Antibiotic therapy is crucial in the effective management of infectious diseases and its irrational use is a major risk factor for the development of drug-resistant organisms. An early switch from Intravenous to Oral antibiotic therapy could be one of the factors that influence the Length of Hospital Stay and increase the treatment cost. The aim of the study was to evaluate the practice of Intravenous to oral antibiotic conversion and its impact on patient care and clinical outcome at a tertiary care Hospital. A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months. Patient demographic details, medical & medication history, diagnosis, drug administration, conversion day & time, microbiological reports, discharge summaries were collected from case sheets. Day of therapy, duration of Intravenous & oral antibiotic therapy, Length of Hospital Stay were calculated &compared. Results reveal that 68.25% were converted from IV to oral while 31.75% were not converted. Since we got a high number of converted cases, therefore, the days of therapy (68.68%), length of hospital stay (62.21%), duration of IV therapy (60.63%) were increased for converted groups than the not converted group. Calculated estimated cost (Rs.471.59) for the treatment shown increased for the not converted group. Early conversion of IV to oral in patients with at least 24 hours of IV therapy can shorten the duration of IV therapy and reduce treatment costs without altering the outcome of treatment.

Bioethics involves the objective assessment of how others, including animals and the environment, are affected by our values, desires, and actions. Bioethics covers global ethics, a field that focuses on the connection between biology, ecology, medicine, and human values. In this study, the understanding of research ethics information among students at the University of Benin was determined; we accessed the research ethics training knowledge base to understand constraints on the proper use of bioethics and research ethics. We also have access to the knowledge transfer rate of research ethics training conducted at the University of Benin; and the level of understanding of ethics compared between different fields of study. Findings from the study indicated that the respondents performed better (x ̅= 16.77, SD = 3.36) after they were exposed to ethics training, Results showed that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between students’ academic qualification and ethics knowledge/practice (r = 0.26; p < 0.05), Similarly, there is a statistically significant and direct relationship between students’ research experience and their ethics knowledge (r = 0.19; p < 0.05). However, the model does not reliably predict research ethics knowledge and practice [F (6, 103) = 1.919, p > 0.05].

Eye is a special sensory organ which exhibits diverse histological structures. It shows wide spectrum of pathologies ranging from trauma, degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. So this study was done to determine the pattern and proportion of different ophthalmic lesions in hospital. Total 95 biopsies and specimens of orbito-ocular lesions were received and were examined after H & E staining and immunohistochemistry was applied whenever required. This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, for the duration of 1 year. It was found that females 50 (52.63%) were more commonly affected than male 45 (47.36%) with male to female ratio of 0.9: 1. The orbito-ocular lesions were highest 20 (21.05%) in age group of 0-10 years. The lesions were categorised as Non-neoplastic 7 (7.36%), Benign 40 (42.10%) and Malignant 48 (50.52%). Eyelid 48 (50.52%) was the most commonly involved site followed by conjunctiva, and was the significant finding. Most common benign lesion was epidermoid cyst 10 (25%). Among malignant lesions squamous cell carcinoma 12 (25%) was most common. Retinoblastoma was the commonest intraocular malignancy in paediatric age group. All surgically resected ophthalmic lesions should always be subjected to histopathological examination to establish the accurate diagnosis for further management.

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of smoking and its impact on the various parameters of spondyloarthritis based on collected data from the Moroccan biotherapy register. Materials and methods: This is a multicenter study based on data from the Moroccan biotherapy register related to patients suffering from spondyloarthritis. An analysis of the socio-demographic parameters as well as an evaluation of the variables associated with the disease were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to assess what the impact of smoking is on the various spondyloarthritis parameters. p<0.05 was set to be the significant threshold. Results: The study is based on data collected from 194 patients (21 smokers and 173 non-smokers) suffering from AS included in the Moroccan biotherapy register. The prevalence of smoking was 10.8%. Male gender was associated with smoking (63% of men in non-smoking group versus 90% of men in the smoking group) (p = 0.006). In addition, a higher CRP: 8 [2-17] was observed in the smoking group compared to 5.5 [2-28] in the non-smoking group (p = 0.048). No significant difference between the 2 groups was statistically noted in terms of the disease activity evaluated by the BASDAI and ASDAS CRP score which were respectively 2.77 +/- 1.82 and 2.25 ± 1.66 in the smoking group and 3.24 +/- 2.15 and 2.09 ± 1.7 in the non-smoking one. Furthermore, our results did not reveal a significant correlation between smoking and the functional impact of spondyloarthritis. No correlation was established between smoking and the structural progression of the disease. Conclusion: Our study suggests that male gender and a higher CRP are statistically associated with tobacco consumption. Larger scale studies are needed to support these results.

