Self-medication is taking any therapeutic drug without doctor's prescription. This practice is a potentially hazardous public health problem. It is commonly practiced in India as it provides a low-cost alternative treatment. Our objective was to find out the correlation between self-medication in medical vs. nonmedical students. It was a cross-sectional study, carried out using a pre-validated, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, a medical and a anon-medical undergraduate group consisting of 100 students each. Established statistical methods were used for analysis. It was found that 68% of the medical students self-medicated compared to 48% of the non-medical counterparts, higher in females. Awareness about side-effects, disadvantages, need of correct dosage and importance of course completion was more among the medicos. Upon analyzing the data from medical and non-medical groups we observed that most of them cited mild illness (82% and 69% respectively) as a reason for self-medication. Common-cold was the most common complaint and antipyretics (78% and 77% respectively) were the most commonly taken drug. Drug stores (78%) were the primary sources of obtaining medicines, while previous medication experience from the same illness was the main source of knowledge of dosage. More than 50% participants supported the use of self-medication in the treatment of common illnesses. Conclusion is that main reason of self-medication among medical students can be a better knowledge and understanding about the various aspects of medication, reflecting the influence of medical training and studies. However, an incomplete knowledge and understanding makes self-medication a potentially harmful practice.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection primarily caused by fungi belongs to class Zygomycetes, order Mucorales and family Mucoracae. It is common in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic immunocompromise and iron overload. Here by we present a case report of Rhino- Orbito Cerebral Mucormycosis which is fatal if undiagnosed and unterated in correct time and way.

The paper discusses walkability in low-income areas of the small Libyan cities, specifically in the city of Zawiya, which borders the capital, Tripoli. The purpose of this study is to explore executive methods of how to implement the walkability of the city, as an element of urban design that is concerned with city design. The city began preparing a comprehensive development strategy after years of neglect and civil war. The sustainable ways approach is encouraged in the areas of environmental, social and economic development. The municipality pursues the development of the city center and its urban areas such as streets, squares and parks. It also aims to link streets, reduce cars, and promote pedestrians to strengthen social ties and promote culture. The researcher aims to help the municipality and draw up a plan to develop the streets and transform them into more vital places. The study is based on the spatial data analysis approach through the analysis of traditional geographic data.

Freewriting is defined as timed writing without stopping and checking grammar, format, and structures, and has not only been used as a powerful tool for developing student writing in educational contexts but also as therapy. However, freewriting is often used in writers’ first language and relatively less used in their second language. This article will, therefore, explore whether the benefits of freewriting will offset the anxiety of writing in a second language in EFL classes. It was conducted in a three-credit writing course designed to help students master effective English writing skills and strategies. Eighteen freshmen of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures were required to do freewriting in the first thirty minutes of each week for fifteen weeks and were asked to write a reflection on freewriting in the eighteenth week. Of the eighteen students, seventeen of them positively comment on freewriting practices and revealed some beneficial effect, which shows that freewriting can be a powerful teaching tool in English writing courses for EFL classes.

The topic of the study was to analyze working capital management on profitability of Consumer goods industries in Rwanda. The problem of the study was looking on how does working capital management could be a channel of profitability of consumer goods industries especially in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were to find out the extent to how inventory management affect the profitability of consumer goods industry, to evaluate the effectiveness of cash management on the profitability of consumer goods industry; and to analyze the influences of account receivable management on the profitability of consumer goods industries. The methodology used questionnaire, and documentary techniques, while methods of data analysis were descriptive statistic and linear regression analysis methods. Target population was 585 employees, while sample size was 59 of respondents from Bralirwa Plc, Skol industry and Urwibutso Enterprise as selected consumer goods industries in Rwanda. However, the findings of this study were presented in accordance with research objectives. Then, the results on the effects of Inventory management on the profitability of consumer goods industries were on the table 5 which confirmed in consumer goods industries, they make sure that every product needed to be sold on market is available in stock as confirmed on the rate of 93.2%, and also the store room is well maintained in order to keep well goods on rate of 93.2%. The findings on the effectiveness of cash management on the Profitability of Consumer goods industries were on table 6 which shown that petty cash is always available for solving little payments as confirmed by 96.6% of respondents. Cash are always disbursed after being approved by official workers was confirmed by 93.2% of respondents. The results on the influences of account receivable management on the profitability of Consumer goods industries were shown on table 7 that illustrated debts were only given after assessing the capacity of the

The most disturbing gynecologic malignancies are cervical cancer particularly in the developing world with the same high incidence in Iraqi women. Cervical carcinoma has a high rate of mortality. The high death rate is associated with presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical carcinoma is hard to treat, and conventional therapies are very aggressive which lead for the need for new approaches of therapy. Nanoparticles is a promising treatment modality to produce non-toxic and efficient cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) accumulate in cancer cells selectively. The current work was aimed to study cytotoxicity and cell death induced by AuNPs on cervical carcinoma cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity of AuNPs was assessed by MTT viability assay and analysed using multiple comparison ANOVA tests. Results: AuNPs nanoparticles from 12.5 up to 50 µg/mL for 72 hours showed concentration-dependent killing activity. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have anti-cervical carcinoma cells activity by cell death induction.

The paper explores the historical panorama of the personal law system in India and scrutinizes the social and political factors that contributed towards the expansion and preservation of personal laws in India over the period of time.

Facial trauma, with or without life- and sight-threatening complications, may arise following isolated injury, or it may be associated with significant injuries elsewhere. Trauma management has evolved significantly in the past few decades thereby reducing mortality in the golden hour. However, challenges remain, and one such area is maxillofacial injuries in a polytrauma patient. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to formulate an evidence-based approach to the treatment of life-threatening maxillofacial trauma. This review article aims to provide a concise, contemporary guide for the knowledge about complications and treatment of maxillofacial trauma in the emergency setting.

Anemia is a condition in which the blood hemoglobin (the main oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells) level is under the minimum extreme of the reference range for the age and gender of the person .It is the most common hematological disorder affects millions of women at reproduction period around the globe that may influence in different phases of their socioeconomic lifestyle. It occurs due to increase red blood cell destruction or due to bone marrow failure to produce adequate number of blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia noticed among women during their reproductive age, while other types are less common. Pernicious anaemia and folate deficiency are recognized to cause secondary infertility. Any attempts to treat infertility or to even establish preliminary investigations should be delayed until anaemia is treated. Management of anaemia itself may resolve the infertility problems and should be taken as a first line treatment in all cases.

Dental decay is one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. In many countries, its severity increased in correlation with importation of sugar, reaching its zenith in about 1950s and 1960s. Dental caries, unlike periodontal disease, is now recognized as an infectious, transmissible, multifactorial disease of bacterial origin. The philosophy of caries management by risk assessment, or CAMBRA®, represents a paradigm shift. Current evidence-based emphasis is on the need to recognize a carious lesion in its earliest stage before demineralization has produced a cavitated lesion that requires restoration by a dentist. Prevention strategy is to determine the dental caries risk factors for patients of all ages and to introduce remineralization strategies into the patient's dental care plan. Therapy should focus on patient-specific approaches that include disease monitoring and preventive therapies supplemented when necessary by restorative care. Changes in the management of dental caries will require health organizations and dental schools to educate students, practitioners, and patients in evidence and risk-based care. This paper discusses current understanding of the caries balance, the process of demineralization and remineralization of tooth structure, caries risk assessment, the different levels of caries risk and a brief review of strategies to control dental caries. Adequate treatment protocols specifically related to the remineralization of non-cavitated lesions using dentifrices and related studies are discussed.

Very few ethnic groups in Cameroon have been subjected to ethnobotanical surveys and data on plants having medicinal properties against sinusitis which are very scarce. The current study is about exploring the Cameroonian flora in order to promote traditional medicine in the treatment of this affection. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among traditional healers and herbalists from villages and local markets in the Centre, Littoral, East and West provinces in order to identify the plants used by these four major cultural groups in Cameroon to treat sinusitis. After recipe characterization, the plant specimens were harvested and identified. Their floristic characterization and finally determining the composition of their bioactive metabolites were done. A total of 78 recipes involving 52 medicinal plant species were identified for sinusitis treatment; these recipes were prepared using plant combinations. These plants belong to 29 families, the most represented belong to the Fabaceae (7 species), Rutaceae (5 species) and Rubiaceae (4 species) families. 73.00 % are woody plants from which the bark (56.00 %) is mainly collected. Fruits of Massullaria acuminata (29 occurrences), bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum (17), Erythrophleum suaveolens (9), Mammea africana (9), Cylicodiscus gabunensis (6) and leaves of Nicotiana tabaccum (5 occurrences) are the most commonly used organs to prepare the recipes which are mainly administered by nasal instillation (60.77%). The bark of Antrocaryon klaineanum (6 occurrences), the stems of Costus afer (6) and the fruits of Citrus lemon (5 occurrences) are used as plant combinations. These plants are forest species (62.00 %) with regional distribution (40.00 %) whose diaspores are spread by zoochory (97.00 %). They contain many bioactive compounds, in particular phenolic compounds responsible for their pharmacological activities and thus justifies their use in the traditional treatment of sinusitis.

