Background: Renal transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering improved survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, in Bangladesh, the prevalence of renal transplant recipients remains relatively low due to medical, economic, and infrastructural challenges. Understanding the demographic and clinical characteristics of transplant recipients is crucial for improving transplant outcomes and healthcare planning. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic distribution, primary disease causes, and co-morbid conditions among renal transplant recipients in Bangladesh. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, as well as at CKD and Urology Hospital and the Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Bangladesh. A total of 105 renal transplant recipients were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, medical records, and laboratory investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with results presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative data and frequency (%) for categorical data. Results: The majority of renal transplant recipients were aged ≤40 years (72.4%), with a mean age of 34.7 ± 8.9 years. Males predominated, with a male-to-female ratio of 7.75:1. Most patients had a normal BMI (74.3%), with a mean BMI of 21.8 ± 3.1 kg/m². The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 124 ± 9 mmHg and 80 ± 6 mmHg, respectively. The primary disease leading to transplantation was undetermined in 83.8% of cases, followed by glomerulonephritis (6.7%), hypertension (3.8%), and diabetes mellitus (1.9%). Hypertension (94.3%) was the most common co-morbidity, followed by proteinuria (13.3%) and retinopathy (12.4%). Conclusion: Renal transplantation in Bangladesh is more common among younger males, with hypertension and glomerulonephritis being major contributors to ESRD. The high percentage of cases with undetermined primary disease highlights diagnostic limitations. Additionally, post-transplant hypertension remains a major challenge, necessitating lifelong monitoring and management. Addressing these epidemiological trends through improved diagnostic capabilities, awareness programs, and healthcare policies can enhance transplant outcomes and accessibility in Bangladesh.

The investigation of the inhibiting patterns and variations of 10cm3 leaves extracts of yam, maize and cassava on the corrosion of mild steel in a selected media using weight loss method was carried out. The mild steel samples were pre-weighed, immersed in different concentrations of NaOH, NaCl and H2SO4 solutions with the 10cm3 leaves extracts alongside the control samples immersed in solution of the media without leaves extracts. The arrangements were allowed to stand for 672 hours and a set of samples from each environment withdrawn at intervals of 168 hours for corrosion characterization. The research findings indicate that the corrosion rate decreased as a result of the 10cm3 leaves extracts introduced into the media thereby confirming that the leaves extracts functioned as effective and excellent inhibitors in the NaOH, NaCl and H2SO4 media. Among the leaves extracts from the three plants used, it was observed that Yam has the best inhibition efficiency in both NaOH (alkaline), NaCl (salt) and H2SO4 (acidic) media, followed by Cassava and Maize which also showed good inhibition efficiency. The results show the very good potentialities of the leaves extracts for application in the diminution of corrosion in our various manufacturing industries.

Background: Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid profiles, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been increasingly implicated in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dyslipidemia contributes to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, potentially exacerbating renal impairment. However, the association between dyslipidemia and key renal risk factors—estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, anemia, and C-reactive protein (CRP)—in renal transplant recipients remains inadequately explored. Objective: To assess the association between dyslipidemia and renal risk factors, including eGFR, proteinuria, anemia, and CRP, in renal transplant recipients. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, the CKD and Urology Hospital (CKD&U), and the Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Bangladesh, over 13 months (May 2019–June 2020). A total of 105 renal transplant recipients were included through purposive sampling. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, including fasting lipid profiles, serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), CRP, and eGFR (calculated using the MDRD equation). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v16, applying Chi-square tests to evaluate associations between dyslipidemia and renal risk factors. Results: Among renal transplant recipients, 61.9% had elevated triglycerides, 53.3% had high LDL, 33.3% had elevated total cholesterol, and 61.0% had low HDL. The mean triglyceride level was 214.38 ± 128.33 mg/dL, and the mean LDL was 100.41 ± 36.31 mg/dL. Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with reduced eGFR (p=0.04), indicating a decline in renal graft function. Lower ApoA1 levels were significantly linked to elevated CRP (p=0.01) and reduced eGFR (p=0.043), while higher ApoB levels were also associated with reduced eGFR (p=0.038). Hypertriglyceridemia was significantly correlated with anemia (p=0.05). However, no significant associations were observed between lipid markers and proteinuria, hypertension, or diabetes. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia, particularly elevated triglycerides and low HDL levels, is significantly associated with reduced renal function and systemic inflammation in renal transplant recipients. Specific lipid markers, such as ApoA1 and ApoB, may play a critical role in predicting renal dysfunction and inflammatory status. Early detection and management of dyslipidemia may be crucial in preserving renal function and improving long-term transplant outcomes.