There is a large variety in prevalence, clinicopathological features and management of lupus nephritis (LN) between patients worldwide. Data from North Africa are extremely lack, particularly from Morocco. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe clinicopathological features as well as treatment and outcome of patients with biopsy proven LN in a region of Morocco. A total of 54 patients were included between January 2008 and December 2018. LN was classified according to the International society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society. The mean age of the patients was 28+/-11, 76; female gender was preponderant (91%). At first presentation, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria and renal failure were observed in 74%, 74%, 83% and 48% respectively. Renal biopsy performed in all patients revealed proliferative classes in 76%. Conservatively treatment was adopted in all patients. 61% of patients with joint and mucocutaneous manifestations received antimalarial drug. All patients with proliferative classes received immunosuppressive regimens based on either intravenous cyclophosphamide (43%) or oral mycophenolate mofetil (33%). At 6 months, remission was achieved in 85%, end stage renal disease in 4% and death in 6%. Adverse events due to immunosuppressive drugs were mostly dominated by infections (41%), leukopenia (20%) gastrointestinal symptoms (31%) and gonadal toxicity (24%). From our view, the outcome of Moroccan patients with LN may be better than commonly thought. However, disparities seen from several studies in our country can be assigned to the precariousness of health system and the low socioeconomic level of population.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the major NCDs around the world and is the second leading malignancy in terms of mortality and incident cases in Bangladesh. The high mortality rate was associated with a lack of awareness regarding cervical cancer. The study was conducted to find out the relations between the incidence levels of cervical cancer, and social and environmental co-factors. The aim of the study was to figure out the socio-environmental factors of cervical cancer patients in Bangladesh and measure their effects on the incidence numbers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over 4 months with a sample size of 100. The study was conducted with only female subjects in Dhaka city, among the patients coming to the Genealogical Department of the NICRH. Result: The majority of the patients were above the age of 40 and only 20% of the patients were under the age of 40. 69% of cancer patients had no education. 31% had some level of education. 88% of the cancer patients were housewives. 2% were involved in agriculture and 10% were in other occupations. Over half had a monthly income of less than 10,000 BDT. Almost 3/4th of the patients got married before the age of 17. The study subjects had a higher-than-average number of children, with 57% of them having 3-5 children, 27% of patients had less than 3 children and 16% of them had more than 5 children. The majority of the patients were admitted with advanced stages of cancer. Only 2% had been admitted with stage I disease. Conclusion: The study showed a surprising lack of knowledge of cervical cancer and the socio-environmental factors that play a part in it. Awareness was positively related to education level.

Biosensor is the system which is generally consists of the system which recognizes the biological samples in appropriate manner. Bio receptor makes interaction with the analytic and transducer help in the amplification of the signals and measureable signals can be displayed on the screen in the form of the electrical signals. Bio-receptor is a biological molecule such as the enzyme, antibody, protein, and nucleic acid which is commonly present in the living organism which is used in the recognition of the biological molecule. Different techniques play as the key role in the technologies for the specificity, for seeking the measurement analyte make interaction with the electrode of the sensor. Biological signal based Biosensor can be categorized as Immuno-biosensor, Enzyme Based biosensor, Nucleic acid /DNA based biosensor and Cellular based biosensor. In the body with the high specificity and the sensitivity the ability of to detect the physiological and the pathogenic related molecules offers a opportunity which is very powerful and helpful in the treatment of the disease with the early diagnosis. The metals such nickel, cobalt which play essential role and act as the catalyst and also stabilize the structure of biological molecule such as the bacterial cell wall and the proteins. The metals in the high concentration cause the toxicity in the blood.

Family caregivers of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) play an essential role in managing patient conditions. The shift towards community care for patients has resulted in transferring patient care to family members, resulting in significant challenges. Studies have documented the experiences of family caregivers in Western countries. However, a clear overview of family caregiver experiences of persons with SMI in non-Western countries is warranted. The purpose of this study was to integrate and summarize the current literature about family caregiver experiences in non-Western countries. Five databases were searched using relevant keywords for studies published in English from 2015 to 2020. The studies included in the review were qualitative and quantitative designs, representing several non-Western countries. This systematic review included 25 articles and data synthesized based on similarities and different findings. The findings of this systematic review will provide more knowledge on the experiences of family caregivers of persons with SMI in non-Western countries, including burden, coping, psychological well-being, and stigma. This review found that additional research is necessary to understand the family caregiver experience and how healthcare teams can support caregivers. Further, the findings may help to inform health care policymakers to tailor strategies that support family caregivers.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) has been reported as an etiological agent in many gastric disorders and contribute to Iron deficiency anemia with an increasing prevalance in developing countries. The effect of H.pylori infection on haematological diseases is not well understood. Objective: To detect the prevalence, type and severity of anemia in H.pylori positive cases and to correlate it with RBC parameters. Methods: A retrospective study was done on biopsy proven cases of H.pylori over a period of one year. RBC parameters including Hemoglobin, RBC count, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC and Peripheral Smear report were retrieved from the hospital software system. Patients with Hb <13gm/dl(males) and <12gm/dl(females) were considered as anemic, graded as mild, moderate and severe, based on WHO guidelines. Data was entered into excel sheet and statistical analysis was done. Results: The study included 100 H.Pylori positive cases, of which 71 were male and 29 female. Prevalence of anemia was 74%. 23 cases were microcytic hychochromic (MCHC), 37 normocytic normochromic (NCNC), 9 macrocytic and 5 dimorphic anemia. 10%, 46%, 18% and 26% had mild, moderate, severe anemia and no anemia respectively. A significant association was noted between type and severity of anemia. In MCHC anemia, all the RBC indices had significant correlation (p <0.05); others correlated with PCV and RBC counts. Conclusions: This study indicates that H.pylori infection is related to moderate degree of anemia, predominantly of NCNC type, with significant association of RBC indices to MCHC anemia. All patients diagnosed as having H.pylori infection, would hence benefit from being investigated for underlying anemia.

This paper determines analytically the effect of in-plane statically applied normal loads on nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular plate with edge constraints as simply supported – clamped – simply supported – clamped (SCSC). The weak-form variational principle was used to formulate the energy functional of the plate problems. Algebraic polynomial displacements were used as shape functions. Both linear and nonlinear buckling loads were numerically computed at various aspect ratios. The nonlinear fundamental frequencies were computed at various aspect ratios by considering the presence of in-plane applied normal loads and also by considering the absence of in-plane loads. Furthermore, the variations in the ratios of nonlinear to linear buckling loads; and nonlinear fundamental to natural nonlinear fundamental frequencies were determined at various aspect ratios. The numerical value of linear buckling load obtained for a square plate was compared with results from previous works found in literature, and there was satisfactory convergence with percentage error of 4.90. Conclusively from the analytical and numerical results obtained, in-plane statically applied normal loads affect the nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular SCSC plate.

Corona Virus has become a huge cause of burnout and frustration among common public in general and among healthcare staff in particular. In some situations healthcare workers are not even able to express their fears, thoughts and experiences. Level of anxiety, depression and physical stress is increasing in health care staff, especially in nurses because of multiple factors. This review article will highlight challenges faced by nurses and other health care staff while caring for patients in COVID-19 isolation wards. Furthermore, through this paper readers will be able to find out some coping strategies to fight with commonly occurring issues during COVID-19 pandemic. Past studies will be presented as literature review to ensure the authenticity and enrichment of content.

Heavy metals have great significance due to their tendency to accumulate in the vital human organs over prolonged period of time. Injury to vegetation caused by heavy metals has been well recognised because of the many botanical and chemical investigations during the past century. The high concentration of heavy metals in the soil is reflected by higher concentration of metals in plants and consequently in animal and human bodies. The analysis of heavy metals in some gardening soils was carried out from soil samples at sites W (Wadata), X (Lower Benue), Y(Tionsha) and Z(Wurukum) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and the results obtained were in the following ranges Cd 0.001±0.0002 - 0.14±0.001mg/kg, Cu 0.01 ±0.05 - 0.15 ±0.0006 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 ±0.01 - 0.23 ±0.005 mg/kg and Ni 0.06 ±0.0009 - 0.10 ±0.009 mg/kg. The highest concentration of as was at Tionsha, while Cd, Cu, Pd and Ni was at Wadata, While the least was at Wurukum, Lower Benue and Tionsha respectively. As was found to be Below Detectable Limit (BDL) at Wadata and Lower Benue, Cu at Tionsha, Pd at Lower Benue and Tionsha and Ni also at Lower Benue and Tionsha. Generally, the result showed that the values were within the set standard for heavy metals in the soil.

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Microteaching has been observed to be one of the key components in shaping the ultimate student and future teacher who can be trusted by the government and later on the citizenry of any country in the global village to effectively manage the educational environment. Even though important, microteaching in most teacher training institutions is likely not being given adequate emphasis that it deserves leading to insufficient innovative and skillful teaching. The research found out three major challenges which hamper effective planning, implementation and management of competent based microteaching. These challenges are excercabated by lack of dedication and inadequacies of time that is allocated for microteaching and deficits of applying pedagogical knowledge, limited subject content knowledge and application of theoretical concepts in practical teaching. Ghanagaguru [1] actually affirms this when he posits that microteaching is key to professional development and that it is a mechanism for improving teaching. Qualitative research methodologies were used to gather and analyze literature on the subject matter under study and to collect data from 15 participants. Participant population comprised of 37 Post Graduate Diploma in Education students at Zimbabwe Open University Bulawayo Regional Campus and 19 Zimbabwe Open University Bulawayo Regional Campus Teaching Practice Supervisors. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Reviewed literature analysis revealed that most microteaching researchers argue that those trainee teachers who undergo an extensive microteaching exercise display skillful and effective teaching practices. However, supervisors further revealed that whilst micro-teaching was relevant, it needed adequate preparation and more emphasis needed to be placed on providing a high technological support base for microteaching to be effectively implemented. Despite several challenges, the study concluded that microteaching was a pivotal strategy for developing professional expertise in teacher trainees as it exposed them to direct and practical teaching experiences in the classrooms as opposed to theoretical experiences.

Megaprojects are a large-scale project with an expensive cost and long time schedule, this unique kind of projects are usually given their infamous reputation as it is often result in undesired outcomes same as enormous cost overruns and time extensions. In a lot of cases of undesired outcomes, we can predict that it is due to not managing megaprojects characteristics as skillfully as required and wrong combination of that characteristics which lead to a disaster. Improper managing the different managerial aspects of mega projects is reflecting a failure in the achievement of the project requirements especially in case of risk managements where we can say that, Mega projects is resulting a Mega risk. Risk management is currently considered to be a mandatory part of project management in general and an integral part of successful project management while the main aspect which is projects management is different from megaprojects than in other types of projects (small- and medium-scale projects) as in case of megaproject the management is more complex and complicated due to the size and complexity of that kind of projects. In this research the author studied the Risk Management in the Mega construction projects in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the main objective of this research was to apply the best ways of managing the risk in case of mega construction projects starting from identifying the most significant risks which impact this kind of project in KSA and then analyze the identified risk qualitatively to determine its impact in the project objective and to find out the most significant 15 risks after the ranking of the identified risk depending on the risk importance index of every risk the research resulted in identifying 57 risks and categorize those risks in 2 main groups and 8 subgroups one of them is related the mega construction projects characteristics and then the most important risks has been determined.