Ransomware attacks have become a significant cybersecurity threat, causing severe financial and operational damage to enterprises worldwide. Traditional security measures often fail to detect and mitigate these threats before they inflict harm. This paper explores the application of machine learning (ML) techniques for the early detection of ransomware attacks in enterprise networks. By analyzing network traffic patterns, system behaviors, and anomaly detection methods, ML models can identify suspicious activities indicative of ransomware execution. The study evaluates various supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), deep learning, and clustering techniques. Experimental results demonstrate that ML-based approaches can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of ransomware detection, minimizing response times and reducing potential losses. The findings suggest that integrating machine learning into cybersecurity frameworks can significantly improve an organization’s resilience against ransomware threats.

The integration of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems with Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies, cloud computing, and advanced cybersecurity measures is reshaping industrial automation. This paper presents a conceptual framework for smart SCADA systems, emphasizing the role of cloud connectivity for real-time monitoring, IIoT for enhanced data acquisition, and cybersecurity to safeguard critical infrastructure. The integration of these technologies enables improved operational efficiency, predictive maintenance, and remote accessibility, fostering more scalable and flexible industrial operations. However, challenges such as data security risks, interoperability, and system complexity remain prominent. The paper discusses theoretical models to address these challenges, proposing strategies for seamless integration and robust security mechanisms. Future trends such as edge computing, AI-driven analytics, and blockchain-based security are also explored as potential avenues for advancing SCADA systems. This paper contributes to the understanding of how these technologies converge to drive the future of industrial automation while addressing the complexities of data integrity and system resilience.

Paediatrics is a vital branch of medicine, focusing on the health and well-being of children from infancy to adolescence. Drawing from ancient Greek and Arab texts, paediatrics includes comprehensive care for new-borns, swaddling techniques, neonatal massage, safe sleeping habits, hygiene maintenance, breastfeeding, and weaning. It is deeply rooted in the historical context of these ancient societies. Abū Bakr Moḥammad Ibn Zakriyā Al-Rāzī and 'Alī Ibn Sahl Raban Al-Ṭabarī were influential scholars in paediatrics, with Al-Rāzī renowned for his pioneering work in distinguishing diseases and congenital conditions. 'Alī Ibn Sahl Raban Al-Ṭabarī raised awareness about neglect of paediatric care and emphasized the importance of individualized medical needs for children, while Ibn Sina emphasized the importance of paediatric care. Ibn Rūshd's Kitābul Kulliyāt, a seminal work, emphasized the growth stages of children and the importance of hygiene in health care. Abū Al-Qāsim Khalaf Ibn 'Abbās Al-Zahrāwī, another notable figure, focused on surgical interventions targeting urinary diseases in children, emphasizing the need for specialized paediatric care to address these unique health challenges. This research paper seeks to emphasize the significant contributions made by distinguished Greek and Arab scholars who established paediatrics as an independent field and were instrumental in the advancement of treatments for infantile ailments.

The study investigated the influence of learner participation in education-based and sport-based co-curricular activities on academic performance in public secondary schools in West Pokot County, Kenya. Grounded in Austin’s theory of involvement, it employed a mixed-method approach and a convergent mixed research design. The target population included 50 principals, 200 co-curricular teachers, and 826 form three students from 50 schools. A sample of 277 respondents (232 students, 36 teachers, and 9 principals) was selected using simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed descriptively and thematically. Findings revealed that academic clubs (36.2%), debate clubs (20.7%), and field trips were the most popular education-based co-curricular activities, while article writing (1.7%) and symposiums (3.4%) had the least participation. Athletics and football were the most widely offered sports, while handball, volleyball, basketball, netball, and table tennis were limited due to inadequate resources and expertise. Students participated more in athletics and football, which, along with other sports, positively influenced academic performance. Music, drama, scouting, and guiding were also widely available and had high participation rates. The study concluded that both education-based and sports-based co-curricular activities positively impacted academic performance. However, resource constraints limited access to certain activities. It recommended proactive planning and management by school principals and teachers to enhance intellectual growth. Schools should improve sports facilities, train teachers, and diversify clubs to include public speaking, poetry, and photography. These recommendations aim to integrate co-curricular activities more effectively into education, benefiting all stakeholders.

The study examines the financial performance of Indian airline companies for a period of five years from 2020 to 2024 using Constant Market Share Analysis. It focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic's effects and fallout. The study shows notable differences in carriers' financial performance, underscoring the value of flexibility and creativity in dealing with disturbances. For industry participants, the report offers helpful suggestions on how to boost financial stability, increase operational effectiveness, and boost competitiveness in a market that is changing quickly.

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women globally and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Early detection and preventive measures are critical to reducing morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching (VAT) in enhancing knowledge and awareness about breast cancer prevention among housewives in Ghataprabha. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was employed, involving 30 housewives. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire before and after the VAT intervention. Results showed a significant increase in knowledge post-intervention. The pre-test mean score was 13.7 (45.7%), which increased to 16.6 (54.3%) after the intervention. Paired t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant improvement (t = 3.76, p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis found no significant association between pre-test knowledge and demographic variables. The findings suggest that VAT is an effective educational tool for promoting awareness and early prevention of breast cancer among housewives.

The tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is a fish species widely used in African fish farming due to its high market demand. It represented a significant proportion of the fish fauna in Taabo manmade lake in particular. However, the stock of this fish is facing parasitic infestation which deteriorates it considerably. In addition, there is no data on the parasitic epidemiology of this fish in this environment. These data are essential to finding strategies to avoid huge fish losses in the natural and the breeding environment. From March 2023 to April 2024, 1107 specimens of S. melanotheron were captured in this lake in order to study some aspects of their gill monogenean parasites. After host sampling and parasites mounting standard methods of parasitological examination were used for identification of monogenean species. Gill helminthofauna of this fish consisted of Cichlidogyrus acerbus, C. halli, C. halinus, C. lagoonaris and Scutogyrus minus. The fish captured in Ahondo station were the most infested. The infestation exhibited seasonal fluctuation with the maximum parasite species were recorded in the rainy seasons and the minimum one in the dry seasons. It was observed that the sex of this fish have an influence on parasitism infestation. These results could help to improve the productivity of this fish.

Background: Semaglutide showed an attractive weight loss effect in obese patients with T2D. Additionally, semaglutide significantly helped the to achieve glycemic control and improved lipid profiles. No adverse effects were documented in these studies secondary to semaglutide use. Objectives: To study the effects of semaglutide on body weight in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as effects and correlations between weight loss, glycemic control and lipid profile. Methods: We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct to find pertinent literature. Rayyan QRCI was utilized during the entire process. Results: We included seven studies with a total of 480 T2D patients with obesity and 267 (55.6%) were males. Six of the seven included studies reported a significant decrease in HbA1C, body weight, and LDL among obese T2D patients. Regarding dosages, concurrent drugs, and the length of the intervention, there was a great deal of variation among studies. Several semaglutide dosage schedules were used in the trials that were found. Randomized and cohort studies substantiate semaglutide's better effectiveness over other GLP-1 RAs in helping T2D patients lose weight, achieve glycemic control, and improve lipid profiles. No adverse effects were documented in these studies secondary to semaglutide use. Conclusion: The current data of research was synthesized in this systematic review to investigate how semaglutide affects body weight, glycemic control, and lipid profiles in T2D patients. There is proof that semaglutide, a dual mechanism GLP-1/GIP RA, is superior to comparator GLP-1 RAs in terms of weight loss, glycemic control, and improving lipid profiles.

Massive localized lymphedema (MLL) is a rare condition typically observed in morbidly obese individuals, characterized by the formation of large, pedunculated masses, often located at the root of the thigh. We present the case of a 39-year-old obese female (BMI = 60.5 kg/m²) with a one-year history of a progressively enlarging, painless mass at the root of the left thigh. Clinical examination revealed a pedunculated mass with overlying skin changes consistent with an "orange-peel" appearance. Imaging studies, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), demonstrated a large, fatty mass with internal fibrillary structures and no involvement of adjacent fasciae or muscles. The MRI findings, including hypointense T1 and hyperintense T2 signals with mild gadolinium enhancement, were consistent with massive localized lymphedema. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of MLL, which can mimic other soft tissue tumors such as liposarcoma or angiosarcoma. The importance of thorough imaging and clinical correlation is emphasized, particularly in distinguishing MLL from malignant conditions. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial to guide appropriate management and avoid unnecessary interventions.

There are various methods of induction of labor (IOL). One of the commonly used method is use of Misoprostol. However, with the use of Misoprostol alone, there are cases of failed IOL leading to operative deliveries. Another drug, Mifepristone has been shown to be effective in cervical ripening and induction of labor. So the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Mifepristone as pre-treatment with misoprostol in induction of labor, thereby decreasing the rates of Caesarean section. This was a prospective comparative study where, one group receiving pre-treatment with Mifepristone 200mg orally 24 hours before Misoprostol and the other receiving only Misoprostol- 25mcg vaginally, maximum 2 doses 6 hours apart. The study was conducted in a period of 1 year at Patan Academy of Health and Sciences (PAHS), Nepal, which included 124 primigravidas. Fifty percent of women who underwent induction with Mifepristone+Misoprostol combination had vaginal deliveries, while 45% had emergency Lower Segment Caesarean section (LSCS) and 5% had instrumental deliveries. But, only 39% had vaginal deliveries in Misoprostol only group, with 56% LSCS and 5% instrumental deliveries. P value in the mode of delivery was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Failed IOL was commonly seen in Misoprostol only group (48%). The rate of failed IOL was 21% in Mifepristone+Misoprostol group, which was statistically significant (p=0.026). The mean induction-delivery time interval, was lower in Mifepristone+Misoprostol group (18.55 hours) than in Misoprostol only group (19.9 hours). Use of Mifepristone prior to Misoprostol decreases the caesarean section rates due to failed induction of labor.

