Snakebite is a neglected public health problem in most of the countries in Africa. Its means of treatment is parenteral administration of serum-based antivenins. But due to the limitations of these antivenins, snakebite victims mostly depend on herbal antidotes. Hence, this research was designed to screen the antisnake venom activity of some medicinal plants on mixed venoms of Naja nigricollis, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans using Albino rats’ model. Information on the medicinal plants used for the treatment of snakebite envenomation in Zuru Local Government Area was obtained through ethnobotanical survey. Four (4) most cited plants; Parkia biglobosa stem-bark, Calotropis procera root, Sterculia setigera stem-bark and Bauhinia rufescens seed were selected and screened against the venom-induced lethal effect on albino rats. Albino rats of both sexes were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each and used for the antivenom screening of each plant methanol extract. Group 1 received distilled water. Groups 2, 3 and 4 received 0.8mg/kg b. wt. of the venom mixture, but 3 and 4 were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg b. wt. of an extract respectively. Group 5 received 400mg/kg b. wt. of an extract only. Finally, group 6 received 0.8mg/kg b. wt. of the venom mixture and treated with standard antivenin. The plants’ extracts exhibited antivenom activities with varying degrees of efficacy. At 400mg/kg b. wt. of extract, the recorded mean animal survival times were 18.52 ± 1.50h, 14.04 ± 4.79h, 18.66 ± 4.32h and 5.96 ± 2.79h for C. procera root, P. biglobosa stem-bark, B. rufescens seed and S. setigera stem-bark extracts respectively. Thus, B. rufescens methanol seed extract was the most potent antivenom agent. These findings suggest that, the selected plants have potent antivenom activity on the selected snake venoms and can serve as lead for the development of safe, readily available and affordable antivenoms that can substitute the use of serum-based antivenins.

The Covid-19 pandemic reveals the combined and potentiating effects of pollution, notably on rare earths and electromagnetic fields, all of which contribute to a deficiency in the immune system. We note that countries with technologies using pollutants such as rare earths, electromagnetic fields are the most affected by this pandemic. This could explain the low number of deaths in the so-called poor countries compared to industrialized countries like England, the USA, France.

The accountants are demanded to have competent competence in making financial statements that are technically and technologically qualified. So in the era of industrial revolution 4.0, the accountant profession is also required to understand big data that stores a lot of information, not only financial data but also non-financial aspects. According to Abdillah (2016) states that Internet Financial Reporting is one of the voluntary disclosures because no regulations are governing what content should be presented by the company's website. Most publicly listed companies have a personal website that provides essential company information. In conclusion, an accountant profession must understand the internet financial reporting system or disclosure of corporate financial reporting through the company's website is one of the methods that must be studied by the accounting profession. This study aims to examine the effect of Return on Equity, Quick Ratio, and Debt to Equity Ratio on Internet Financial Reporting and Company Size as a Moderating Variable. The results of this study indicate that Return on Equity, Quick Ratio to Internet Financial Reporting cannot be moderated by Company Size, whereas Debt to Equity Ratio to Internet Financial Reporting can be reduced by Company Size.

The CERES Wheat (V4.6) Simulation Model was calibrated and validated using experimental field data collected on phenology, yield and yield attributes of ruling cultivars of wheat under FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro meteorology and Land base observation) scheme during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2012-13 to 2015-16 at Faizabad, Modipuram, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi AMFUs (Agrometeorological Field Units) of Uttar Pradesh under irrigated condition with the objective to study the growth and yield of wheat at different sowing dates and irrigation levels and to simulate trends of wheat production. The genetic coefficient derived from the calibration of the CERES-Wheat Model for both varieties PBW-343 and Malviya-234 were reasonably very close to observed yield. Therefore, the model as used for evaluation of sowing date and irrigation level in wheat crop. The model was run for six sowing dates on seven days interval i.e.30 October, 06, 13, 22 & 27 November and 5 December and increasing level of (five) irrigations. Simulation studies depicts that the model performance was good under three (I3) and four (I4) irrigation level , after five (I5) irrigation yields are same as I4 in most of the districts of different agro climatic zone while poor performance was observed under two (I2) and one (I1) irrigation level. Wheat yield was also simulated at different sowing dates, results shows that 22 November is the optimum sowing date for Bundelkhand, Central Plain, Eastern Plain, NE Plain and Vindhyan zone and 13 November for Mid western Plain, SW Plain, Bhabhara & Tarai and Western plain zone while less yield was observed in early and late sowing.

Duplex stainless steels are characterized by their biphasic, ferritic-austenitic microstructure. The ideal volumetric fraction of these phases in duplex stainless steels, is of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite, however, this condition is difficult to be obtained when arc welding these materials. A detailed analysis of the effect of relative plate thickness in the heat flow and, consequently, in the cooling rate during welding of duplex stainless steel is of fundamental importance. The correct adjustment of the welding parameters leads to an optimum cooling rate of the joint, which guarantees a good balance of the volume fractions of ferrite and austenite, and results in acceptable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this work, the best welding practices to the duplex stainless steel UNS S32750 (Super Duplex) were studied, guaranteeing welded joints that showed the ideal volumetric fractions of ferrite and austenite and, consequently, the mechanical properties according to the project. Complementary techniques of microstructural analysis were used, such as optical emission spectrometry, optical microscopy and quantitative image analysis.

Scope: Orthognathic surgery with pre-surgical and post-operative discussion is highest degree received procedure for rectifying of inadequate with dento-alveolar malocclusion. Nevertheless, recent advancements in pre-surgical orthodontic pretence and postsurgical orthodontic treatments utilise mini screws have exhibit noteworthy constancy and dominance of the occlusion after orthognathic surgery. Therefore, we have espouse a surgery-first orthognathic overture unaccompanied preoperative surgery, founded on a new presurgical simulation outgrowth employ a orthodontist version. Objectives: Through initiate recently developed protocol—named Anticipated Benefit—and into depict it near an analytic sheath. Methods: The outlining phases are given and formerly exemplified beyond evaluate a tolerant with a Class III malformation. According to that technique, later a little attentive outlining orthodontic instrument is rigid and later corrective jaw surgery is carry out. Conclusions: The surgery-first orthognathic access outwardly pre-operative identic therapy was detect to be predictable and applicative to treat class III dentofacial deformities, and we commend circumstance of the technique as an efficacious option for treating this stipulation.

Engineering structures such as plates, beams, and shells are subjected to different types of loads when used in applications such as bridges, buildings, and other structures. Due to the nature of loading cracks are produced in these elements over a period of time. These cracks will cause the failure of beams due to vibration. Vibration analysis is important to find the natural frequency of the structures. Modal analysis is performed to find the mode shapes and natural frequency of the cantilever beam. In the present investigation, a cantilever beam with crack is modeled and natural frequency for the first three modes is determined by using Ansys Workbench 19.2. The goal of the study is to change the length of the crack along the width of the beam and its effect on the natural frequency of the cantilever beam. During the study, the crack width is kept constant while the depth of crack is varied along with a change in the length of the crack. The crack with depth 45 mm and crack of length 50 mm gives a lower value of natural frequency.

Intellectuals, academicians, and critics alike do not miss the opportunity to tackle Sherlock Holmes’s proficiency as one-of-a-kind consulting detective created in the stories of the Scottish writer, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930). A closer look into Doyle’s literary works points to the path of the author’s visionary outlook, in terms of Holmes’ philosophy and investigation methods, which this paper argues, resonate with the core technology of the modern era. Central to the theme surrounding the Holmesian doctrine, this research takes inspiration from the “ability of the mind” context with reference to the literary detective, Sherlock Holmes. The main objective is to elucidate that Holmes’ philosophy is not an outdated proposition. It is very much in circulation in modern investigation methods and applies to basic technological principles as well. Hence, its appeal is still relevant and connected to our lives today. In order to support the discourse and argument revolving Holmes’ philosophy, this paper adopts an analytical method that relies on contextual reference and textual inferences by comparing it with the contemporary narrative in terms of the emerging technology in today’s digital era. To provide Holmes’ worldwide fans with a deeper reading of his stories, this paper is not meant to present a thematic analysis of Doyle’s literary productions; rather it is a careful examination of Holmes’ mind. With a focus on Sherlock’s “ability of the mind,” the central hypothesis is approached by drawing analogies between his detective methods and the basic principles of computers and core technologies. In so doing, this research proves that Holmesian philosophy is still affecting a basic, yet forms a significant part of our lives in the twenty-first century.

Kilishi is a great spicy beef jerky from Nigeria. Dry kilishi was analysed for its content of chemical components: proximate, vitamins, minerals using standard methods. From the minerals were calculated the mineral ratios and the mineral safety index (MSI). Highest concentrations of proximate contents came from crude protein (64.4 g/100g) and crude fat was 14.2g/100g. Proportion of total energy due to protein was 1,095 kJ/100g (66.0%) or 258 kcal/100g (65.3%) whereas in carbohydrate we had values of 39.1 kJ/100g (2.36%) or 9.20 kcal/100g (2.33%). Utilization of 60% of proportion of total energy due to protein percent ranged between 39.2 – 39.6. Minerals of high concentration in the sample were (mg/100g): K, 985 (44.3%); P, 781 (35.1%); Na, 320 (14.4%); reasonable contents were observed in Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg. Among all the minerals ratios calculated, only the value for Na/Mg (3.91) was very close to reference balance ideal (4.00) and within the acceptable ideal range (2 to 6). The MSI values showed that only Zn was higher than the recommended MSI showing that Zn might be deleterious in kilishi consumption. The two most concentrated vitamins were water soluble vitamins with values of (mg/100g): vitamin C, 6.53 (38.4%); B3, 5.98 (35.2%) and followed by two other fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, 1.94 (11.4%) and vitamin E, 1.38 (8.10%). These results revealed that kilishi could be regarded as a protein-filled snack that still retains its nutritional value despite being dried.

This study assessed the effect of cabamate and pyrethroid pesticide residues from agricultural activities on fish samples from the Owena river, Ondo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to assess the bioaccumulation and the health risk implication of consuming polluted fish from the river. The fish samples were extracted with an ultrasonic bath extractor and the extracts were analysed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometry detector. The mean level of carbamate pesticide contaminants in dry season for Oreochromis niloticus, Gvmnarchus niloticus, S. galileaus and Claria gariepinus are 0.25±0.02µg/g, 0.24±0.01µg/g, 0.30±0.03µg/g and 0.26±0.02µg/g respectively. Their level in wet season for Oreochromis niloticus, Gvmnarchus niloticus, S. galileous, Clarias anguillaris and Parachanna obscura were 0.11±0.03µg/g, 0.21±0.02µg/g, 0.10±0.04µg/g, 0.14±0.03, 0.13±0.03µg/g and 0.12±0.05 µg/g respectively. The level of pyrethroid contaminants in dry season for Oreochromis niloticus, Gvmnarchus niloticus, S. galileaus and Claria gariepinus are 0.82±0.79µg/g, 0.53±0.04µg/g, 0.39±0.04µg/g and 1.91±1.99µg/g respectively. Their level in wet season for Oreochromis niloticus, Gvmnarchus niloticus, S. galileous, Claria gariepinus. Clarias anguillaris and Parachanna obscura were 0.22±0.05µg/g, 0.18±0.06µg/g, 0.13±0.05µg/g, 0.19±0.10, 0.12±0.02µg/g and 0.22±0.04 µg/g respectively. The concentrations of some of pollutants in the fish samples were higher than the FAO/WHO maximum residue limit of 0.5µg/g. The health risk evaluation indicates that there is no health risk. Nevertheless, strict monitoring of the handling and usage of these chemicals should continue to be enforced strictly by Nigerian government.

Background: Premature ovarian failure (PMOF) associated with increased risk of the general and mental health of the affected women, however, lower fertility or even infertility are the most disturbing symptoms to every woman with PMOF. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of PMOF among infertile women as this may reflect the real magnitude of the problem in the whole population. Methodology: women aged 40 years or less with infertility and menstrual irregularity (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea) and with an elevated FSH level on two occasions more than 4 weeks apart were recruited for this study. The participants were attending Albayda Fertility Centre a public centre in Libya, between August 2013 and January 2020. The results: the recorded prevalence of PMOF among infertile subjects in this study was 2.8%. 34% of the affected women were aged 35 years and below. Only 2 (3.45%) of them got spontaneous pregnant, but none ended in live-birth. The median age at presentation was 36 years. The median infertility duration was 4.5 years and the median duration of menstrual irregularity was 7 years. The menstrual irregularity predated infertility by a median of 2.5 years. Conclusion: the prevalence of PMOF in this study was 2.8% indicating a higher prevalence of PMOF among infertile women than previously reported prevalence in the general population. This study also confirms the low reproductive potential of these women.

