Chromoleana odorata is an invasive plant traditionally used for the treatment of many diseases in Cameroon in both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the healing potential of a watery ointment extract from the C. odorata leaves on a model of excision wound in Wistar strain rat. Phytochemical screening was evaluated using standard procedures. A 5% ointment (CO-5%) aqeuous extract with simple excipients (Vaseline and water) was formulated and evaluated for wound healing testing. Chemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and anthraquinones in the extract. The application of the ointment alone to the wounds caused a complete healing in rats on the 16th day. Under similar conditions, the reference ointment allowed complete healing after 21 days. These results confirm the therapeutic efficacy of this plant in traditional wound care.

Background: Neonatal hospital infections, in addition to being the cause of a significant number of perinatal, neonatal, and postnatal deaths, are also associated with increased health care costs. This is because hospitalization of infected children is up to threefold longer than that of non-infected children. Objective: Our objective is to assess the nurse’s knowledge and observe their practice to prevent and control neonatal nosocomial infection in maternal and neonatal unit at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. Results: Age distribution shows highest percentage 48 % in between 40-49 years. All of the respondents were female. Most of the nurses 90% were Muslim, 8% were Hindu. About 100% of the respondents have S. S. C., 30% have H. S. C. and 4% have B.A. / B.Sc. degree, Remaining 4% of the respondents having Masters or others degree. Regarding professional qualification 100% of respondent’s have diploma in nursing and midwifery, 20% of B.Sc. in public health, and remaining 14% have M.P.H. In service about 6% of respondent’s job experience was1-5years, 12% had 6-10 years and the 24% had 11-15 years, 20% had 16-20years, 10% had 21-25 years and remaining 28% had 26-30years experience. The grading of the knowledge was about 73.5% of nurses had complete knowledge, 15% had partial knowledge, 5.33% gave wrong answer and 6.16% said that they do not know the answer. About 50% of the neonatal age was 5- 10 days, about 20% of 11-16 days, nearly 18% was 17-22 days, and the remaining 12% was 23-28 days. Among them 56% was male and 44% was female. Among the responding parents, family type was mainly nuclear 62% and joint 38%. Educational qualification of the father’s was about 22% illiterate, 20% able to write their name, 18% was primary educated, 20% was secondary,14% higher secondary and 6% was graduate. On the other hand mother’s educational qualification was about 30% illiterate, 20% was able to write their name, primary education complete about 24% and secondary 18% and higher secondary 8%.According to the data collection the respondents residence in the Rajshahi division was 100%, residence in the rural 70% and urban about 30%. Conclusion: Current global evaluations confirm that commitment to improving newborn health makes meaningful socio-economic contributions. Various reasons can be attributed to why the health of the newborn has been neglected despite the huge mortality rates and why most neonatal deaths are unseen and undocumented.

Mustard is a leading oil crop in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in four major Binasarisha-4 growing areas of Bangladesh, namely Jashore, Kushtia, Magura and Faridpur district to estimate the socio-economic profile, profitability and technical efficiency of the variety. In total, 160 farmers, 40 from each district were randomly selected as sample size for conducting the study. In the sampled areas data were collected through pre-designed interview schedule from February-March, 2017. Tabular, descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production frontier model were used to fulfill the objectives. In the study, costs and return analysis were done on both cash cost and full cost basis for estimating profitability. The study found that Binasarisha-4 production is profitable. The average net return per hectare was Tk. 29113.30. The net return was highest in Magura (Tk. 33060.19/ha) followed by Kushtia (Tk. 32195.20/ha), Jashore (Tk. 28227.04/ha) and Faridpur (Tk. 22970.78/ha) respectively. Benefit cost ratio was 1.71 and 2.65 on full cost and cash cost basis. The stochastic Cobb-Douglas production frontier model was used for estimating technical efficiency of Binasarisha-4 producer in the study areas. About 61% Binasarisha-4 farmers could achieve 89.5% technical efficiency implying that they could increase Binasarisha-4 productivity through increasing their technical efficiencies in many issues, such as education, income and farming experience. Farmers faced some constraints in cultivating of the variety. Out of them the major constraints were inadequate supply of quality seeds, higher price of fertilizers & insecticides, lack of training, lack of technical know-how, natural calamities, higher charge of irrigation and Infestation of insects.

Familial multiple lipomatosis is a rare benign fatty tissue disease characterized by the presence of multiple lipomas. The diagnosis is clinically confirmed by ultrasound and computed tomography. The management is surgical. Some locations have aesthetic and psychological repercussions.

