Background: Teaching is a process of imparting a corpus of knowledge to a group of individuals. Teaching methods in Anatomy include dissection by students, demonstration of prosected specimens, the use of models and computer animations, instructional teaching, study of living anatomy by clinical examination and radiological techniques. The appropriateness of a teaching method to arrive at the desired specific learning outcomes is governed by the concept known as “fitness for purpose”. Aim: To gauge the perception of first year medical students regarding the newer teaching methods. Materials and Methods: The Questionnaire based study was conducted on 150 first year medical students of Adichunchanagiri Institute of medical sciences, B G Nagara. The data obtained was statistically analyzed. Results: 26.7% of the participants were of the opinion that newer methods of teaching will help in learning anatomy, whereas 67.3% felt that older methods are effective in teaching. Conclusion: Effective methods of teaching and learning will improve knowledge retention of basic science subjects like anatomy. A sound knowledge in the basic sciences is very valuable in clinical settings; it allows the students to understand the association between presenting clinical features and diagnoses.

The present study covers multiple on Hanuman langurs, Semnopithecus entellus, and species living around Jodhpur, India. The current statement delivers report multiple births during 2018-2019. Four cases of multiple births (three twins and one triplet birth) were observed during study in species at Jodhpur. The adult female with twins/triplet birth expended more time in foraging and resting. The research suggested that adult females with multiple deliveries can successfully survive in a study environment.

The relationship between breast cancer and thyroid diseases is controversial. Discrepant results have been reported in the literature. The incidences of autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases were investigated in patients with breast cancer and age-matched control individuals without breast or thyroid disease. Methods: Clinical and ultrasound evaluation of thyroid gland, determination of serum thyroid hormone and antibody levels, and fine-needle aspiration of thyroid gland were performed in 150 breast cancer patients and 100 control individuals. Results: The mean values for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in control individuals (P = 0.030). The incidences of autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases were higher in breast cancer patients than in control individuals (38% versus 17%, P = 0.001; 26% versus 9%, P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Our results indicate an increased prevalence of autoimmune and nonautoimmune thyroid diseases in breast cancer patients. There is always a controversy on the relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disorders. As these tissues, i.e., breast and thyroid, originate embryologically from the same type of cells, hypothyroid/hyperthyroid females are more prone to develop benign or malignant breast tumors. The studies on breast cancer patients indicate increased thyroid disorders in breast cancer patients, most commonly Hashimoto's thyroiditis accounts to increased thyroid disorders in these patients. This is independent of hormonal receptor status of the patient. These findings suggest the usefulness of screening for thyroid disease in any patient with breast cancer.

Introduction: Gallbladder tuberculosis (GBTB) is an exceedingly rare finding presenting as calculous or acalculous cholecystitis. A correct, preoperative diagnosis of GBTB is difficult, and the literature review highlights the fact that most cases are diagnosed postcholecystectomy or at postmortem. Discussion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anal canal along with the other organs of the peritoneal cavity, but the gall bladder is unlikely to be primarily involved. The incidence of localization of the tubercular bacilli in the gall bladder is uncommon as the intact gall bladder mucosa is resistant to the bacterium because of the concentrated bile acids present in the organ. The first case of gallbladder tuberculosis (GBTB) was reported in 1870 by Gaucher, and till now, less than 120 cases have been reported in the English medical literature [4, 5].

Puffer fish poisoning remains a severe seafood poisoning condition blamable for numerous human intoxications. Research on puffer fish poisoning enables studying the involvement of puffer fish poisoning in human security. The current study thus intention of investigating whether Arothron hispidus from the south-east coast of India (Palazhyar) cause for the neurodegeneration. Cresyl violet stained sections of the rat brain regions examined for pathological changes in rats treated with A.hispidus toxic extract. We noticed disarrangement and neuron loss in the primary motor area, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum regions of rats treated with A.hispidus skin extract. Damaged regions directly or secondarily associated with sensory and motor functions, this may cause loss of sensory and motor function. From our observation, we conclude that neuronal loss of a rat's brain treated with skin extract as clear through histopathological analysis, due to the neurotoxic effect of Arothron hispidus.

Introduction: Follicular hyperplasia of the gall bladder is an extremely rare and benign entity characterized by hyperplastic lymphoid follicle with germinal center consisting of the lymphoid population. The lymphoid hyperplasia of the gallbladder is a rare condition, which can be diagnosed only by performing a histological examination. Here, we present the case of a 36-year-old woman with complaints of repeatable pain in the area of the right hypochondrium for a few months. Ultrasonography revealed chronic cholecystitis with a concrement in the lumen. Methods and Materials: We were reported a rare case of follicular hyperplasia of gall bladder in a 36 yrs old female presented into the department of surgery with a right side upper abdomen pain then she was diagnosed as cholecystitis and managed by cholecystectomy and specimen was received and processed for histopathological examination. Results: Due to chronic cholecystitis patient present with right upper abdominal pain and upon histopathological examination diagnosed incidently as follicular cholecystitis. Conclusion: Histopathological examination reveals a rare case of follicular cholecystitis A cholecystectomy was then performed. Histology shows nests of cells with lymphoid origin in the lamina propria, a multitude of lymphoid follicles and areas with pyloric metaplasia in the gallbladder wall. The case presented herein is of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia resembling a lymphoma combined with chronic cholecystitis, pyloric metaplasia, and cholelithiasis.

Introduction: This study aimed to differentiate among the species belonging to the Candida parapsilosis complex, which is one of the leading causes of systemic mycoses through molecular characterisation and to determine their antifungal resistance pattern. Material and Methods: Ninety-five C. parapsilosis complex isolates identified using two yeast identification systems, BioMérieux ID 32C and Vitek 2™ with YST card, were included in this study. Molecular characterisation was achieved by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene. Isolates that could not be identified using this technique were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated using the Vitek 2™ AST-YS06 card. Results: Out of the 95 isolates, 94 were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, and only one isolate was identified as C. orthopsilosis; the latter result was achieved using ITS sequencing. C. orthopsilosis was susceptible against all tested antifungal agents. Among the C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates, three were found to be resistant: one to amphotericin B, two to fluconazole of which one showed intermediate resistance to voriconazole. Discussion: Isolation rates of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis in this study show that they are rare species. It was not possible to compare resistance among these three species due to very low isolation rates of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. The use of molecular identification tests for these species in routine laboratory settings remains controversial. Nevertheless, their isolation rates and antifungal resistance patterns are important from the epidemiological viewpoint.

Introduction: The term gallbladder mucocele refers to an overdistended gallbladder filled with mucoid or clear and watery content. Usually noninflammatory, it results from outlet obstruction of the gallbladder and is commonly caused by an impacted stone in the neck of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct. Case Report: A Patient 27 yrs female came with pain in abdomen to the opd, the patient presented with 3 day history of vomiting and inappetance. The ultrasound was done and chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis diagnosis was given and the patients were operated and the laproscopic cholecystectomy specimens were sent to pathology department. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and the gall bladder was sent for routine histopathological evaluation. The diagnosis of mucocele was made on histopathological examination.

A chemical injury of the eye presents a genuine, acute emergency and requires immediate evaluation and management. Ocular chemical injury management remains one of the most difficult ocular emergencies. The prognosis for an eye injury depends not only on the severity of the injury but also on the rapidity and mode of initial treatment. Reconstruction of ocular surface following chemical burn by amniotic membrane (AM) for grafting is a very effective technique. AM graft promotes epithelial regeneration and facilitates migration of epithelial cells. Eight years old boy presented with ocular chemical injury by chemical mixed water holi balloon in his left eye. Patient presented with severe pain, excessive watering, with swollen lids and conjunctiva. More than 90% of the cornea surface, whole of the bulbar as well as palpaberal conjunctiva was eroded and whole eye was stained with green colour (chemical). Amniotic Membrane Transplantation (AMT) done under general anesthesia with corneal continuous girdle suture, conjunctival forniceal lid sutures and finally Bandage Contact Lens was applied. Patient had three months follow regular follow up and was clinically asymptomatic.

The peculiarity of Kazakh education is manifested in respect for the older generation. Elders of the family-elders pass on their experience and national traditions to the younger generation. But in the modern world with strict requirements to the competitiveness of young professionals, the life experience of elders is not enough. In such a situation, an important role is given to the school teacher as a source of new knowledge and a guide to new areas of knowledge. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study the role of teachers in one of the rural schools in the South of Kazakhstan. It is shown that the peculiarity of the traditional Kazakh way of life, preserved in rural areas, allows to attract the local population to the educational process by organizing optional activities and intra-school organizations of interest.

This research uses a quantitative method with descriptive analysis that focuses on the study of construction projects from the phenomenological side by using the thoughts of prominent figures including sevilary demirkesen, Beliz Ozorhon,and Eroshkin. By using qualitative collection methods by interviewing informants to get a conclusion. The results of exploration show that many factors influence the success of the construction. One of them is project management. The role and function of operational management can be used as a benchmark for the level of effectiveness and efficiency in terms of using the project budget. The achievement of the level of success of the implementation of construction operational management functions must be accompanied by the application of the company's internal control system (SPI) in an optimal manner, to avoid construction failure. Where the success and failure of the basic aspects above will have an impact on the quality of the company's financial statement

Background: In the recent years, yoga was found to causes a betterment and improvement in the health of human being without ailments. The meditation play a major role in society by improving the significant changes in bodily activities such as maintain the stress level, alertness, homeostasis, anxiety, vascular system, memory power etc. The improvement of meditation in the reac¬tion time is important, especially in auditory reaction time (ART). Therefore, a need techniques or courses can improve the reaction time. Hence, this study intended to show its utility as a short course for improving the auditory reaction time. Aim & Objectives: To find out effect of meditation on auditory reaction time in medical students by recording auditory reaction time before & after meditation for six months. Methods: The study was conducted on total 100 first MBBS students (boys & girls) of D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur. Students in the age group of 18-25 years were included by simple random sampling technique. The Auditory reaction time was assessed before and after the yoga ses¬sions. Results: There was a reduction in the alert response of auditory reaction time for both the ears. The decrease was statistical¬ly significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, a short course of meditation has a beneficial effect on the auditory reaction time. The regular practice of Meditation can be used as a tool to improve the health and well-being of an individual and enhances the reaction time.

The present study is the result of a quality study, done by the Transylvania University of Brasov, the target population concerned by the experimentation was composed of 454 students, from this population, a sample of 20 students, (females) they accepted the implementation in their daily activity of a certain individualized kinetic program aiming to optimize the physical condition. The condition was that these activities, along with the kinetic program, be practiced regularly on the duration of the course, to further prove their efficacy in optimizing the physical condition for the people with a sedentary behavior. The subjects involved have presented other associated medical conditions, and they were not selected based on age and sex, these not being considered as selection criteria. The sole selection criterion has been the existence of a sedentary behavior, meaning more than 8 hours per day while sitting down, without doing any ulterior physical activity. The present study analyzes, within 2 evaluations – initial and final – the body’s shape and structure (height, weight, thoracic perimeter, amplitude, adapting the organism to effort through the Ruffier test, the cardiac frequency and the adipose tissue.

An experiment was carried out in a net-house, Aligarh Muslim University Department of Botany. The six different treatments that were used in this study includes control, Salicylic acid, NaCl (50 mM), SA + 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl and SA + 100 mM NaCl. The resultant plants from salt-treated seeds of the present investigation indicated that seeds recorded lower values for all the growth attributing parameters. It was deep-rooted that 50 mM and 100 mM salt concentrations harm the growth, biochemical and yield parameters of fenugreek. Salt stress reduces plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, Nitrate reductase activity, number of pods and seed yield in fenugreek. The foliar application of Salicylic acid alleviates the negative effect of salinity. This effect was more pronounced in 50 mM salt stress than 100 mM.

Due to the gaps in the law and the weaknesses of the available ones individuals, hospitals and industries dump their waste anyhow and anyway in Cameroon, This uncultured behaviour leads to pollution of the air, water and land,. The ramification of this pollution is diseases on man animal and plants. This paper investigates why the law regulating in waste management is not enforced and the lacunae of the same. The paper does so through a reading of records mainly from documentary and internet search. The data does collected constitute the sources from which the law is drawn ,stated and analysed in the light of the stated aim of the paper. The results inter alia show that the law that regulates waste management are not well enforced. The said results also show the lacunae in the laws and equally high light the limitation of the available laws regulating waste management in Cameroon. The results are significant as they expose gaps in the current laws regulating waste management and conclude with suggestions on where the law should go.