Background: Tooth surface loss (TSL) is the loss of dental hard tissue including enamel and dentin caused by factors other than dental caries. This condition can be seen clinically as attrition, erosion, abrasion and abfraction. TSL can cause dental hypersensitivity and loss of vertical dimension. Also, TSL can be asymptomatic in which patients are not aware of the condition. Aims: This review will provide an overview of the definitions, prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis and preventive management of TSL. Conclusion: TSL or tooth wear (TW) is a common physiological condition occurs throughout the patients’ life, however, excessive tooth wear that cause functional and aesthetic problems are considered pathological wear. Dentists should be aware of the aetiology of the tooth wear in order to provide a successful diagnosis, management, and treatment. Clinical significance: it is of paramount importance to know and differentiate between the causes of the TW to be able to prevent and treat the problem. In mild to moderate TW without functional and aesthetical concerns, preventive measurements and regular follow-up will help to monitor and prevent further destructions.

The paper examined the nexus between identity-based conflict and the development challenge in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. The study was informed by the increasing disjointed loyal relationship between the citizens and the nation, which has adversely impacted on the country’s socio-political and economic advancement. Using the descriptive-analytical method, the study adopted triangulation methods of data gathering techniques. 3,600 copies of a questionnaire titled ‘identity conflict and development challenge in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic’, which was administered in the six geopolitical zones of the country using a combination of the random and purposive sampling methods to select the study areas. Two hypotheses were tested using the statistical tool of simple percentages and the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient at 5% significance level. The study adopted the Political Economy paradigm as its theoretical construct. The study unravelled a significant linkage between identity-based conflict and Nigeria’s development challenge. Second, the study unravelled that identity conflicts have adversely impacted on the socio-economic development since Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. The study, therefore, amongst others recommends national dialogue, that will facilitate peaceful coexistence in Nigeria.

Teachers are the educators of the nation's next generation, therefore their welfare must be considered by the state and one form of welfare given by the government is teacher’s certification. With this certification, teacher salaries can be increased because they are recognized as professionals, but in practice, this teacher certification is still far from perfect because it has not been able to touch all teachers in Indonesia. This encourages the author to conduct research on the subject matter, namely what are the obstacles that arise in the teacher certification process and how the law reconstruction should be based on the value of Pancasila justice where the author uses empirical juridical research methods with primary data obtained from supported fields, Secondary data from literature and statutes analyzed using data triangulation to formulate a conclusion. The results show that the obstacles that arise in implementing teacher certification policies are the weak government support seen by the lack of readiness of the government in implementing policies (availability of human resources and financial resources) which causes the implementation of policies that should be smooth and effective to the contrary, the ambiguity of the Policy, stagnation, and frequent changes in the rules and the length of the policy implementation process as there is a difference in understanding in the implementation of policies as in Article 82 paragraph (2) UUGD where the teacher certification policy should be understood as pre-service training policy, not in-service training. This difference in understanding causes the teacher certification policy to be a policy that has unclear or vague understanding. To overcome this, it is necessary to have a legal reconstruction related to the minimum academic qualifications of teachers to a minimum of S2 (Postgraduate).

Forensic science works on physical evidence and hence the forensic investigators are searching for physical evidence in the crime scenes to identify the perpetrator and to solve the mystery. The significance of some evidence appears unknown or unimportant at the time of collection from crime scenes but seemingly important as the investigation proceeds. Foot print is important physical evidence found in many crime scenes such as homicide, burglary and sexual assault, but is simply ignored even in the initial stage of investigation, considering unimportant. Footprint based gait pattern analysis is currently used for person identification. Forensic podiatry is a sub discipline of forensic science in which specialized podiatric knowledge including foot and lower limb, used in the examination of foot-related evidence in the context of a criminal investigation. Footprint and gait analysis are most aligned with other pattern based form of evidence like blood pattern analysis. The gait pattern evidence found mostly in homicide and burglary crime scenes are simply neglected by the investigators because of knowledge lack in podiatry. The present crime scene report, as investigated by the corresponding author (Prof. T. Nataraja Moorthy, hereafter mention as “TN”) in India highlighted the value of footprint and gait pattern evidence in a peculiar homicide crime scene. A woman lodged a complaint with police station in India that her husband was murdered by unknown person but footprint based gait pattern analysis identified the culprit, nobody but the complained wife. She murdered her husband and concealed the fact, a case of “crime concealment”.

