Benign breast diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders including developmental abnormality, epithelial and stromal proliferation, inflammatory lesions and neoplasm. Benign breast lesions deserve attention because of their high prevalence, their impact on women’s life and due to cancerous potential of some histological types. So the study is aimed to attempt clinico-pathological correlation of non-neoplastic lesion of breast lump with detail history and pathological findings. The present study is prospective and retrospective study of non-neoplastic breast lesions carried out in department of pathology with the help of department of surgery at one of the teaching hospital in north Maharashtra. The retrospective study was done between May 2015 to July 2018 and prospective study between august 2018 to may 2019. Total one hundred cases of non neoplastic lesions of breast were studied in detail with relation to available clinical data. Tissue for H&E sections were fixed in 10% formalin and subjected to routine paraffin embedded processing and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Out of 78 cases of non- neoplastic lesions of female breast, 45 cases 57.96% were of benign proliferative lesions, 30 cases 38.46% of inflammatory lesions and 3 cases of miscellaneous lesions. Maximum numbers of cases were found in age group 21-50 years with commonly presented with lump and pain. Inflammatory lesions and fibrocystic disease are the two common non neoplastic lesions of the breast tented to occur in 2nd to 4th decade of life. The most common presenting complaints are lump and pain in the breast.

The aim of the study was to investigate Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in peri implant crevicular fluid (PMICF) in direct and indirect anchorage side during orthodontic tooth movement in humans. Material and Method: A split mouth technique of ten patients requiring all first premolar extractions were selected and treated with absolute anchorage. Enmase-retraction was done using 150 g sentalloy springs at both direct and indirect anchorage side. Maxillary Ist quadrant side acted as direct anchorage site, while second quadrant acted as indirect anchorage site. Peri implant crevicular fluid was collected from mesial crevices of mini implant before initiation of retraction (baseline), and after initiation of retraction on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day and the Alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated using ELISA method. Results: There was no significant difference in means value of Alkaline Phosphatase of two groups at any interval. But the mean difference of Alkaline Phosphatase for all intervals between two group was statistically significant. Conclusions: The overall means of Alkaline Phosphatase of direct method was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than indirect anchorage group.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Financial Services Authority's circular letter number 14 / SEOJK.03 / 2017 concerning the health level bank, for Branchless Banking of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk by implementing the RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, Capital) method between in 2016 and 2017 banks through a comparative analysis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance. The method used in this study is RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, Capital), while the long-term objective is modeling the financial strategy assessment of Branchless Banking in Indonesia. The result that there are not differences in financial performance between before and after the implementation of the Financial Services Authority's circular letter number 14 / SEOJK.03 / 2017 concerning the health level bank, for Branchless Banking of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk.

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the apical sealability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex and Endosequence BC sealer at three different lengths of remaining gutta-percha after postspace preparation. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were decoronated, biomechanically prepared, and randomly divided into four groups; Group A and Group B served as positive and negative control with 20 teeth each. The teeth in Group C and Group D (with 60 teeth each) were obturated with gutta-percha using MTA Fillapex sealer and Endosequence BC sealer, respectively. Teeth in Group C and Group D were further subdivided into three subgroups depending on the length of remaining apical gutta-percha, i.e., 3, 4, and 5 mm after postspace preparation. Apical leakage was assessed using dye penetration method under stereomicroscope. Results: In both the Groups C and D, there was overall no statistically significant difference in leakage; however, Group C showed slightly more leakage than Group D. There was a statistically significant difference in leakage at 3 mm and 5 mm level in both groups. Conclusion: Although less microleakage occurred, the bioceramic sealers could not totally eliminate leakage.

A total of 5786 cesarean sections (C.S.) were done at Al_Diwaniyah maternity and children teaching hospital at 1 year interval from January 2018 to January 2019. The C.S. were analyzed and compared with reports from other parts of the world. Out of a total admissions of 15054 pregnant woman, 5786 ended with cesarean sections, and 9268 ended with normal vaginal delivery. The incidence of cesarean section was 38.4% and the incidence of normal vaginal delivery was 61.5%. The age of patients were between 15-40 years old

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of single visit apexification versus complete obturation with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Biodentine on the fractured resistance of simulated immature teeth. Material and Method: Forty five freshly extracted non-carious maxillary central incisors with single canal were selected. The apical 5mm of each tooth was then removed, access cavity preparation followed by preparation using peeso reamers was done to simulate Cvek’s stage 3 of root development. Irrigation protocol was carried out followed by randomization of samples and then canals were obturated using different materials. Fracture testing was done under universal testing machine and the ultimate load to fracture was recorded in Newtons. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 Software. One way analysis of variance followed by pair wise comparison of the groups was performed using Tukey’s post hoc test. The level of significance was set at 95% (p < 0.05). Results: All the experimental groups had a statistically higher value of fracture resistance than the control groups. Group I (entire canal obturated with MTA) showed highest value of fracture resistance followed by group III (entire canal obturated with biodentine), group II and group IV. Conclusion: Reinforcing immature teeth with bioactive materials such as MTA and biodentine is advantageous for apexification. Clinical Significance: Full MTA obturation clinically in patients might produce high success rate of apexification as compared to MTA and Biodentine apical plug and gutta percha obturation

Interest in felony disenfranchisement is growing rapidly because of the rising rates of felony offenses and disenfranchisement. In fact, an estimated 6 million Americans are denied the right to vote as a result of their felony convictions. Felony disenfranchisement is an obstacle to participation in democratic life- a reality exacerbated by the current racial disparities in the criminal justice system which result in 1 out of every 13 Blacks being unable to vote (Sentencing Project, 2015). As there is little we know about the differences between Black and felony experiences with disenfranchisement, this study focused on everyday disenfranchisement experiences that research suggests Black males face. The focus was on perceived discriminations resulting from entitlement programs (i.e. employment, housing, educational and other forms of government assistance). It was predicted the persons with felonies would have a different perception of disenfranchisement or discrimination, but results indicated both groups perceived similar experiences with discrimination, confirming findings in the extant literature.

Aim and Objective: To compare perinatal outcome of maternal adiposity to normal BMI Women. Material And Method: This is hospital based prospective study .results-a fatty women deliver more Macrosomic baby, need more NICU admission, more birth trauma, more hospital stay, more congenital anomaly baby, low apgar at 5 minite

This study aims to comparative analyze for financial performance of PT HSBC Indonesia in 2017 and 2018. The method used in this study is paired sample t test. The result are not difference significant between Performance Ratio of Bank HSBC in 2018 and Performance Ratio of Bank HSBC in 2017. Ratio Performance of bank HSCB are had 9 data decreasing are Minimum Capital Requirement (KPMM) problematic productive assets and non-productive assets of total productive assets and non-earning, problematic productive assets against total earning assets, reserve for impairment losses (CKPN) of financial assets to earning assets, gross NPL, Net NPL, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) , Ratio Performance of bank are had 2 data increasing are Operational Expenses on Operating Income and (BOPO) and Loan to Deposit Ratio LDR but Financial performance of HSBC are not difference significant between Performance Ratio of Bank HSBC in 2018 and Performance Ratio of Bank HSBC in 2017.

Background: Worldwide health systems are facing an increasing number of challenges, while governments remain dedicated to searching for cost-effective options to enhance the capacity of national health systems to perform well. Although the relationship between devolution and disparities in access to health care is mixed, most studies do not attribute observed disparities in healthcare use to Devolution. This review was performed to synthesize evidence around this issue. Specifically, the objective was to answer the question: “What are the contribution of devolution in health financing, health leadership, and health information systems?”. Methods: CrossRef, Google Scholar, Academic keys, Open Academic journals index, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched with terms related to devolution and health. The search included terms related to health financing, health information systems, and health leadership. Findings were presented within a narrative synthesis. Quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Findings: A few studies, all cross-sectional studies, met the selection criteria for this review. Most studies noted the Healthcare is a major element of national budgets worldwide in as much as all levels vary across countries, systems have come under increased pressure to ensure that resources are spent efficiently.

Background: In the past three decades, health reform has become commonplace in most countries. Such that reforms decentralized governance of health systems has been adopted in some countries as a subset of broader health reforms or as a preferred management strategy. This review was performed to synthesize evidence around this issue. Specifically, the objective was to answer the question: “What is the role of devolution in service delivery, health workforce and medical commodities acquisition?”. Methods: CrossRef, Google Scholar, Academic keys, Open Academic journals index, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched with terms related to devolution and health. The search included terms related to service delivery, health workforce and medical commodities. Findings were presented within a narrative synthesis. Quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Findings: A few studies, all cross-sectional studies, met the selection criteria for this review. Most studies noted the major benefits resulting from devolution in terms of local governance and citizen participation in the health service delivery sector. The UK and India are some of the countries with evidence of how devolution impacts positively from accountability and participation. Some of benefits reaped include developed leadership, effective monitoring, promotion of quick delegation of work and generation of interest among employees. In Kenya, health sector still undergoes significant human resource deficiency, in spite of the government investing over the years from independent and also considering the devolution of health services. Healthcare workers shortage affects how health institutions functions. Studies showed that health workers positively respond to the demands of human resource of a decentralized unit if they look for employment in it, if a post is offered, they accept, and stays in service. Their ability and willingness to act in response to local demands are due to a number of factors. However, there is little literature on the best level of the government in provision of public type medical services. The recent focus has been entirely on the merits of local provision. Local governments are more responsive to their citizens compared to the central government. Conclusions: A universal objective of health systems should be to reduce inequality in health and promote equity, but the impact of Devolution of health system governance on equity has been questioned.

Nurses’ awareness of professional rights and values and how those values affect their behavior is an integral part of nursing care. This study aimed to assess the perception of married nurses regarding women’s rights and obligations and also to assess the family support towards nursing services and professional development in selected tertiary hospital of West Bengal. This descriptive survey was conducted with 103 married nurses employed in North Bengal Medical College and Hospital who were selected by non probability, total enumerative sampling technique. Data were collected using investigator prepared rating scale and the responses were self reported by the participants. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, associations between socio demographic variables and mean scores were analyzed by inferential statistics like chi square test. The results revealed that 46% of the nurses had average perception about their professional rights but 73% of them had good perception about their personal rights, 62% of the nurses had good perception about their professional obligations related to patient care and only 16% of the nurses had good family support towards nursing services and professional development. It was also evident that age, duration of service and type of family (χ 2 values = 4.133, 7.433, 7.336 respectively) at 0.05 level of significance were associated with perception of women’s rights and obligations. Family support was associated with professional qualification of nurses, monthly family income, type of family and working hours (χ 2 values = 4.307, 6.26, 7.01, 6.448 respectively) at 0.05 level of significance. Further studies using standardized tools and other reliable and culture specific instruments are recommended.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) is affected in several ocular and systemic conditions, most commonly glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. This cross sectional study was done to compare the RNFLT in 180 eyes of 90 patients. A total of 90 patients were assigned to 3 groups of 30 patients each of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and POAG with T2DM (POAG/T2DM). The RNFLT was measured with spectral-domain OCT. Readings from all the areas of retina were measured in both eyes. Presence of T2DM in patients of POAG significantly affected the RNFLT as compared to patients of POAG or T2DM individually. The RNFLT was negatively correlated with the duration of glaucoma, duration of diabetes and HBA1c levels. Hence, care should be taken in interpreting optical coherence tomography readings in patients of POAG/T2 DM. The changes in RNFLT can be used to monitor the progression of diseases affecting RNFLT and efficacy of treatment modalities.

Background: Auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) are non-invasive techniques used to assess the capability of the CNS to integrate sensory and motor activities based on the level of CNS arousal and alertness. There is a lacuna for studying the impact of nicotine in smokeless tobacco users, therefore this study aimed to estimate and compare ART and VRT of smokers and dipping tobacco users with non-tobacco users in different age groups. Methods: Total 612 apparently healthy male subjects were divided equally on the basis of habit into three groups namely smokers, dipping tobacco users and control (non- tobacco user) with 204 subjects in each group. They were divided further on the basis of age into 4 sub groups like 11-20 years, 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years with having 51 subjects in each group. RTM-608 (Medicaid system) apparatus was used to measure audio-visual reaction time under strict precautions and standard protocols to minimize the effect of other variables on reaction times. Data was analyzed using one way analysis of variance in each group. Results: All age groups differ significantly from each other for ART and VRT (ANOVA; p<0.05). Significant reduction was found for ART & VRT for dipping tobacco users as compared to control and smokers (p <0.05). ART and VRT increases with age in each group of control, smokers and dipping tobacco users. Conclusion: The audio and visual reaction time was significantly higher in older individuals. Reduction in ART and VRT were observed in the dipping tobacco users and smoker which shows acceleration of the response to stimulus

Perinatal asphyxia leading to Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a major concern in newborn morbidity and mortality in India. In this study we have done transcranial USG and MRI brain of both term and preterm newborns to detect the HIE related changes in neonatal brain and also evaluated wheather MRI is better than USG in detecting the lesions.This cross sectional analytical study was conducted at Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata with 57 newborns (26 preterm,31 term) for a period of one year. Cranial USG was done on day 5 to day 7 of the baby and MRI brain of the same baby after 24 hrs of doing USG. We found that cerebral oedema, lesions of basal Ganglia, thalamus and parasagittal subcortical white matter injury were more common in term babies, whereas Germinal Matrix Haemorrage (GMH), IntraVentricular Haemorrage (IVH) and PeriVentricular Leucomalacia (PVL) were common in preterms.When we compared USG and MRI findings we found statistically significant difference in relation to detection of abnormal findings(49 by MRI,33 by USG},deep grey matter insult of basal ganglia, thalamus (22 by MRI, 8 by USG), parasagittal subcortical white matter injury (6 by MRI,0 by USG) with p value less than 0.05.Detection of GMH and IVH was 15 by MRI and 9 by USG. In conclusion, though USG is a less expensive initial screening tool in detecting HIE related lesions and it can detect IVH, GMH very effectively, but MRI brain should be the final investigation of choice to detect both central and peripheral cortical injuries in newborn with perinatal asphyxia.