Background: Foreign bodies within the bladder pose a challenging urologic problem as a result of their diversity, varied presentation and tailored management. Examples of foreign bodies that have been removed from the urinary bladder include electric wires, glass ampoules, sticks, ball point pens, pencils, safety-pins, hairclips, magnetic balls, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD), gauze pieces, pelvic drains and batteries. Methods: We carried out a retrospective review of patients who were found to have intravesical foreign bodies intraoperatively between January 2017 and December 2018 in Abuja, Nigeria. Results: Five patients were found to have intravesical foreign bodies. There were 4 female and a male patient. The mean age at the time of presentation was 51 years. The aetiology was iatrogenic in all but one patient. There was varied mode of presentation. Plain radiographs and abdominopelvic ultrasonography were useful in diagnosis. Endoscopic removal of the foreign body was successful in 3 patients whilst one patient had a suprapubic cystostomy and another suprapubic cystolithotomy. Conclusion: Our review highlights the importance of educating health care workers on the need to ensure catheters, stents, abdominal drains are removed following their stipulated time of use. Awareness of this rare entity as an important possible differential diagnosis in patient presenting with urologic symptoms is also important.

Sokoto Province was created over the territory of an Islamic polity called the Sokoto Caliphate. The Caliphate emerged as a product of the Sokoto Jihad of 1804. A number of Caliphs ruled the polity before it was occupied by the British colonial administrators. After the occupation and the subsequent consolidation of colonial rule, Sokoto Province was created and the Caliphal system was changed to Sultanate. Consequently, a number of Sultans ruled contributed significantly to the development of their subjects and or the Province as whole. Of all the Sultans, Sir Saddiq Abubakar III is considered to be longest and most contributory Sultan throughout the colonial and post-colonial periods. This paper examined the role and contributions of Abubakar III in the economic development of Sokoto Province.

The Roleplay is becoming more popular to support learning process of students in professional colleges by asking students to prepare before lectures and actively engaging students during lectures. One of the main reasons is the compartmentalised manner in which they are taught by each clinical department at different time, without any knowledge of what is taught by the other departments. Classroom time is spent in discussion, clarification, exercises, or other learning activities to enhance application of knowledge. This study puts in a sincere effort to find the answer of which method is better

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of physical material distribution on service delivery at the British Army Training Unit, Nanyuki, Kenya. This study was pegged on the human systems dynamics and the institutional theory. A descriptive research design was adopted to analyze the effect of materials management on service delivery. The target population was 535, from which a sample of 229 respondents was used to obtain information. A stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure that there are no biases in the selection of the respondents. The respondents were divided into two strata; the industrial and non-industrial employees. Data was collected using a questionnaire, which contained open and closed-ended questions. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested using content validity and Cronbach’s Alpha, respectively. A pilot study was undertaken at the Kahawa Barracks. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics enabled the researcher to present data in a meaningful way, while inferential statistics helped to deduce meaning to the findings. A regression analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis presented in the study. Presentation of the findings was done with tables and graphs. On the effect of physical material distribution, the study found out that there is a strong transportation system in the organization, however; no regulations had been put in place to select the transportation modes also the study uncovered that the organization had made sufficient investments for warehousing infrastructure. In addition, physical material distribution was found to have a positive correlation with service delivery (r= 0.319; p= 0.000). There was a demonstration that a statistically significant relationship exists between physical material distribution and service delivery at BATUK. The study recommended that a similar study should be conducted in other organizations in the public and private sectors in Kenya.

Tumors of the round ligament are rare and exceptional; leomyomas are the most common tumor. We report in our case the case of an inguinal woman with a left inguinal mass previously explored by todensitometry and magnetic resonance imaging which was found to be related to a leiomyoma of the round ligament. The patient had an excision of the tumor mass with simple follow-ups. The anatomo-pathological data confirmed the diagnosis.