HIV-related stigma is a psychological challenge in People Living With HIV (PLWH). They have different personal experiences related to the stigma. This study aims to explore personal experiences of PLWH related to HIV stigma. This study is a qualitative study with phenomenological design which was conducted to PLWH in Medan City in the period of Mei 2019. The data were collected through in depth interview and analyzed by performing trial version of Nvivo. Ethical test and inform consent were granted prior to data collection. There were 4 participants in the study and 75% of the respondents were male and 75% of which held higher education degree. It was obtained that the average length of being HIV positive was 2.3 years. Thematic analyses reveable three common stigma received by PLWH: (1) interpersonal stigma (feeling of being stigmatized, Rejected and considered as a disgusting creature), (2) stigma at health facilities (Discriminating look, Verbal abuse, and Delayed service due to their HIV positive status), and (3) self stigma (Avoidance in using the same things with the participants, Delayed service due to their HIV positive status). Findings provide important insights related to design of interventions to reduce stigmatization of PLWH.

Introduction: Covid 19 was declared as a pandemic by WHO in December 2019. Since then the whole world has been battling this crisis with large number of deaths worldwide. India reported its first case in March 2020 in Kerala [1]. Experimental research findings indicate that an exaggerated immune response and a strong cytokine storm, which may include high levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6), are activated in severe COVID-19 [3, 4]. This can lead to a clinical presentation of pancytopenia and HLH like features. Case: A 15-year-old female presented with fever and breathing difficulties to the emergency. She had tachypnoea and tachycardia but no organomegaly, lymphadenopathy or any other relevant examination findings. Routine lab investigations revealed pancytopenia. And day 1 peripheral smear showed virocytes. She was evaluated for COVID-19 and came out to be positive. On treatment her symptoms subsided but pancytopenia persisted. Hence a repeat peripheral smear examination and done on day 10 post admission which showed 8% blasts. BMA/BMB was advised with serum ferritin levels. Result: A diagnosis of acute leukemia was made on imprint smears as bone marrow aspiration was haemodiluted and paucicellular. Biopsy showed presence of sheets of histiocytes with hemophagocytosis admixed with blasts. A final diagnosis of Acute leukemia with Hemophagocytosis was made and serum ferritin advised to rule out HLH. Conclusion: The case turned out to an ALL with HLH. Hence, we realised that the cytokine storm in COVID -19 can at times mask the underlying major etiology and patient might just present with HLH. We conclude it is very important to analyse each case of Covid with great alacrity

Landuse land cover is subjected to continuous changes due to diverse and fluctuating human activities of the increasing population. The types of data required are landmass, population size, landuse land cover such as agricultural land, built-up area, bare land, water body and vegetation cover, and area covered by each. To determine the influences of population size on changes in agricultural land, built-up area, bare land, water body and vegetation cover the magnitude of each was divided by the population size to determine the per capita. Data on landmass was generated from topographic map; population size from National Population Commission; and landuse land cover and magnitude of each from landsat imageries. The imageries were analyzed using diverse GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. The results indicate magnitude of landuse land cover varied from 11.58%, 6.96%, 1.25% and 19.79% for agricultural land, bare land, built-up area and vegetation cover respectively. Likewise, population size increase by 10.82% while land per capita decreased by 7.74m2 for the period under study. Result of simple correlation between population size and agricultural land, bare land, built-up area, water body and vegetation cover indicate 58%, 35%, 94%, 58% and 19% as percentage of determination. The result indicate with increase in population size by 10.82% leads to increase in density with 69 persons per km2 and land per capita decreased by 14.49m2. The result implies with increase in population size lead to change landuse land cover.

Background: Superficial mycoses are the fungal infections of skin, nail, and hair. Superficial mycosis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. The clinical lesions caused by the fungi are highly variable and closely resemble other skin diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to make a definite laboratory diagnosis of superficial skin infections. Dermatophytes are hyaline septate moulds which include the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton that cause superficial mycoses. Materials and methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year (January to December 2019) in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. The skin, hair and nail samples were collected from patients with suspected dermatophyte infections. The samples were examined by KOH preparation and cultured on Saboraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) and cornmeal agar. The species identification was done by LPCB preparation and other tests. Results: A total of 68 samples were obtained of which 56 were skin scraping, 10 nail clipping and 2 hair samples. 60 (88.23%) were positive by KOH preparation where as 42 (61.76%) showed growth on SDA. The most common species was T.rubrum followed by T.mentagrophytes. There was a male preponderance and dermatophytic infections were most common among farmers. Conclusion: The most common dermatophyte infection was tinea corporis and T.rubrum was the commonest isolated organism. In the modern era of molecular diagnosis of infectious agents culture and microscopy still play an important role in the diagnosis of superficial mycoses.