In the realm of beings, human beings by their nature, are never satisfied with one kind of product and are always on the lookout for difference and innovation. When the world of animals is observed, for example, it can be seen that they are beings who never tire of eating grass or doing the same thing for life. Besides, they do not have multiple options. When the plants are observed, the situation looks similar; they consume soil for life and perform photosynthesis. Thanks to their mind and consciousness, people are equipped with the ability to compare, decide if they like or dislike, and want to pick or not pick the things they encounter. However, when these abilities face limited options, it's easy to get stuck in a difficult situation; They may also choose an option such as not preferring anything. It is also possible that they will search for an alternative. It is thought that the ability of people to prefer this or similar way may have a negative impact on customer loyalty to the brand and product. On the one hand, while producers want to increase their market shares by keeping the product range suitable for each consumer profile in terms of marketing, the consumer who faces the situation of choosing one among the diversity may have difficulty in choosing. For instance, which one of the cell phones, which of the televisions, which of the computers, which of the cars, etc. In fact, what is in question is how a product's design appeals to different consumer profiles in different ways. The customer buys a product whether he/she knows it and it fulfills his/her needs and aspirations, in other words, whether he/she likes it. Even if he/she does not purchase the product, he/she can preserve consumer loyalty by comparing the design innovations produced in the one he/she bought to the current version. However, when the customer cannot decide between different product designs that appeal to various customer profiles, he/she may lose his/her loyalty to the brand and switch to another product. This will have a detrimental effect on the product's marketing plan, and sales may decrease as a result. In this study, in terms of customer loyalty, the questions of: "Does a customer have the patience and time to choose without getting tired in the face of the variety of designs that appeal to different customer profiles in the same product?", "Will the customer still remain loyal?", "What solutions are there for the continuation of loyalty?" have been analyzed and researched. In other words, it was discussed what kind of relationship might exist between design and product diversity and customer loyalty. At the same time, the effect of low or no free time, unwillingness to collect information to evaluate products and to assess them for a long time on brand and product loyalty has been examined.

Forensic science works on physical evidence and hence the forensic investigators are searching for physical evidence in the crime scenes to identify the perpetrator and to solve the mystery. The significance of some evidence appears unknown or unimportant at the time of collection from crime scenes but seemingly important as the investigation proceeds. Footprint is an important physical evidence found in many crime scenes such as homicide, burglary and sexual assault, but is simply ignored even in the initial stage of investigation, considering unimportant. Footprint based gait pattern analysis is currently used for person identification. Forensic podiatry is a sub discipline of forensic science in which specialized podiatric knowledge including foot and lower limb, used in the examination of foot-related evidence in the context of a criminal investigation. Footprint and gait analysis are most aligned with other pattern based form of evidence like blood pattern analysis. The gait pattern evidence found mostly in homicide and burglary Crime scenes are also simply neglected by the investigators because of knowledge Lack in podiatry science. The present crime scene report, as investigated by the corresponding author (Prof. T. Nataraja Moorthy, hereafter mention as “TN”) in India highlighted the value of footprint and gait pattern evidence in a peculiar homicide crime scene. A woman lodged a complaint with police station in India that her husband was murdered by unknown person but footprint based gait pattern analysis identified the culprit, nobody but the complained wife. She murdered her husband and concealed the fact, a case of “crime concealment”.

Nowadays, development takes place under different historical conditions and different places. Contemporary societies are confronted with comparable phenomena such as social breakdown, the crisis of social movements and the expansion of informal activities. Generally, written or spoken interaction appears as a means of communication, which is highly used on the social media. Youngs are writing and speaking for communication. The writing or Use of different message has a phatic and expressive dimension. These communication forms appear as a mean to chat without be with someone, to be absent but present in the group, to create intimity by preserving the usage of spatial distance.