Agglomeration is derived by clustering of firms that contributes to the generation of centers in urban areas or in areas of vibrant economic activities. Doha as a city has witnessed clustering of several industrial activities in different locations since the beginning of the industrial development of the state and the discovery of hydrocarbons. Today, Doha Industrial Area is becoming a major zone that is growing as a result of agglomeration as well as the effective private sector’s participation in the running of small-to-medium industrial activity, managed by the government. This research study explores the role of agglomeration in the clustering of industries and its economic impact on the city based on the theory of agglomeration economies. Considering the land use of the studied industrial area, its accessibility, location and other urban considerations, Doha Industrial Area, namely zone 57, is explored as an exemplar case to offer an understanding of agglomeration of industry clusters in the context of Doha. The research is shedding light on the role of active governance in the distribution of land use within the studied zone. Further analysis of establishment types, areas and spatial distribution within the zone provides impressive remarks on the role of agglomeration in the creation of specialized cities to enhance the private sectors’ role in the process of economic growth and urban development.

Most of the cases of Urinary tract infections land up first in a general practitioners office as the signs and symptoms are very plethoric. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) results in patient morbidity. The effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment in reducing UTI s is well established. But Studies have demonstrated wide variation in utilization of antimicrobial treatment, including inappropriate selection of agents, improper timing of administration, and excessive duration of treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and establish an antibiotic protocol for UTI’s in our hospital setting. We would be performing a culture analysis of urine to identify the presence of infection in the renal unit, which will guide us for antibiotic usage. Hence, we are trying to establish an antibiotic protocol for UTI without compromising on treatment, and to avoid excessive duration of antibiotic treatment

Avipattikar Churna is used in clinical practice in dealing with the case of gastric disorders since the 19th century. Amlapitta is one of the chief disorders of Gastro-intestinal tract. Colloquial term for Amla-pitta is Hyperacidity. Though various scientific researches were performed by varies Ayurvedic researchers, data of their outcome are not compiled to completely understand the pharmacology. This formulation promptly relives from major symptoms like Amlokalesh, Shirovedna, Ura-Pradesh Daha, Aruchi, Amlodgara. Neither, any complication(s)/Side effect(s) were reported so far, nor it produces addiction. 20 times of its normal dose (500mg/Kg body wt.) does not produce any acute toxicity in rats. Maximum numbers of constituents of it have Anti-ulcerogenic and Anti-oxidant property. It is an inference from all clinical study that 21- 45 days period is required to show marked improvement in the disease. Allopathic medicine uses to treat hyperacidity share a good portion of the drug market. Due to its higher safety and efficacy, it may be a good substitute for acid-lowering drugs of today.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and long standing diabetic patients are prone to get neuropathy. The pain I the neuropathy is unbearable and cannot be treated by cox inhibitors. Pregabalin is a structural similar drug of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid but it is not functionally the same. It binds to the α-2-δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels reducing the release of several excitatory neurotransmitters and blocking the development of hyprealgesia and central sensitization. This study puts in a effort to find the efficacy of this drug in controlling the diabetic neuropathy pain

Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is evolving continuously with the rapid emergence in various imaging techniques. Various imaging modalities depending upon the purpose and pathologic conditions are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. The correct diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction only by clinical examination cannot be made. Various imaging modalities which are routinely used are: routine radiographic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). Ultrasonography, arthroscopy and radionuclide examination are the secondary methods used for TMJ imaging. Arthroscopy is grouped as a mode of therapy. In the present paper, attempt is made to focus on the various imaging modalities for TMJ diagnosis and highlight their importance. In order to understand many TMJ pathologies in a better way, relevant normal anatomy of the TMJ has also been discussed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) targets in septic shock. Sepsis is a syndrome is caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response to bacterial infections. We carried out a prospective observational study enrolling patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis from 01/01/2017to 01/03/2018. Both the medical and surgical units of the ICU were included. This study was conducted at Apollo Health City, Critical Care Medicine, Hyderabad, India after obtaining permission from the hospital ethics committee. A total of 100 members were included in this study, had septic shock. These were divided in to two groups aiming at increasing mean arterial pressure from 65mmHg to 80mmHg in older patients. MAP at the end of resuscitation was 57.32 ± 13.69 mmHg (mean ± SD) and 78.45 ± 17.23 mmHg respectively, for low-MAP and high-MAP groups. The high-MAP group had a more positive fluid balance. MAP below 65 mm Hg was shown to be associated with highest mortality during the first 48 hours of septic shock. The longer the time spent below MAP 65 mmHg, the higher the risk of mortality, acute kidney and myocardial injury. The MAP target of around 75–85 mmHg may reduce the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with chronic hypertension. The perfusion pressure is highly heterogenous not only between different patient but also in the same patient between different organs and different periods of septic shock. Hence the MAP target needs to be individualized according to patient requirements

Black stain (BS) is a specific type of extrinsic dyschromia caused by the presence of chromogenic bacteria in the oral cavity, which occurs more frequently in children, but may also occur in adults. This article shows a case of black stain in an adult woman and treatment to remove it.

Targeted therapies are the drugs which are designed in order to interfere with the specific molecules necessary for the tumor growth and progression. The traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies mostly kill the rapidly dividing cells in the body by interfering with the cell division while causing the toxicity in normal cells also. This review article aims to highlight the most recent FDA-approved anticancer drugs eligible for targeted therapies. In addition, an early outline evaluation of the costs of the therapies was also taken in consideration. Moreover, further studies have been going on in order to plan treatment regimen for these drugs. On the basis of these fields, the oncologists will have new means to make treatment decisions for their patients in order to maximize benefit and minimize toxicity

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the main agents of caries formation, mainly because of the ability to form biofilms on the tooth surface. Bacteriophage of S. mutans are viruses that can attack and limit the pathogenic activity of S. mutans, hence limiting their cariogenic effect and preventing dental caries. There is a deficiency in the literature on the successful isolation of phage against S. mutans. Aims: The purpose of this study is to isolate S. mutans strains from clinical plaque samples, screen those samples for phage and test them against laboratory type cultures for phage. Methods: Thirty-eight clinical plaque samples were collected from participants using ESwab (Copan Italia, Brescia, Italy) and cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and Tryptone-yeast-cysteine-sucrose-bacitracin (TYCSB) agars to isolate S. mutans strains. Following isolation and identification by Gram stain and PCR, phage screening by spot assay against laboratory type cultures was carried out. Six NCTC S. mutans strains (10832, 10919, 10920, 10923, 11060, 11061) and twelve type strains provided by Newcastle University (S. mutans UA159, 10449, UA140, Ingbritt, GS5, sobrinus 12279, gordonii DL1, sanguinis SK36, oralis 34, tigurinus JP1BV1, oligofermentans LR11BV4 and Actinomyces oris MG1) were all used for spotting. Results: The isolation of S. mutans strains from the clinical samples was successful. TYCSB agar showed to be selective for S. mutans while BHI media showed rich growth of different colonies. Gram stain was performed on the suspected colonies and confirmed later by PCR for S. mutans. On spot assay, no evidence of phage lysis was found within pooled filtrate samples against NCTC type strains and Newcastle type strains. Conclusion: The isolation of S. mutans from clinical samples was achieved using TYCSB media. Phage isolation was unsuccessful from the 38 clinical plaque samples probably due to low frequency of their natural occurrence. Isolation of Streptococcus mutans and bacteriophage from human plaque samples

A study of Microangiopathic and cardiovascular complications in 106 diabetic patients admitted to the department of medicine of Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital showed 39 patients had diabetic retinopathy and 20 patients had ad/or nephropathy, 59 patients had absent ankle jerk, 15 patients had postural hypotension, 6 patients had absent vibration sense, 7 patients had abnormal pin prick sensation, 11 patients had abnormal ECG.