The increasing intensification of the exploitation of fishery resources in Africa in general and in Côte d'Ivoire in particular, associated with the processes of degradation of the natural environment, pose real risks of regression, disappearance of species and reduction of fish production. So, knowledge of fishing parameters is very important in the strategy implemented by managers of this sector on Ivorian rivers and bodies of water. Thus, the composition of catches, fishing effort and fishing gear production were studied in the Bandama River from July 2023 to June 2024. The data was collected by experimental fishing with gillnets and traps to which fishing data were added artisanal fishing carried out during the sampling days. A total of 41 species belonging to 5 orders and 13 families of fish with a biomass of 18896 kg were identified. Siluriformes (44%) and Perciformes (26%) were dominant. The highest fishing efforts and CPUEs were obtained with gillnets and papolo traps. The values were maximum in the rainy season. Annual production was 7285.74 Kg for the gillnets and 5066.53 Kg for the papolo traps. The results of this study revealed that fish from the Bandama River at Lamto are overexploited. This constitutes a basic element for decision-making in the quest for a protection and conservation strategy of the fishing resources of this protected area in Côte d’Ivoire.

This study examines the efforts of Transmission Power Division in enhancing employee happiness, with a focus on strategic initiatives such as wellness programs, flexible work arrangements, and career development. Based on a 242-participant sample, the research reveals a high overall happiness score of 94.44% in 2023. The analysis also highlights significant differences in satisfaction levels between age groups, with younger employees (18-25) reporting a happiness rate of 85.56%, compared to older employees (46-55) who reported 96.16% satisfaction. The highest satisfaction was observed in the “Promoting Health” and “Fulfilling Potential” pillars, with scores of 92.59% and 94.83%, respectively. However, the “Building Relationships” pillar showed room for improvement, especially in team communication and transparency. Recommendations include expanding wellness programs, fostering clearer communication, and tailoring initiatives to younger employees. The findings align with national and international standards for workplace well-being.

Background: Dyslipidemia is a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is highly prevalent among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a widely used tool to estimate coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, incorporating lipid levels and other major risk factors. However, the association between dyslipidemia, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and FRS in RTRs remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between dyslipidemia and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in RTRs and to evaluate the impact of dyslipidemia on FRS. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 13 months (May 2019 – June 2020) at nephrology departments of multiple healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. A total of 105 RTRs, selected through purposive sampling, underwent clinical assessments, laboratory investigations, and FRS calculation. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated, and its associations with hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and FRS were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: The majority of RTRs were male (88.6%) and aged ≤40 years (72.4%). Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent, affecting 88.0% of hypertensive patients, 100.0% of diabetics, and 100.0% of underweight and obese individuals. However, no statistically significant associations were found between dyslipidemia and hypertension (p = 0.498), diabetes (p = 0.455), or BMI (p = 0.470). Similarly, dyslipidemia did not show a significant correlation with FRS (p = 0.107), despite its high prevalence across all FRS categories. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among RTRs but is not significantly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or FRS. These findings suggest that conventional cardiovascular risk models may not fully capture the complex risk profile of RTRs. Individualized lipid monitoring and tailored cardiovascular risk management strategies are essential for optimizing post-transplant care. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are needed to elucidate the interplay between dyslipidemia, immunosuppressive therapy, and cardiovascular risk in RTRs.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard treatment for gallbladder diseases, traditionally performed under general anesthesia (GA). However, spinal-epidural anesthesia (SEA) has emerged as a potential alternative due to its advantages in postoperative recovery, reduced nausea, and improved pain control. Despite these benefits, the choice between SEA and GA remains debated in clinical practice. Objective: This study aims to compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes of LC performed under SEA versus GA, focusing on pain management, complications, and recovery parameters. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from September 2023. A total of 97 patients were randomly allocated to undergo LC under SEA [n=48]or GA[ n=49]. Inclusion criteria included ASA I-II status, age 18-65 years, and BMI ≤30 kg/m². Perioperative parameters, postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale), complications, and hospital stay duration were assessed. Statistical significance was determined using appropriate tests, with an interim analysis performed after the first 100 patients. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Median operative time was 45 minutes for SEA and 47 minutes for GA. SEA patients experienced significantly lower postoperative pain scores at all time points (p < .001). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was slightly higher in the GA group (16.7%) than in the SEA group (14.3%). Urinary retention was observed only in the SEA group (6.1%), while dizziness and sinus tachycardia were exclusive to GA (2.1% each). The median hospital stay was one day for both groups. Conclusion: SEA provides superior postoperative pain control compared to GA while maintaining comparable operative and anesthesia durations. Although SEA was associated with urinary retention, GA had a higher incidence of nausea, dizziness, and tachycardia. These findings support SEA as a viable alternative to GA in LC, particularly for patients prioritizing pain reduction and enhanced recovery.

