Catharanthus roseus is an important evergreen medicinal herb of Apocynacea family used mainly for treatment of cancer and diabetics. The plant was 1 m in height and commercially grown widely in India, Australia, Africa and Southern Europe. Alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine, flavonoids and phenolic are the main components of plant. The plant exhibits various biological properties such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic and wound healing. In the present study we have tried to collect traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of plant. This study should be used to understand the health promoting properties of this multipurpose plant and it may also provide clues for discovery of new lead compound of pharmaceutical importance.

The third molars are the toughest, far-most and wide when compared to the other teeth and helps in grinding of food inside the oral cavity of the individual he most commonly impacted teeth in the human dentition is the third molars. Due to the impaction of the third molars, the oral and maxillofacial surgeons often extract the third molars by a surgical procedure. A planned surgical procedure is to be followed by the surgeons to minimize any complications related to the third molar extraction. The primary goal of this research was to review the literature related to complications after the third molar surgery. Data was extracted from the online databases like Medline and Pub Med Central, and tabulated using the pre-designed data extraction forms. Commonly the extractions are done by the general dentists using the forceps and elevator. In case of the tooth that is near a major nerve, with large or curved roots, in fusion with the jawbone or if it’s nearby a crown or fillings the Dento alveolar surgery is recommended. These complications can affect the quality of life of the patient. In present time the knowledge and awareness about oral health and its impact on the quality of life is understood and maintained. The patient should be made aware about all the possible complications before the surgery.

A decomposable measure of inequality simply refers as a measure such that the variability of total inequality can be divided into two parts: ‘within inequality’ and ‘between inequalities’. By considering plural view of inequality measures (both absolute and relative) for two widely talked-about families of inequality measurement (Gini family and SD-CV family) in the literature, we propose that, variance (as an absolute measure in SD-CV family) is the most suitable measure for perfect decomposition of inequality. On the other hand, squared coefficient of variation (as a relative measure in SD-CV family) is far better measure for such purpose than Gini index (as a relative measure in Gini family) though they cannot be perfectly decomposed. An empirical study of a backward district of West Bengal is considered in order to analyse the effects of ‘within’ and ‘between’ components on inequality decomposition. Since one of the key points of inequality analysis is represented by the overlapping units, the effect of overlapping component on inequality decomposition is also considered.

Introduction: The association of breast cancer and pregnancy is a rare event. The aim of our study is to take stock of this association at the Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital (CHU SO) in Lome, Togo. Methodology: This is a descriptive retrospective study that took place at (CHU SO), Lome, Togo; from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018. Results: During our study the frequency of breast cancer and pregnancy was 2.1%. The mean age of the patients was 33.3 years. Multiparas represented 69.2% of cases. Breast cancer was found in the second trimester of pregnancy in 45.4%. The invasive ductal carcinoma was found 38.4%. Patients had received palliative treatment in 53.8% of cases. Fifty-three point eight percent (53.8%) of the patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Breast cancer associated with pregnancy is difficult. The ideal would be a nationwide subsidy for this disease.

Nguyen An Ninh is a thinker and a big patriot in Vietnam’s revolutionary movement. The political thought of Nguyen An Ninh holds an important place in the history of modern and modern thought of Vietnam and has profoundly influenced Vietnam’s revolutionary movements in history and in the present period. This study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the political system of Nguyen An Ninh, but the value that that ideology brings to the Vietnamese revolution in the history and significance of that thought in the present period. At the same time, this study not only helps to clarify the special features in the thought of a great thinker but also partly depicts the spiritual beauty and revolutionary qualities of a typical patriot.

Parotid gland sialolith is a very rare condition with symptoms of pain and infection in affected individuals (4- 10%) caused due to any systemic diseases, bacterial infections, medications, abnormality in the secretion of gland etc. Here reporting a case of 28 year old male patient having calculi in his left parotid gland. Routine radiographic procedures and advanced modalities like ultrasonography, cone beam tomography confirmed the diagnosis then it is removed surgically without major complications.

