiding protein engineering, the role of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters in determining editing outcomes, and the role of evolutionary divergence in informing the selection of nucleases for specific purposes. Emerging trends, which include the use of compact CAS enzymes for viral delivery, RNA-targeting systems for the transient modulation of gene expression, and synthetic regulatory modules for the systems engineering of CRISPR, promise to augment the clinical reach of CRISPR therapeutics. These variances in application outline the junction of editing outcomes and the evolvable Technomic of CRISPR.

Development is part and parcel of the dearest gadgetry all humans hotly smoke after – be it individually oy collectively. But in our frenzy run for achieving such a dream, people more than often seem blurred with some materialistic sense, gravely paying much less attention to themselves as multi-facetted factors or genius-blessed agents. Building on a trans-disciplinary methodological plinth made up of tools from miscellaneous horizons, chiefly sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and pragma-linguistics, the current study is meant to reveal the force of education, morality and self-confidence as developmental impetuses as are pinpointed by Ben Carson in You Have a Brain. The double-barrelled interest lurking in the study is to typically help African youth to get aware of their own in-built potentials of self-achievement so as to alleviate the depressing burden of joblessness and related sufferings, and to ignite in them as well the requisite courage to venture themselves on entrepreneurship.

Infertility is a distressing condition that can significantly affect women’s quality of life, leading to emotional, psychological, and social challenges. Women struggling with infertility often experience elevated stress levels, anxiety, and depression, which can negatively influence their overall well-being and interpersonal relationships. The impact extends beyond mental health, as diminished quality of life may also affect physical health, marital satisfaction, and social functioning. This narrative review aims to examine the psychological stress and quality of life among infertile women, while highlighting the consequences of infertility and the supportive role of nursing in enhancing care and well-being.

In vector control, plant extracts are increasingly provided numerous sources of phytochemicals utilized on mosquito control. Essential oils such as Lippia alba have shown their effectiveness against insects. Our present study aims to show the toxicity of L. alba essential oil on Anopheles gambiae larvae and to demonstrate the histological damage. The larvae were exposed to serial concentrations from 200 ppm to 1000 ppm. Mortalities were recorded after 24 hours exposure to determine lethal doses LD50 and LD90. Larvae treated with LD90 were fixed at 6h, 12h, and 24h to show the process of histological degradation. After 24 hours exposure, the results revealed that mortalities were 6.66%, 5%, 61.33%, 91.66%, and 91.66% for respectively 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm doses. Fisher's test revealed that there was no significant difference in mortality between the control and low doses (200 ppm and 400 ppm), (p = 1). On the other hand, mortalities were significant between the control (0 ppm) and doses ≥ 600 ppm (p = 0.0006). The lethal doses LD50 and LD90 determined using the Muller and Tinter formula were 554.4 ppm and 788.2 ppm, respectively. The histological examnition revealed that, the product acts between 6h and 24h through with progressive destruction of the nervous system, muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and digestive tract. It appears that L. alba essential oil constitutes a product with a larvicidal effect and could be evaluated in a natural breeding sites against vector mosquitoes.

This paper investigates the macroeconomic determinants of household consumption in 37 Sub-Saharan African economies with annual time series from 2000 to 2023. The determinants include income, wealth, exchange rate, and population. Using a battery of econometric techniques, the result suggested the existence of a long-run relationship between the household consumption and its determinants. However, only income exerted positive and significant influence on household consumption in SSA countries. Therefore, the paper recommended that policymakers in the SSA countries should focus more on the improvement of households’ income base in the region. Also, since income is an important determinant of household consumption in the region, expansionary fiscal policies (such as public investment in infrastructure, tax incentives for businesses, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)) should be aimed at, so as to increase employment opportunities, income and wealth creation.

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has demonstrated incredible tenacity and dedication in the face of the pandemic's devastation. Indian medications are popular all throughout the world, but particularly in the US because of their excellent quality and reasonable rates. India had a substantial growth in pharmaceutical exports relative to its overall exports during the pandemic period. This article aims to examine India's pharmaceutical product exports during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. To fulfil the study ,it used the literature from sources such as, Aaheli Ahmed et al.'s 2020 study, "The recent Coronavirus (COVID-19)Pandemic: A Review of issues for Indian Pharmaceuticals Exports," which highlighted potential trade opportunities for India's pharmaceutical sector in light of recent export policy interventions, RBI Bulletin July 15, 2021 (Drivers of Indian Pharmaceutical Exports), the Department of Pharmaceuticals' Annual Report, Government of India, 2021-22, the ITC Trade Map Data, etc., were among the other publications reviewed for this study. To achieve the objectives, the study utilized some indices. The BRCA index has been evaluated to analyze the export pattern of India with world at the disaggregate level (HS-6 digits) for Pharma sector. The RCA of a particular commodity is measured by the share of that commodity in the country's total exports relative to the country's share in the total world exports. The paper`s findings highlight that India’s RCA index is above 1 for API’s, Bulk Drugs and Formulations for the past many years. Whereas the value of this index is below 1 for other pharmaceuticals category over the period.

Background: Understanding the perception of attractiveness in the chin position relative to the aesthetic level of the E-line is crucial for improving aesthetic outcomes in orthodontic. This study aimed to examine the extent to which changes in the chin position at sagittal plane relative to the E-line are observed in terms of attractiveness among laypeople, dentists and orthodontists. Material and methods: A digital portrait of adult woman was generated by artificial intelligence (AI) for the study. The image was digitally altered using Adobe Photoshop to create 3 images and presented to 60 orthodontists and 60 laypeople for evaluation of their perception of facial profile attractiveness on a visual value rating scale of (1 to 5). Results: The study results showed that a repeat measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the effect of chin position profile in relation to the E-line (based on three images) on facial attractiveness ratings, and whether this effect differed between orthodontists and laypeople. However, there was a significant interaction between image type and participant group (Wilks' Lambda Test). Conclusions: Orthodontists and Laypeople rated the retrusive chin as more attractive than the protrusive of the chin. Future research should further explore how demographic and cultural factors influence these aesthetic judgments.

Postural management is a highly important issue in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP), but its use has not been thoroughly examined in the Middle East. The objective of this research was to determine how proper wheelchair choice could help in improving quality of life (QoL) of children with spastic cerebral palsy in Saudi Arabia. The sample used consisted of 35 children that were in a stable medical condition and had a Gross Motor Functional Measurement (GMFM) score of 3-5. The children whose parents did not consent were also excluded as well as those children who could not respond to the questionnaires of the study. The participants were all evaluated at three points namely baseline, after two weeks, and four weeks following a postural management program based on a wheelchair recommended by WHO. The findings showed that five, out of seven, domains of QoL showed statistically significant positive changes with a p-value of less than 0.001. These results will emphasize the great advantages of proper wheelchair choice in enhancing the QoL of children with cerebral palsy. Besides, the present research highlights the need to strengthen the understanding of postural management, paediatric rehabilitation, and how physiotherapy and occupational therapy may possibly optimize the treatment of children with CP.

Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is a common dental anomaly with significant esthetic and functional repercussions. This case report describes a 17-year-old female patient presenting with bilateral agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisors (teeth 12 and 22), managed through orthodontic treatment using the Roth technique with space opening, followed by implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. The treatment outcome demonstrated a significant improvement in esthetics and function. The discussion compares possible therapeutic approaches: space closure versus space opening, and implant-supported versus resin-bonded bridge rehabilitation.

Introduction: Rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible with severe atrophy remains a major clinical challenge in implant dentistry. Conventional regenerative procedures, while effective, involve high morbidity, long treatment times, and increased costs. To overcome these limitations, the “Full on Shorts®” protocol was developed, based on the placement of short and extra-short implants in posterior mandibular positions, distributed vertically and parallel to minimize cantilevers and optimize biomechanical stability without the need for regenerative surgery or tilted implants. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients treated with the “Full on Shorts®” protocol and followed for a minimum of two years after implant loading. Four implants were placed in each edentulous mandible using a biological drilling protocol. All cases received immediate loading with provisional prostheses, followed by definitive prostheses after 3–4 months. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was conducted every six months, with marginal bone loss evaluated using standardized periapical radiographs. Primary outcomes were implant and prosthesis survival, insertion torque, and marginal bone changes. Results: A total of 36 implants were placed in 9 patients (mean age 64.9 ± 7.3 years). Mean alveolar crest height at implant sites was 6.57 ± 0.63 mm. The average insertion torque was 47.2 ± 13.2 Ncm, with higher values in type I bone (50.3 Ncm) compared to type III bone (37.5 Ncm). All implants were immediately loaded. After a mean follow-up of 39.1 ± 13.3 months (range 20–67), the survival rate of both implants and prostheses was 100%. Mean marginal bone loss was minimal, with 0.21 ± 0.49 mm mesially and 0.13 ± 0.48 mm distally. Only two minor prosthetic complications (screw loosening) were recorded. Conclusions: The “Full on Shorts®” protocol represents a reliable and minimally invasive approach for the rehabilitation of atrophic mandibles. The excellent implant and prosthesis survival, combined with negligible marginal bone loss and the feasibility of immediate loading, support this technique as a predictable alternative to conventional regenerative or tilted implant protocols.

Malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a rare hereditary bone disease characterized by defective bone resorption due to impaired osteoclast function or differentiation. This results in generalized osteosclerosis and leads to multiple complications including hematologic failure, neurological compression, skeletal deformities, dental anomalies, and facial dysmorphism. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, biological, radiological, and genetic findings. The only curative treatment for severe forms is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is most effective when performed early. New therapeutic strategies under investigation include gene therapy, immunomodulators, and targeted agents. Prognosis is influenced by the genetic subtype, age at diagnosis, and neurological involvement. Long-term multidisciplinary care is crucial to improve the quality of life of surviving patients.