Background: Exposure to environmental heavy metals predispose humans to health risks and hazards. Increased risks of chronic diseases have been attributed to increased exposure to heavy metals. Studies have linked early onset of chronic diseases in HIV-infected persons to exposure to heavy metals in the environment. Given the massive industrialization and crude oil exploration in the Niger Delta, there is huge environmental pollution in the area. Objectives: The study sought to evaluate the presence of blood lead, cadmium and vanadium (notable heavy metals associated with crude oil exploration) levels of HIV-positive and HIV-negative volunteers in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study evaluated the presence of lead, cadmium and vanadium in HIV-positive and HIV-negative volunteers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Blood samples of a total of 100 subjects (60 HIV-positive and 40 HIV-negative subjects) with age range 15->60 years were analysed using Solar Thermo Elemental Flame Absorption Spectrometer (S4 710). Results: Mean blood levels of lead, Cadmium and Vanadium obtained were 2.00±6.25; 1.70±11.20 and 0.03± 0.04 ppm respectively for HIV-subjects and 0.15±0.28, 0. 04±0.05, 0.01±0.02 ppm for HIV-negative subjects. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that HIV-positive subjects had significantly higher levels of all the heavy metals compared to HIV-negative persons thereby predisposing them to be more at risks of the metals.

Background: The phenomenon of cytokine storm is responsible for the pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19, which lacks specific drug treatment and vaccine for prevention. Thus, this report suggested that albendazole anthelminthic drug administration might reduce cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. Method: This longitudinal study assessed serum levels of cytokines (IFN–γ, IL-4 and IL-8) usig ELISA in apparently healthy Nigerian adults before and 4 weeks after oral 400mg single dose of albendazole anthelminthic drug administration. Data presented as Median (Interquartile range) were analysed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, with levels of significance set at α0.05. Results: Serum median levels of IFN–γ and IL-8 were significantly reduced at 4weeks post- albendazole administration (p < 0.05) while IL-4 was insignificantly reduced at 4weeks post- albendazole administration (p > 0.05) compared with median levels before albendazole administration. Conclusion: Since albendazole administration reduces serum IFN–γ and IL-8 which are involved in COVID-19 cytokine storm, it is suggested that albendazole has potential for the management of cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. This however needs further clarification.

Gold mining is one of the most important economic activities that has the potential of improving livelihoods of households that engage in its extraction. The study was guided by the following objective: to determine livelihood strategies pursued by households in Rongo Sub-County. Descriptive research design and mixed methods were used. Quantitative data was collected using household survey tecnique while Key Informant Interviews, Focused Group Discussions and Case Studies were deployed to collect qualitative data. This study was also supported by Subsistence Livelihood Approach theory. The study was conceptualized on the target population which is 246 which included 223 mining households’ heads, 2 ward administrators, 2 area chiefs, 8 secretaries, 8 treasurers and 3 chairmen of gold miners’ welfare, two groups from the mining community and two groups from the non-mining community. A household survey technique was used to get the 223 mining household heads. Purposive sampling was used to get 2 ward administrators, 2 chiefs, 8 secretaries, 8 treasurers and 3 chairmen because they were few and the only existing ones. Simple random sampling was used to get two groups from the gold mining community and two groups from the non-mining community members. To ensure the reliability of the study research instruments was 0.67 which was done by test re-test through piloting study. Content validity of research instruments was ensured by two experts from Kisii University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Geography who helped at scrutinizing them. Anonymity, confidentiality, privacy and informed consent of the respondents was assured. Data was analyzed qualitatively and SPSS Programme was used. The finding of the study revealed that Gold mining generated higher income than other activities, about 61% of the miners considered gold mining as their primary activity. The study concluded that gold mining had a direct relationship with other livelihood strategies that people of Rongo sub-county engage in and further recommended that it is significant to formulate regulatory measures to ensure that gold mining is practiced within the thresholds of addressing environmental safety. The study helped in giving insights on gold mining as an activity and the bottlenecks that impede it in Rongo sub-county.

Many articles have highlighted the association between otological symptoms and TMJD. Anatomic, neurologic and emotional relationships considered the causative factors of symptom association. According to multiple published literatures otalgia can be common sign for TMJD subjects with tenderness and pain on mandibular condyle. Aims of study: The temporomandibular joint disorder may be accompanied by a series of otological symptoms such as otalgia, investigators aims here in this clinical study multiple points such as analyzing the prevalence of different symptoms of TMJD, else more to estimate the importance of cooperation between two different specialties these are maxillofacial and ENT specialties. To verify the frequency of otologic signs and symptoms with TMJ disorder and vice versa; specifying to which limit the therapeutic intervention on the articular pathology may influence the manifestations. Furthermore; authors targeting to detect the influence of proper diagnosis and selection of proper treatment plane. Emphasize the different correlation between the two specialties. Material and Method: One hundred participants are sharing in this research divided equally in to dual specialties origin, fifty patients attain private clinic of the maxillofacial surgeon and fifty participants attain private ear nose throat clinic. All of these patients are share to have temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJDS) and otological symptom (OS) but they attain different specialty. Result: One hundred patients shared in TMJDS and OS analyzed according to different age groups as well as gender difference. Descriptive analyses for cases in both specialties are cleared the highest incidences are highlighted. Thirty-one to forty forming the highest age group in both specialties (38%, 30%) consequently for maxillofacial and ENT patients. Most of the mutants are females (74%) equally for both branches. Comparison between patients attain maxillofacial clinic and patients attain ENT clinic are analyzed according to age and gender in respect to symptoms, investigations, site involved, question answer. Discussion: The management of patients with TMD is a challenge, and an approach that includes dentists and oto-rhino-laryngologists is necessary to rule out, for example, otological diseases. It is imperative to understand the need for interdisciplinary management between the doctor and the dental specialist in craniofacial pain. Also try for a conservative vision in the treatment of muscular tensions of these masticatory and auditory muscles. Specialists in a single discipline cannot always individually resolve the symptoms present in a patient, without the invaluable support of multidisciplinary management. Each specialty contributes in its specific knowledge to the differential diagnosis process that guides a correct treatment plan.

Standardization plays a significant part in the production of phytopharmaceutical of standard quality as the quality standards are based on proper selection of raw materials. Celastrus paniculatus Willd (Celastraceae) is the conventional Ayurvedic medicinal plant used for centuries as a memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative and antiepileptic agent. The decoction of seeds is given in rheumatism, gout, paralysis and leprosy. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) technique is a sophisticated and automated form of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with enhanced and advanced separation efficiency and detection limits and is often an outstanding alternative to GC and HPLC. Applications of HPTLC include phytochemical and biomedical analysis, herbal drug quantification, active ingredient quantification, fingerprinting of formulations, and check for adulterants in the formulations. Present investigation includes examination of morphological and microscopic characters, ash value, extractive values and phytochemical evaluations including qualitative chemical examination of active constituents. The Pet. Ether extract (i.e. oil) contains different fatty acids and they were converted into their methyl esters for their assessment by HPTLC.

Introduction: This study stresses upon the importance of protecting the eyes from chemicals and particulate matter in the atmosphere of our cities and the possible harmful effects this can have on adults and the future generations. Objective: This study endeavors to point out the harmful chemicals and the presence of dangerous particulate matters in the air and the possibility of its effects on the ocular functioning. Study Design: This was a cross sectional study. Setting: This study was carried out in specific areas in Lahore, Pakistan. Time Duration: As it was a cross sectional study so the data was collected in a 12 hour period in various specific areas of Lahore. Method: A purpose built monitoring device was used to take pollutant readings at various sites in Lahore. Result: The levels of PM2.5, PM1 and PM10 were all above the WHO recommended standards in all areas in Lahore. The heaviest concentration was at Data Darbar which is incidentally most crowded area as well. Conclusion: There is heavy and constant exposure to the eyes of these particulate matters especially the fine, PM2.5 chemicals which are highly injurious to the eyes in addition to the lungs, heart and the central nervous system.

Providing a clear statistical analysis of news media confidence levels in a nation adds value to the integrity to the reported news as well as a basis for comparison among sources and the outcome may influence on the population’s approach and attitude towards the current happenings. Lebanon, a Middle Eastern nation, is under continuous scrutiny by other nations due to its continuous and recurring conflicts being political, social or armed conflicts related events which may influence its surrounding geopolitical environment. Although the United States of America, in particular, has been a leading country in what relates to news media and press accuracy and fairness studies, countries like Lebanon lack such assessments and reports. This study, exploratory in nature, using both parametric and nonparametric statistical testing assessed the news media in Lebanon by relying on a previously run poll questionnaire that was administered on nine time intervals along a time frame of four years. Its purpose was to assess and quantify the Lebanese news media and press accuracy and fairness. One important implication of the research was that it showed how parametric and non-parametric tests converge to offer a common assessment of the topic in question. This paper followed a streamlined research process capitalizing on a first hand treatise of the descriptive outcomes of 4850 questionnaires. Moreover, the paper presented reliability, validity and dependence analysis specific to the existing sample data. Results obtained match their reported counterparts mainly in the USA, where the percentage of negative news media assessment in Lebanon is estimated to be 64% which matches the 63% reported in the USA. Findings of this work add new insights to the academic community, academicians and researchers, policy makers in the private as well as the public news media institutions.

The act of conspiracy in the criminal act of corruption in Indonesia is very difficult to prove because the standard definition and elements of criminal conspiracy in cases of corruption are different from the definition of Conspiracy in other crimes. This situation is getting more complicated because the elements and definitions of the standard of conspiracy in corruption cases are not clearly regulated. This encourages the author to conduct a study on the subject matter of what are the weaknesses of the law in the case of criminal conspiracy in the criminal act of corruption to then carry out the reconstruction of the Conspiracy in criminal acts of corruption based on progressive law. The paradigm in this research is constructivism and the type of research used is descriptive-analytical. Based on the research conducted, it is found that the implementation of law enforcement in cases of conspiracy related to corruption in Indonesia is not yet fair, this is due to the unclear elements in the criminal Conspiracy in cases of corruption. The weaknesses that result in this are weaknesses in the form of overlapping rules, law enforcement which only prioritizes proof in the form of real losses and ignores the meetings of mind, the influence of power, and politics. So it is necessary to reconstruct Article 2 by adding the phrase "can" and Article 15 of Law Number 31 of the Year 1999 Jo. Law Number 20 Year 2001 Concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crime.

Open spaces have significant importance in the life of the settlements. The areas with high green coverage rate have ecological and environmental importance. These green spaces can improve the urban climate, abate the urban heat- island effect by their ecological-balancer function and reduce environmental damages. In recent years, less attention has been paid to open spaces (including green areas and green spaces) and their components as well as their effect on the environment. Due to mega transit projects environment of Lahore is continuously in danger. This research have highlighted the importance of green spaces which is destroyed badly after every project. Research have also highlighted the socio economic conditions, willingness of residents of Lahore where the project of orange line was initiated. In the end of the research the authors have proposed some useful measures through which planners and engineers can hold on projects and will provide less harm to environment.

Coronaviruses are the fascinating group of viruses with the unusual molecular mechanism of recombination and transcription and also consist newly emerged pathogens. The emergence of SARS and coronavirus as its etiological agent was found totally surprising in community of coronaviruses. As it was the first strain found to be causing severe illness in humans and also in moderate cases causes death. Till now there are found to be seven strains of coronaviruses affecting humans including newly found coronavirus. The NL63 strains and HKU1 strains both provide model for newly described identified human coronaviruses. Other strains OC43 MERS-CoV, 229E and SARS-CoV associated genome analysis showed identification and characterization of protease and replicase as well as various enzymatic activities of open reading frame ORF1a and 1b of these strains. All this provides us target for which potential drug can be evaluated. Various novel respiratory viruses including SARS-COV and NL63 were found in past 3 years. Then the discovery of another coronavirus HKU1 found in china. The other which had been recently emerged in Wuhan, China named as COVID-19. The genome of all strains of coronaviruses is described in this paper which will be helpful in decoding genome, diagnostics and prognosis of COVID-19.

Evenness is one of the main criteria characterizing quality for any staple spun yarn. Variation in yarn mass have significant influences like the other quality parameters of jute spun yarn for being applied in the diversified items. However, jute flyer spinning frame had been modified in the drafting zone to improve the quality parameters of jute yarn. In this study, mass variation (unevenness) results of jute yarn had been investigated by producing two types of jute yarn counts (i.e., 6.5 and 10 lbs/spy) for both the existing and the modified spinning frame. Hence, the results of jute yarn unevenness values had been compared between the modified and the existing spinning frame. Results revealed that mass variations of jute spun yarn had been decreased for the modified spinning frame for the both counts (i.e., 6.5 lbs/spy and 10 lbs/spy). Finally, it was remarked that the modified spinning frame produced a better quality of jute yarn in terms of mass variation compared to that of the existing spinning frame.