The study examined ‘Forest Resources Extraction, Indigenous Livelihood and Sustainability Dilemma in Tropical Africa: Case Study of Akwa Ibom State’ in a bid to restore the forestry sector that is threatened by an alarming rate of deforestation, urban expansion, over-population and high demand for forest based products. 400 copies of questionnaires were administered to respondents in the study area who were farmers, fish processors, canoe builders, fuel wood dealers, timber dealers and furniture designers. Questionnaires as well as semi-structured interviews were used in the study for data analysis. Following the interview done as well as the results of questionnaires retrieved from the study area, it was realized that though forest resource extraction was laced with sufficient economic benefits, yet little efforts were made towards re-afforestation and this challenge the sustainability of the forestry sector in the entire state. At field reconnaissance, illegal logging as well as conversion of forested landscape into peasant farmlands/plantation was spotted. Nevertheless, the study recommended that there should be improved legislation in the forestry sector, provision of alternative job to reduce dependence on forest based services, selective logging and primarily mass campaign on re-afforestation in order to stabilize the ecosystem and protect inter-generational utilization of forest-based products.

The study examined the effect of sulfurization temperature on chemical composition, structural properties and morphological features of CuAlS2 thin films that had been prepared using two – step Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Technique. It was reported that metallic Cu – Al precursor layer first deposited onto soda – lime glass substrates before they were sulfurized and annealed at 573K, 673K, and 773K. The thin films were then characterized by X – ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X – ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to study their crystallographic phase, surface morphology and elemental composition respectively. XRD study disclosed the formation of a chalcopyrite tetragonal CuAlS2 phase with notable variations of crystallinity and lattice parameters as a function of temperature. SEM images revealed that the film morphologies were influenced by sulfurization temperature and EDS analysis suggested non – ideal stoichiometry as a result of incomplete sulfurization at lower temperatures. Overall, the findings highlighted the crucial role of sulfurization temperature in determining material properties. The study also highlighted the potentials of CuAlS2 thin films in optoelectronic devices, particularly solar cells and light- emitting diodes.

Increase in microbial resistance of commonly used antibiotics is a major health concern globally this has necessitated researchers to focus on cheaper alternative materials which could perform the role of antibiotics. This study aimed at investigating the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) and exploring the synthesized nanoparticles as sources of antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested against ten different bacteria namely; Enterobacter agglumerans, Corynebacterium bovis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The results from this study revealed that four out of the test organisms (S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis) were susceptible to the ZnO nanoparticles. The diameter of the zones of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 14.50 – 25.50 mm. The synthesized nanoparticles showed the highest activity with S. aureus (ZOI = 25.50 mm, followed by B. cereus (22.00 mm), E. coli and B. subtilis (14.50 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results showed that ZnO NPs was most effective against S. aureus and B. cereus at 25% concentration while minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was at 50%. These findings revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles have great potentials for inhibiting clinical isolates; thus, their use as an alternative means for new drug discovery should be encouraged.

This study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality of two marine fishes collected from several local markets in Dhaka City, Bangladesh: Otolithoides pama (Poa fish) and Harpadon nehereus (Bombay duck). The total viable bacterial count ranged from 6.1 × 10² to 4.4 × 10⁵ cfu/g, while coliform counts showed 40 × 10¹ to 2.03 × 10³ cfu/g, and fungal counts showed 2.7 x 10² to 8.6 x 10⁶ cfu/g, indicating high amounts of microbiological contamination from different sources. In addition, the Presence of Vibrio spp. and Staphylococcus aureus was detected, with concentrations ranging from 7.0 × 10¹ to 9.8 × 10⁷ cfu/g. The examination of an Otolithoides pama sample revealed that both species of Shigella and Salmonella occurred TNTC (too numerous to count), thus indicating a source of significant contamination. The discovery of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Providencia alcalifaciens by biochemical characterization further brings public health issues to the foray. Antibiotic test results indicated resistance to several commonly used antibiotics, i.e., co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, which seriously threatens antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food chain. Hence, enhanced hygiene practices, regulatory reinforcement, and the implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) in fish handling, storage, and transportation are urgently needed to protect consumer safety and minimize public health impacts associated with contaminated seafood.

Orthodontics has witnessed significant advancements in recent decades. One such innovation is the advent of three dimensional (3D) printed aligners, which offer a promising alternative to traditional wire-and-bracket appliances and conventional ready-made or in-house aligners. The aim of this literature review was to critically appraise the available data and information in the literature about the direct printed aligner, its raw material and to compare it with the traditional thermoformed aligners. The research question of the study was what the proprieties are, the mechanical behaviors, the hazards of the resin used, and the aligners fabricated from the direct 3D-printed process compared to the traditional in-office or aligners made by companies. The answers were elaborated according to the PICO method: Problem: the different properties and related challenges of the use of the new materials in orthodontics, Intervention: the new resins used in and aligners produced by direct 3D-printing, Comparison: aligners produced by companies and made in-office with thermoforming, Outcome; Are the new materials used and the process of fabrication advantageous compared to the thermoformed aligners? The analysis of the studied literature showed that 3D direct printed aligners have some promising advantages in comparison with thermoformed aligners. However, studies of high-quality levels are still required to explore more in depth the potential and the limitations of this new way of manufacturing clear aligners.