Background: Chalk board teaching as a medium of instruction in classroom is one of the most commonly used methods in lectures. In the recent past there is increased use of power point presentations which is now one of the most popular methods of delivering the lectures using electronic devices. In medical colleges chalk board teaching and PPT–based lectures are being used extensively and there is also a debate wherein the teaching faculty are divided in their opinion regarding the superiority of traditional chalk and talk method and PPT-based lectures. Objectives: To estimate the preferences of first year medical students between traditional chalk and talk lectures and PPT-based lectures. To assess the student perceptions about traditional chalk and talk lectures and PPT-based lectures. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among 130 first year medical students of 2015-16 batches belonging to Sri Siddhartha Medical College Tumkur, Karnataka. A self structured questionnaire was administered to the study population and preferences of the students were estimated in percentage. Results: 66.15% (86) of the student preferred the traditional chalk and talk method over PPT-based lectures. 8.46% (11) of the students preferred PPT-based lectures as a mode of teaching method citing that this technique offers them better quality of diagrams, pictures and sequence of images. 25.38% (33) of students preferred the use of both the methods in the lecture wherein they feel that usage of black board to explain the key concept along with PPT-based lectures as a better method of teaching.

A special swimming program for the students with disabilities was started in summer year 2016 when the researcher was privileged and invited to make a physical education program in a Special Education (SPED) School in Quezon City, Philippines, through the initiative of its directress to offer a swimming lesson specifically designed for learners with disabilities (the activity just stopped due to Covid-19 pandemic). The school has 70 students with different disabilities and level of mental health problems. The directress was in need of physical activity program that she believed will enhance the total personality development of her students [22, 11]. She was hesitant at first to have the outdoor program due to the high risk responsibility, a venue outside the school, and how the students react to the environment, in a swimming program that is new to them [13]. The partnership envisioned that the water activity provides significant benefits for children with disabilities [32, 33] that regular participation in the program would also promote positive advancements physically, can increase competency in gross motor skills, enhance fitness level, improve self-esteem, social skills, encourage and maintain a motivation to improve their health and raise their level of enjoyment [9, 21, 10].

Background: Morningness and eveningness is a phenomenon which looks at the differences among individuals regarding their diurnal preferences, sleep-wake pattern of activity, and alertness in evening or morning. Morning chronotypes are known to exhibit better physical and mental health, greater self esteem and academic performance. Evening chronotypes has been to be associated with several mental disorders, infection prone and have poor sleep quality. Students of Medicine have an average of sleep duration of 6 hrs per day in contrast to 8 hrs of sleep which is seen in other groups. Objectives: To study the morningness eveningness preferences among first year medical students. Methodology: With the approval of Institutional ethical committee this cross sectional study was carried out among 130 first year medical students. Informed consent was taken and the British version of the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire was administered. Confidentiality was maintained and the recorded responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 34.61% (45) of the study population belong to moderate evening category and 13.07% (17) to definite evening category. Ours study also reveals that 9.23% (12) belong to neither of the morning or evening categories. Our results also show that 26.15% (34) belong to definite morning types and 16.92% (22) belong to moderate morning types. Conclusion: Our study shows that the study population which is first year MBBS students show more inclination towards eveningness. Scheduling of academic activities based on the chronotypes will help the students to improve upon their academic performance.

Objective: Simultanaeous testing for serum antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and by anti-proteinase-3 (PR3)/anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibody assays may identify patients with PR3-ANCA or MPO-ANCA despite a negative IF (IF negative MPO/PR3-positive); however, the significance of this result is not clear. We sought to determine whether IF-negative MPO/PR3-positive results identified any cases of clinically meaningful systemic vasculitis at our institution. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all ANCA positive RPGN patients either by IF or ELISA identified at our institution from August 2017 - July 2018. Results: Out of 265 samples 45 were positive for both IF and ELISA, 220 were IF-negative. Among IF negative, 6 samples (2.7%), tested positive for MPO-ANCA or PR3-ANCA. Two IF-negative ELISA positive patients were subsequently diagnosed with ANCA-associated renal limited vasculitis. Two IF-negative ELISA-positive patients were previously diagnosed and treated for AAV, both with positive IF and antibody tests prior to treatment. 1 patient had SLE and 1 had inflammatory bowel disease. Mean age of patients 58±4, 56% were males and P-ANCA 67% and C-ANCA 33% only 1 pt had both C- ANCA AND P-ANCA patterns positive. Conclusion: In our study both IF and ELISA, ELISA positivity without a positive IF rarely led to a definite diagnosis of systemic vasculitis, and was more likely to occur in the context of a non-vasculitis inflammatory condition. Our results suggest that concurrent IF and MPO/PR3 testing may be important in preventing a missed diagnosis of new onset renal limited AAV.