Since vocational education gives young people the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the workforce, it is crucial for human development. The purpose of this study was to examine the availability and adequacy of physical facilities and resources for vocational training and skills acquisition in the vocational training centers in Tana River County, Kenya. Data were gathered using a descriptive research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methods. There were nine Vocational Training Centres in Tana River County, with a total of two hundred and fifty trainees. The trainees were chosen at random. Trainees’ data was gathered using questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 was used to analyze, code, and critical quantitative data. Pie charts and graphs were used to display the data that had been analyzed. The results of the study showed that the trainees believed academic education was superior and that vocational skills were for failures.

Vocational education plays a vital role in equipping young people with the skills and knowledge necessary for success in the workforce, making it an essential aspect of human development. This study aimed to investigate how instructors' competence, qualifications, and experience influence the quality of vocational training and skills acquisition in vocational training centers within Tana River County. A descriptive research methodology was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study focused on nine vocational training institutions in Tana River County, involving 322 participants: 250 trainees, 54 trainers, 9 principals, and 9 deputy principals. Trainees and trainers were selected using random sampling, while principals were chosen through purposive sampling. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires for trainees and trainers and interviews for principals. Reliability was ensured through a pilot study and the test-retest method. Findings indicated a significant shortage of qualified trainers, as reported by 74.9% of trainees, which negatively impacted the quality of training. The study recommended that the County Government of Tana River implement in-service training programs for trainers and prioritize the recruitment and retention of highly qualified instructors. Additionally, further research was suggested to explore community perceptions of vocational education for youth.

Sclerocarya birrea tree (Marula), is known in Sudan as Homeid tree. The different parts of the tree find wide traditional and medicinal uses. This study was carried to evaluate the chemical composition of the fruit seeds and kernels oil from nutritional value sight of view. Fresh fruits were collected from Darfur and Kordofan States. The proximate constituents of seeds were determined. Kernels oil was extracted by Petroleum ether. The physicochemical properties of the oil were measured. Seed kernels content of some minerals was determined by AAS. The extracted oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The proximate seed constituents were ash (4.93%), moisture (5.74%), pH (6.36%), protein (44.17%), vitamin C (19.47mg/100g) and Fiber (5.32%). The AAS analysis showed high P (220.25mg/100g) and K (86.10mg/100g) in the kernels. The oil yield was (53.47%). The physicochemical properties were acid value (0.42mg KOH/g), Peroxide value (4.64meq/kg), Saponification value (199mg KOH/g), viscosity (62.1), refractive index (1.467), density (0.919g/cm3) and un-saponified matter (3.17%). The GC-MS characterization showed a presence of five constituents, Dominated by Oleic (65.97%), Palmitic (17.53%) and Stearic acid (12.84%).

This study was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence of Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg, developed by Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd., India, compared with COZAAR® (Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg) manufactured by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Chile. Conducted under fasting conditions, this open-label, randomized, two-treatment, three-sequence, three-period, single-dose, crossover, semi-replicate study aimed to assess pharmacokinetic parameters and the safety profile of both formulations in healthy adult human subjects. A total of 39 participants were enrolled, with 30 completing all study phases. Blood samples were collected at 28 predefined time points in each study period and analyzed for plasma concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite, carboxylic acid, using a validated bioanalytical method. Key pharmacokinetic metrics such as Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were determined, and the log-transformed data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results demonstrated that the 90% confidence intervals of the test/reference ratio for Cmax (82.57%–117.03%), AUC0-t (98.11%–107.46%), and AUC0-∞ (98.09%–107.37%) were all within the predefined bioequivalence acceptance range of 80.00%–125.00%. These findings established bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations. Safety evaluations revealed five adverse events among four subjects, all of which were mild to moderate and resolved completely without sequelae. In conclusion, the study confirms that Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg by Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd. is bioequivalent to COZAAR® and is well-tolerated under fasting conditions. These results support the potential for the test product to serve as a cost-effective and accessible therapeutic alternative for managing hypertension.