Wound healing involves a complex cascade of events, ordered and complex, involving many types of cells, which are driven by the release of soluble mediators and signals able to influence these circulating cells and cause them to home back to damaged tissues. Platelets proved themselves to be an important cells regulating haemostasis phases through the vascular occlusion and facilitating fibrin clot formation. This fibrin scaffold, devoid of any cytotoxic property, is obtained from 9ml of patient’s blood, after centrifugation performed with a centrifuge and the use of gel-free vials; it contains a variety of blood cells- including platelet, B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, stem cells and neutrophilic granulocytes- other than growth factors. L- PRF (leukocyte-PRF) and its derivatives (A-PRF, i- PRF and so on). There is an abundance of literature on the use of injectable PRF (i-PRF) on dental implants with successful results. Therefore, in this case report i-PRF was used as regenerative alloplastic material for an infrabony defect. At 9 months follow-up, there was a reduction in pocket depth and radiographic evidence of bone fill was also noted.

The emergence and spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem worldwide, which presents a significant threat to public health globally. The present study was designed to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic use. A cross-sectional survey was performed using a questionnaire on a sample randomly selected from east Libya for pediatric doctors, pharmacies and parents. A total of 400 participating subjects were approached to be included in the study, 234 agreed to participate giving a response rate of 58.5%. The awareness of antimicrobial resistant was very high among the pharmacist and doctors responder (96.43%) (93.91%) respectively, in contrast participants parents (41.76%). More than one-third (37.36%) were self-medicated with antibiotics to treat mainly common cold and cough. The reasons of antibiotic misuse in the present study according to the opinion of participant doctors were an empirical use, incorrect dose and low level of education with 68.70%, 18. 26%, 13.04% respectively. Pharmacies are the major source of antibiotics reporting more than –quarter 28.57% were sold antibiotic without prescription. These findings presented aid in the assessment of the adequacy of present public educational campaigns to promote specific messages to rationalize antibiotic use, and compensate for knowledge and attitude gaps as an effort towards preventing development of antibiotic resistance.

Teachers' blended teaching ability refers to the ability of teachers to use both online and offline occasions and scenes for blended teaching. At present, the blended teaching ability of teachers in China University of Geosciences (Beijing) is still insufficient, which affects the effectiveness and quality of blended teaching. This paper puts forward the improvement mode of informatization teaching ability under “double blended learning-driven”, that is, to transfer to the "blended" teacher teaching through the "blended" teacher training. Starting from the inscapes and existing problems of teachers' blended teaching ability in universities and colleges, this paper creates a flexible training mode of teachers' blended teaching ability in universities and colleges, taking the major of Business Administration as an example, giving an effective way to improve teachers' informatization teaching ability, so as to provide reference for the university to design and optimize the mode of teacher training.

This work was carried out to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies to Cytomegalovirus, Rubella virus and T. gondii among aborted women in the 9 consecutive months (July 2018 to March 2019) at El-Beida City. A total of 95 women was tested using ELISA method for presence of T. gondii, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies (IgG and IgM) by commercial kit. Data from samples of serum found that, the sero-prevalence of T. gondii (IgG/ IgM) were the highest followed by Rubella (IgG/ IgM) and then CMV (IgG/ IgM). 67.74 % of total women was get two type of antibodies against two different parasites. 22.6% were sero-positive for IgG anti-T. gondii and anti-CMV, 18.3% sero-positive for IgG anti-T. gondii and anti-Rubella and 26.9% were sero- positive for IgG anti-CMV and anti-Rubella at same time.The highest prevalence was noted in age group 21-25 years followed with age groups 31-35 and 26-30. The rate of one miscarriage in abortive women was 50.6% higher than two and three miscarriages 29.9% and 11.5% respectively. Results were might give a better understanding about Rubella, T. gondii, and cytomegalovirus infections during pregnancy that cause the foetal loss.