Rheumatoid arthritis is chronic rheumatism characterized by symmetric, inflammatory, peripheral polyarthritis with a highly destructive potential. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-system autoimmune disease that combines visceral involvement with very frequent and disabling joint damage. These two pathologies share many clinical manifestations and may coexist in a patient. Such condition defines the Rhupus syndrome, which is a rare overlapping syndrome. The exact etiopathogenesis remains unknown. Serious visceral damages, particularly renal, are exceptionally reported during Rhupus syndrome. We report the case of a male patient diagnosed with Rhupus syndrome who presented with glomerulonephritis.

Background: Nurses are the frontline healthcare workers and during the current pandemic COVID-19, they are at increased risk. Considering their work patterns and the pressure of the work, they experience stress. There is very little data available regarding the incidence of stress among nurses during this pandemic. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which was done at Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to examine the presence of stress among nurses working in a tertiary care hospital. We calculated the sample size as 57. We used the Perceived stress scale (PSS) in our study. We gave the questionnaire comprising PSS questions to nurses from different wards. We calculated the mean, standard deviation, frequency count, and percentages for the perceived stress. Results: The mean PSS-10 score was 20.8 (SD: 4.61) with a range between 11 and 29. Two (3.3 %) nurses had low stress and 52 (86.7 %) nurses had moderate stress while 6 (10 %) nurses had high stress. Conclusion: The majority of nurses in our study experienced a moderate level of stress during this COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The sleep pattern of students varies between the types of professional students (4). Medical students are a group of people in the general population who are vulnerable to poor sleep due to their long and demanding academic assignments and clinical duties including working overnight which is challenging and demanding. Sleep disturbances are known to affect the quality of work and academic performance of the students. In the last decade the rapid diffusion of gadgets especially smart phones among students and the cultural changes as led to the change in the sleep pattern of young adults. Objectives: To study the sleep pattern among first year MBBS students and to assess factors influencing sleep. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among first year medical students. A self structured questionnaire was administered to all the 130 students after explaining the nature and purpose of the study. Informed consent was taken and the confidentiality was maintained during the process of this survey. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 68.46% of students reported to have sleep duration of less than 6 hrs. 93.84% students of the study population agree that use of mobile phones and laptops were affecting their sleep pattern. 64.61% of the study population reported sleep latency of 30-90 min. 78.46% of study population reported waking up for 1-2 times from sleep and 55.38% reported that it takes 10-20 min for them to return to sleep after waking up.

Objective: The study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between testicular volume measured by ultrasound and sperm parameters (volume, count, motility, significant leukocyte and morphology) in Sudanese infertile males attending KDTH, andrology department. Methods: Prospective cross sectional, investigational hospital based study .A total of 100 males were investigated for this study. The testicular volumes of all subjects were measured by ultrasonography. The serial semen samples were collected by the process of masturbation after 3-5 days of ejaculatory abstinence and were analyzed by CASA according to WHO criteria 2010. Results: 74 out of 100 of patients with low Testicular volume had low motility (74%).Correlation between testicular volume and volume of semen, sperm count, morphology and presence of significant leukocyte revealed no significant correlation. Conclusions: Testicular volume had a significant correlation with sperm motility. No significant relation between testicular volume and semen volume, sperm count and sperm morphology. Measurement of testicular volume cannot be helpful alone for assessing fertility at the initial physical examination.