The essence of teaching and learning materials to any learning institution cannot be overemphasised. This is more so when it comes to the learning of the young children. This research study focused on the effects of learning and teaching resources in lower primary school children. The education system in Kenya is evolving a bit slowly even as it is faced with inadequate teaching/learning resources in lower primary schools due to poor planning and corruption in the process of acquiring learning resources. A mixture of both purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used in the study. The instruments that were used in data collection include questionnaires, the interview schedule and the observation schedule. The findings were that most books in school libraries are outdated and need to be upgraded to fit with the changing world of technology especially with Social Studies. Teaching and using of black boards and toys play a very important role in the teaching and learning process.

Teaching embryology seems to be a valuable part of the medical education and remains significant for facilitating undergraduates to appreciate the birth defects. In health care professional studies, self-directed learning (SDL) is considered an indispensable learning parameter. Numerous attempts have been made to compare lecture with alternative forms of self-directed learning. Objectives of the present study are – 1.To compares the effectiveness of self-directed learning with didactic lectures in learning embryology among first year medical students, 2.To assess the perception of students towards self-directed learning. This was a comparative study conducted on 80 Phase I MBBS students of Mamata Medical College. They were divided into 2 batches (Batch A and B) of 40 each. On the first day, Batch A was given a didactic lecture, while Batch B underwent a self-directed learning session with all the study materials provided. A pre and post-test questionnaire was administered. On the second day, the batches were reversed and another similar topic was dealt with. Perception towards Self-directed learning was collected using a pre-validated questionnaire. A paired t-test comparing both methods showed that the scores following self-directed learning were more compared to didactic lectures. Students choose self-directed learning as it improves the understanding of the subject and helps to clear up doubts. Embryology should be taught by different methods at the right level & context.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B/C diseases among Syrian refugees living outside the temporary accommodation centers in Şanlıurfa city center, and individuals' levels of knowledge and risky behaviors related to these diseases. Methods: The research is cross-sectional. It was carried out with 473 Syrian refugees who were living in Şanlıurfa city center outside the temporary accommodation centers in April 2015 – 2016. Cluster sampling method was preferred in the selection of the sample. The questionnaire form, which was prepared by the researchers, was applied, and a venous blood sample was collected from the individuals during data collection. HBsAg, Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc total and Anti-HCV levels of the blood samples were examined. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the evaluation of the data. Statistical analyses were performed at 95% confidence level. p<0.05 value was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Of the Syrians, 62.2% were women and 37.8% men, with a median age of 34.0. 25.6% of participants had never attended school, and 82.2% of them were married. 57.3% of asylum seekers were Arabian, and 41.9% were Kurdish. 80.1% of them didn't know enough Turkish to communicate. Participants' average monthly income was 171$. An average of 8.6 individuals was living in the household, and the individual/room rate was 3.2. 60.3% of Syrian refugees had not heard of hepatitis B disease, and 69.1% of them had not heard of hepatitis C disease. Only 2.3% (n=11) of the individuals correctly answered all the questions about the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B/C diseases. 1.7% of Syrian refugees were HBsAg positive, 23.9% were Anti-HBc total positive, and 0.4% of them were Anti-HCV positive. 25.2% of Syrian refugees were anti-HBS positive, while 7.1% were immunized with the hepatitis B vaccine. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of HBsAg and Anti-HC

Objective: In the current scenario, many patients were suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to uncontrolled diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) causes secondary complications of articular surface of capsular membrane of joints. That’s why this study is intended to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskletal disorders in type 2 diabetic subjects of tertiary care centre of Gwalior, India. Methods: 400 diabetic subjects, selected via screening through survey in the OPD and IPD of Department of Orthopedics, J. A. Group of Hospitals, Gwalior (M.P.). The standard screening procedures such as glycated haemoglobin and musculoskeletal complication assessment were the criteria for selecting type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and T2DM patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The musculoskeletal complications were assessed by standard methods. Result: The prevalence of MSDs in T2DM was 75% with 43.5% male and 31.5% female suffered from various MSDs. The dupuytren’s contracture, frozen shoulder had more prevalence in T2DM. The male T2DM and female T2DM had maximum prevalence of frozen shoulder and Dupuytren’s contracture respectively. Conclusion: The MSDs were prevalent in T2DM patients. So, proper care must be taken to prevent the complications of MSDs in T2DM patients. Good glycemic control is necessary to prevent the MSDs complications in T2DM.