This study evaluates the impact of physicochemical parameters on aquatic insect diversity of Fateh Sagar Lake by assessing water quality across five sampling sites. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed. The results indicated that while most physicochemical parameters remained within permissible BIS/ICMR standards, Site 5 exhibited signs of pollution with higher BOD and COD levels and lower DO. A total of 3668 aquatic insects from 65 species, categorized under 37 families and five orders, were recorded. The BMWP and ASPT indices were employed for biological assessment, revealing good water quality at Sites 1-3, moderate conditions at Site 4, and significant degradation at Site 5, where no aquatic insects were found. Statistical correlations highlighted the importance of DO in species composition and the influence of physicochemical factors on aquatic biodiversity. This study underscores the necessity of regular monitoring and conservation efforts to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on Fateh Sagar Lake.

This topic is about “Lhashukgen,” who is also known as “sku rten pa”, basically a native Oracle of Monpa community of Arunachal Pradesh. It explores the whole concept of a local Oracle in Monpa Community, his works, his nature, his importance in monpa community etc. This topic also attempts to understand the genealogy and origin of institution of sku ten pa. It also explores the full process and step through which one becomes an Oracle being chosen by the deity and how it becomes hereditary in nature. It also tells that why being chosen by deity one cannot refuse to become an Oracle. Given the limited availability of written records, my research on this topic was largely based on oral sources and accounts. Although there are some books available on Oracle, they are primarily based on the Oracle of either Tibet or of other areas.

This work consists of contributing to the study of the phytodiversity of trees in the monodominant forest of YASIKIA, 31 km OPALA road RD Congo, specifically we wanted to know the richness of trees in this forest, analyze its floristic composition and structure by studying the specific abundances of trees structuring this forest. We proceeded to set up a 5 km or 5000 m transect in a North-South direction of the forest where emerging woody plants are well represented, crossing all topographic levels. 20 square plots of 50 mx 50 m were delimited on either side along the transect. We measured and identified all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm at a height of 1.30 m from the ground, above the buttresses of the stilt roots. We calculated the diversity indices: Simpson, Shannon-weaver and Fisher alpha. After our field investigations, we inventoried 1573 tree individuals divided into 99 species, 88 genera and 30 families. The most abundant species overall are: Gilbertiodendron dewevrei with 303 plants, Scorodophloeus zenkeri with 153 plants, Cola griseiflora with 86 plants, Pancovia hamsiana with 80 plants, Polyathia suaveolens with 57 plants, Julbernadia sereti with 56 feet, Staudtia kamerunensis and Strombosia pustulata each with 55 feet, Cynometra sessiliflora with 45 feet, Guarea cedrata with 31 feet, Cleistanthus mildbraedi, Diospyros bipendensis and Diospyros crassiflora each with 30 feet.

Background: This study investigates hairline patterns among the Etche people in Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on the distribution and variation in hairline shapes, lengths, and widths. Materials and Methods: Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 227 participants through anthropometric measurements using a digital vernier caliper and measuring tape, assessing patterns by gender, age, and marital status. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the most common hairline type was straight-lined (34.4%), followed by bell-shaped (30.8%) and widow’s peak (30%). The least common hairline patterns were low and high hairlines, each observed in only 0.4% of participants. The average hairline length and width were 61.98 mm and 293.89 mm, respectively, with males displaying longer and wider hairlines compared to females. Singles also showed greater hairline dimensions compared to married individuals. Conclusion: No significant variation was found in hairline characteristics by religious affiliation. These findings contribute valuable anthropometric data on the Etche population and highlight the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping craniofacial features. The study fills a gap in anthropometric literature and provides a foundation for further genetic, medical, and cultural studies on Nigerian ethnic groups.