Intracranial epidermoid tumors are inclusion tumors of the central nervous system. They are congenital neoplasms that grow through desquamation of keratin, cholesterol and cellular debris. They cause mass effect and gradual development of neurological symptoms. Here we present a case of a 65 year old lady who presented with new onset seizures, CT scan suggesting a low grade cortically based neoplasm and a diagnosis of epidermoid cyst was made from histopathological sections.

Background: There is a sharp decline in new SARS-CoV-2 cases in Karachi from July onwards; most of them were asymptomatic. Seroconversion rates vary markedly in different countries. Previously, 36% of seropositivity was reported in the adult population of Karachi in July this year. The current study was conducted to report if seroprevalence has increased and has a possible role in community immunity. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the first and second weeks of September 2020 at the National Institute of Blood disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation Hospital (NIBD), Karachi, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different segments of the population of Karachi workforce/community. An anti-SARS-CoV-2 test was performed using ECLIA from Roche Diagnostics International. Results: A total of 2404 subjects’ blood samples were received from healthcare workers, the industrial workforce, and healthy blood donors. Seroprevalence in industrial workers was highest (70%) as compared to healthcare workers (40%). Overall seropositivity in males (39%) was higher than females (16%). Blood donors (all males) showed seropositivity of 37.8%. The comorbid state was not significantly associated with seropositivity (p-value >0.05). Total cases of antibody-positive were 1322 of 2100 (55%). Conclusion: Our results confirmed the current seroprevalence of 55% in the adult population in Karachi. There was a sharp rise from 36% reported previously in July. This rise coincided with a sharp decline in new reported COVID 19 cases. We can conclude that the adult population from Karachi has shown an upsurge in seropositivity which will certainly have a beneficial role in SARS-CoV-2 control in the future.

Plasma cell leukemia is one of the most aggressive and rarest forms of plasma cell dyscrasias. It can arise from a leukemic transformation of multiple myeloma or can be primary and the prognosis is very poor. We present the case of a 68 year old male who presented to our hospital with features of acute renal failure. He was diagnosed as a case of Plasma cell leukemia and was treated with chemotherapy. However his condition deteriorated and he died 2 weeks after diagnosis. The recommended treatment of plasma cell leukemia is aggressive chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation. However, once diagnosed, the prognosis is very poor.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease or necrotizing histiocytic lymphadenitis is a rare benign disease, revealed by the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy in an inflammatory context. Reporting the case of a young patient whose diagnosis was only possible by the pathological study of the surgical specimen.

Etymologically, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) can be traced back to the origin of life. The first origin of melatonin was detected in cyano-bacteria. As considering the endosymbiont hypothesis, cyanobacteria were engulfed by the animal and plant cells. Later on, these bacteria performed the roles of mitochondria and chloroplastids in animals and plant cells respectively. Inner matrices of these organelles are having melatonin and probable function of this intra-organelle melatonin is to protect the organelles from the detrimental effects from free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Species; ROSs and Reactive Nitrogen Species; RNSs). In higher animals, melatonin is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland mainly during the night, since light exposure suppresses its production. Other than pineal gland, melatonin is secreted from several different organs like retina, gastro-intestinal tract. The secretion of this hormone is regulated by several environmental factors like photo-period, temperature, humidity etc. Melatonin can exert its function either by as a free molecule or by its membrane bound receptors MT1 and MT2 respectively. Modulations of melatonin receptors results in stimulation of apoptosis, regulation of pro-survival signaling, inhibition on angiogenesis, metastasis, and induction of epigenetic alteration. Melatonin could also be utilized as adjuvant of cancer therapies, through reinforcing the therapeutic effects and reducing the side effects of chemotherapies or radiation. Melatonin could be an excellent candidate for prevention and treatment of several cancers, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. This review summarized the anticancer efficacy of melatonin, based on the results of epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies.