Purpose of the study was to establish the influence of teachers’ assessment competency on pupils’ academic achievement in Kisumu County. The study employed survey research design. The study was conceptualized on principles of high-quality teaching and learning. Study Population comprised 3290 teachers, 658 head teachers, 7 assurance officers and 7 directors. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill table was used to select sample of 294 teachers and 203 head teachers. Study sample were selected by stratified, random and purposive sampling. Samples selected comprised 294 teachers, 203 head teachers, 7 assurance officers and 7 directors. Informed consent, confidentiality of respondents were observed and data collected at work place. All sources were cited to avoid plagiarism Data was collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklist. Validity was ensured by comprehensively including all the study variables after which they were presented for assessment to the specialists in Curriculum and Instruction in Kisii University. Reliability of the instruments was determined by test-retest method. Correlation coefficient of teachers’ questionnaire, Head teachers’ questionnaire, QASOs interview schedule, ADDTMs interview schedule and teachers’ observation checklist yielded 0.75, 0.71, 0.73, 0.74 and 0.77 respectively. Level of significance was set at 5%. Data was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data was sorted, coded and processed using SPSS version 20 to generate frequencies and percentages. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlations and Multiple Linear Regressions to establish presence or absence of correlations and association. Qualitative data were sorted into themes and sub-themes, analyzed in an on-going process then reported in prose. Teaching skills and assessment competencies had statistically significant relationship with pupils’ academic achievement at (0.125), p-value (0.027) < 0.05 and (0.121), p-value (0.033) < 0.05 respectively. It was recommended that teachers’ competencies be enhanced through in-service courses; review tests and measurements in professional studies offered in colleges.

The dynamic financial sector of India has been rapidly growing over the last few years. There has been significant development over the previous five years to move India into financial inclusion through cost-effective, convenient, and secure means, which bring the unbanked rural households into the economic mainstream. Despite the rapid growth of the sector, significant sections of the population experience these positive changes at a much slower pace. Although the majority of the households having a bank account, they are unaware of the financial services, products and investment provisions, less financial knowledge, unsatisfactory and adverse financial behavior, and attitudes. Bank accounts are being opened forcefully as part of direct benefit transfer. Many of them are unfamiliar with even the most basic economic and financial concepts required to make sensible financial decisions. This paper tries to assess gender differences in financial literacy among rural households. A comprehensive approach for measuring financial literacy is developed by constructing the Financial Literacy Index (FLI) comprising the indicators like financial knowledge, financial behavior and financial attitude. The study is based on the primary data having five hundred samples, were collected from the rural areas of Aligarh district. The findings indicate the gender differences in different indicators of financial literacy, in which males were more knowledgeable in financial matters than female respondents.

Background: The consistent use of recommended infection prevention practices is a critical component of quality health services, as well as a basic right of every patient, client, or staff member in a health care setting. Summary: This review of literature includes three sections. The first section is an overview about IUD; the second section is devoted to infection control measures in family planning unit while the third explain maternity nurses' practice of such measures.

Objective: to assess the management of incomplete abortions using the manual intrauterine aspiration technique (MIUA) in the Obstetric Gynecology clinic of the SO CHU. Method: This is a retrospective, descriptive study that took place at the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of the SO University of Lomé, over a period of 12 months (January to December 2017). Results: Of the 7440 pregnancies recorded, there were 460 abortions, (6.18%). Among the abortions, there were 126 cases of incomplete abortions managed by the MIUA, a frequency of 27.39%. The average age was 27 years with extremes of 13 and 54 years. Local anesthesia coupled with verbacaine has been used in all of our patients. The use of analgesics by injection before and after aspiration was systematic. Red blood cells were prescribed in 13.5% of cases, fresh frozen plasma in 4.8% of cases and antianemics in 90.48% of cases. All of our women (100%) had fluids, antibiotics, analgesics and syntocinon. In 64.29%, our patients had not adopted a contraceptive method after counseling. In contrast, 22.22% of them opted for the pills. Conclusion: Abortions, whether spontaneous or induced, constitute a public health problem and therefore require adequate management. The availability and simplicity of the MIUA technique are definite advantages.

The aim of this work is to prepare the room-stable calcium ferrate CaFeO4 from Na2FeO4 chemically synthesized from ferric salts, in an alkali hydroxide medium and hypochlorite which is a particularly effective oxidizing agent in the synthesis, respecting the filtration, purification and drying processes required for the synthesis, because each change can lead to decomposition and decrease in purity. The calcium ferrate synthesis process consists in substituting the sodium ions of the VI ferrate obtained by Calcium by mixing them with a solution of calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2, in order to study and optimize the essential parameters influencing the yield substitution as well as monitoring of its degradation over time, the reaction yield of which is of the order of 98.7% at a temperature of around [0 ° C - 40 ° C] and of pH = 11 for 30 minutes. The phase obtained was characterized by UV spectrophotometer by measuring the optical density at a wavelength of 507 nm and by the volumetric titration method.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD’s) are defined as “A collective term embracing a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint and associated structures or both”. TMD’s are considered a major source of non-dental orofacial pain interfering with normal daily activities and affecting the quality of life. Despite huge amount of research in the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular disorders, there is still no certain therapeutic method that proved to be solely effective in pain management resulting from TMD’s. This review article contains a collection for the various therapeutic procedures used for management of TMD pain and discusses the most recent evidence on their effectiveness through comprehensive review of Pubmed for relevant publications within the last decade.

Background: The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since World War II. Since its emergence in Asia late last year, the virus has spread to every continent except Antarctica. In our center, 36 out of 180 Health Care Workers (20%) of CCH staff were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the month of June – August 2020 and 32 out of 281 admissions (11.39%) in cardiac patients. For the first two months (March and April) of COVID-19 pandemic in Hail region, there were no infections noted in our center. Routine admission of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients in Catheterization Laboratory was allowed with awaiting swabbing result. Proper precautionary measures and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) were strictly observed to highly suspicious COVID-19 high-risk cardiac patients. Methods: Between July– August 2020, this retrospective study was conducted for almost 2-month period based on prospective data collection at Cardiac Center Hail (CCH). Data collection through MEDICAPLUS documentation, daily COVID-19 scoring of both healthcare practitioners (Online Visual Triage) and patients (Respiratory Triage Checklist) were practiced, assessment and review of the laboratory results of admitted patients were done by the cardiac specialists. Daily recording of COVID-19 positive cardiac patients done by the unit heads and supervisors were gathered as reference of this study. This study is conducted to show the prevalence of COVID-19 positive admitted cardiac patients in our facility and discuss the importance of routine swabbing. Also, to contribute to research platforms in hopes of learning from the current pandemic response to better prepare for the next unforeseen crisis. Results: For two-month study period, there were 281 cardiac admissions from Emergency Room in Coronary Care Unit and Cardiac Ward, of which 32 (11.39%) were cases of COVID-19 positive. Due to the increasing number of infected healthcare workers (doctors, nurses and technicians) most especially in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, all symptomatic and exposed medical and nursing staff were mandated to undergone COVID-19 swabbing on the month of July. The routine was to triage patients with scoring system (attached one) if score > 4, swabbing is done, if <4 admit without swab. Routine swabbing of admitted patients and decreasing the number of on-duty staff in the facility reduced unnecessary exposure to positive cases in Catheterization Laboratory, number of infected health care workers and also to reduce complications due to intervention on positive cases. Conclusion: Without testing there is no data. Tests allow us to identify infected individuals, guiding the medical treatment that they receive and it can help allocate medical resources and staff more efficiently. Through this study, the patients and health care practitioners were working together to deliver essential services, limit the spread of COVID-19 and to cushion the potentially devastating impact it may have on vulnerable people.

Virus uses components of the host cell to complete its life cycle. Some viruses can cause or contribute to the development of cancer. Unlike other viruses, such as influenza viruses, that cause an acute infection, oncogenic viruses often cause long-term, persistent infections. Several studies also involved in the toxicity in progression of cancer caused by different microbes. Microorganisms and their metabolic byproducts, or impact of chronic inflammation, may also be linked to oral cancers. Helicobacter pylori colonize the human stomach and duodenum. In some cases it can cause stomach cancer. Salmonella Typhi has been linked to gallbladder cancer but may also be useful in delivering chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of melanoma, colon and bladder cancer. Saponins reduced the risks of the occurring of the cancer during advanced age. It has special structure that active for the frightening against the cells of the cancer. The concentrations and attacking power of the microbes as well as the other pathogens directly related to the concentration of the compounds such as the saponins that taken through diet as the right composition. Saponins in other way acting as the antioxidants to prevent the cancer. When the cells of the cancer attacked on the normal one then became difficult to stop the process of the metastasis. Saponins also showed activity against the nonfunctional cells of the lungs that have been attacked due to certain cause’s cancer.

Dental avulsion is the complete dislodgement of a tooth from its alveolar socket caused by certain traumatic injuries. The ideal treatment is to reimplant the tooth in its respective socket. The success of reimplanting an avulsed tooth depends on the viability of PDL cells, the available peridontium to support the tooth and the storage media where the avulsed tooth is temporarily preserved. The proper use of storage media helps in maintaining the viability of the PDL cells whereas the incorrect use of the storage media may lead to necrosis of PDL cells or root resorption. This literary review discusses the significant importance of storage media and its biological properties in reimplanting an avulsed tooth.

Background: The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the reproductive age group is found up to 4%. In many studies it had been claimed that, thyroid status is directly involved in women reproductive system. Although it differs in several places, communities, geographic areas and age-groups but it deserves more attention from the reproductive health physicians and even from world communities. Hypothyroidism can be easily detected by assessing serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to dig out the prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and to assess their responses in treatment procedures. Methods and Materials: This was a descriptive observational study conducted in Cumilla Medical College and Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh, during the period from January 2019 to December 2019. In total 128 women attended the infertility Unit of the mentioned hospital for fertility treatment were finalized as the study population of this study. The regular investigations CBC, blood sugar of 2 hours GTT, TSH and Prolactin was done. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed when increased TSH and normal FT4. Levothyroxin were given hypothyroid patients depending upon TSH levels. Results: Total 128 participants 56.25% (n=72) were with primary infertility and the rest 43.75 %(n=56) were with secondary infertility. In total 23% (n=29) participants were hypothyroid whereas the rest 77% (n=99) participants were euthyroid and/or hyperthyroid. Among the hypothyroid (n=29) participants, 20 were subclinical hypothyroid which was 69% among hypothyroid participants and 15.63% among the total participants. In total 9 were frank hypothyroid which was 31% among hypothyroid participants and 7.03% among the total participants. We found, the mean (±SD) S. TSH, S. FT4 and S. Prolactin were 7.23±2.45 mIU/L, 16.95±3.32 pmol/l and 51.83 ±10.70 ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study we can conclude that, careful diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism can ensure benefit a lot rather than going for unnecessary hormone assays and costly invasive procedures. The findings of this study may be helpful in the treatment arena of infertility of women and in further similar study.

Biclonal gammopathies manifestations (BGMs) are defined as a clonal proliferation of plasma cells or B-lymphoid progenitors that produces 2 different monoclonal proteins known as M-proteins or paraproteins. The aim of our study is to report and analyses the epidemiological, biological and clinical features of the cases of biclonal gammopathies diagnosed at the Hassan II University Hospital Center (HUHC), Fez during a period of 10 years (2010-2020). Among the 782 cases of gammopathies diagnosed by immunofixation (IF), 28 were shows biclonal gammopathies (3.5%), the sex ratio M/F was 1 and the median age was 63 years. The most frequent isotype was IgG/IgM with a slight predominance of the Kappa light chain. The most common diagnosis was biclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (BGUS) in 12 patients (42%), followed by 10 cases of multiple myeloma (MM) (35%) and 6 cases of lymphoproliferative syndrome (21%). Although the clinical features are similar to monoclonal gammopathy, dentification of BGMs increases diagnostic precision in our region, in particular for multiple myeloma cases and lymphoproliferative syndrome compared to other studies.

A high number of patients in the hospital setting are dependent on Enteral Feeding Tubes (EFT) due to varying reasons like disease related disabilities or swallowing difficulties. Tube occlusion is a very common complication occurring in patient on EFT. The nurses are many times unaware for the proper techniques to be followed in case of tube occlusion events. This study aims at assessing the routine practices followed by nurses related to management of tube occlusions and the impact of training provided by clinical pharmacist on the same. A prospective interventional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital of Kerala state of India. Clinical pharmacist led training programmes and guideline development was performed during the intervention phase. The pre interventional and post interventional data were compared and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 13. In the post intervention phase proper use of warm water and use of alkalinized solution of pancreatic enzymes increased significantly (P<0.001). Changing of the tube reduced from 74.6% to 21.4% which was significant (p<0.001). The study shows that clinical pharmacist interventions through training, auditing and implementation of guidelines can significantly improve the tube occlusion management in patients on EFT and ensure quality and safety of therapy.

Third Molar is the most posterior tooth of the three molars in human dentition. Wisdom teeth eruption is variable and it occurs generally in later teens and early twenties. If not enough space is available then the wisdom teeth gets impacted against the other teeth and this impaction does not cause movement of other teeth, but causes dental caries if oral hygiene is not maintained. The impaction prediction is scientifically not proven yet and hence the dentists cannot predict that, one should extract or not extract the third molars. The main aim of this research was to review the literature related to the relationship between the third molar and the orthodontic treatment.The third molar extraction is not directly involved in the orthodontic treatment but it can influence the treatment planning. A online base web search was made using various databases like Medline, Pubmed Central, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Cochrane electronic databases.The systematic review of literature is carried out in English language. The research was done in a time range of 6 months to study and review all the literature and prepare the manuscript. According to our reviewing of literature, we found that many investigators agree that the extraction of teeth during the orthodontic treatment has a positive effect on the eruption of the third molars. Majority of the authors also agreed that if any patient that had angulation of third molar had a good effect with the extraction therapy of orthodontics. It was reviewed that, if the extractions are indicated in future then the third molars are extracted before the adulthood, in order to avoid the inconvenience and the complications risk.

The force in engine is studied and find that the relationship of it and temperature with two methods of cooling and heating temperature. The force will decline when the temperature inclines in one cycle of engine cylinder movement. On the other hand force will incline when the temperature inclines with cooling temperature. When cylinder length inclines the force will decline.

This paper aims to analyze whether conditional release for prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic is considered effective so that prisoners do not repeat crimes. This type of research is normative by using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The data used is secondary data obtained through library research. All data collected were then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that parole for prisoners during the Covid-19 pandemic was ineffective. This is because some prisoners who received assimilation and integration rights (parole, pre-release leave, conditional leave) have repeated their actions or committed crimes and have to undergo legal processes. The ineffectiveness of parole during the corona pandemic was influenced by several factors, including the assessment before release by careless officers, as well as weak supervision for prisoners undergoing assimilation and integration rights by the government.