Crop models are a formal way to present quantitative knowledge about how a crop grows in interaction with its environment. One of the possible appliances of remote sensing in farming is the estimation of crop acreage and recognition of crop situation because of either water stress or pest. APSIM model is composed of several modules that enable the simulation of agricultural systems based on plant, animal, soil, climate, and management interactions. As pesticides have various effects on the growth of crops, but the use practical applications of crop modeling plant extracts as the source of weed killers can be very beneficial for plant growth. Although there is a range of crop modeling crops, but sorghum and sunflower are the mostly studied crops effectively controlled by crop modeling. The main theme of agricultural research is very complex and diverse topic involving cooperation and antagonism of various processes in crops. Crop modeling has been a core theme of the agricultural research for controlling the various diseases. So, there is a need to conduct more research on the crop modeling relations of wheat with respect to increase the yield and productivity in order to increase the quality of crops to contribute to the human life.

Background: Mercury is found in liquid form at room temperature, but it has a very high vapor pressure, which causes it to be more toxic that it would be otherwise. In its gaseous state, mercury, Hg (g), is highly toxic. Because it dissolves very easily in lipids, and is absorbed very easily by red blood cells and nerve cells. The study aimed to measure of serum mercury and renal function test among case study and control. Method: Blood (serum), Personal protection equipments (PPE) such as gloves were used. Blood was drawn directly from venous port .5 ml of whole blood was collected; Samples were centrifuged at 3000-4000 RPM for 5 minutes. Serum was collected in plain containers, and then stored at refrigerator between (2-8 C). Total of 70 participant age (20 -50 years 50 as workers mining gold and 20 as control .serum collected for each participants and mercury determined by DMA-80(direct mercury analyzer) and serum urea, creatinine, uric acid by biosystem analyzer A15. Result: Results statistically analysis mercury p. value (0.001). Urea P.value (0.571). Creatinine P. value (0.022). Uric acid P.value (˂0.001). Conclusion: This study established that there is a significant increase in the levels of serum mercury and, creatinine and uric acid levels between case and normal control groups (p<0.05).The new workers are more exposed to mercury than the older workers.

Bacterial contamination is a growing global public health threat for individuals, food industry, hospital diagnostics and society. While antibiotics can be used to treat most bacterial infections, they constantly accelerate the emergence and spread of resistance bacteria. Today, many antibiotics are ineffective, but the pace of discovery of new antibiotic has dropped substantially. Conventional methods used to detect and quantify bacteria are plate culturing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemical sensors based detection strategies. Molecular based detection method PCR is considered to be another standard method to detect bacteria. This method can be used for bacteria detection with high sensitivity and specificity, but well-trained personnel and costly instrumentations are indispensable. New colorimetric bacteria detection method based on bacterial inhibition of glucose oxidase-catalyzed reaction. The concentrations of microbes access by following the disc diffusion method that using the antibiotics and also discs to differentiate the different strains of bacteria. Bacterial cultures ability grown in petri plates by using the growth medium such as nutrient agar. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is detected with excellent specificity and sensitivity by IDI-MRSA via simultaneous targeting of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassettes.

In the body with the high specificity and the sensitivity the ability of to detect the physiological and the pathogenic related molecules offers a opportunity which is very powerful and helpful in the treatment of the disease with the early diagnosis. The optical base biosensor in which the optical fiber cable is used in the different research and in many other medical fields. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on earth, including bacteria, combined. In recent years it has become widely recognized that bacteriophages have several potential applications in the food industry. They have been proposed as alternatives to antibiotics in animal health, as biopreservatives in food and as tools for detecting pathogenic bacteria throughout the food chain. Phages play a key role in maintaining microbial balance in every ecosystem where bacteria exist, and they are part of the normal microflora of all fresh, unprocessed foods. Interest in various practical applications of bacteriophages has been gaining momentum recently, with perhaps the most attention focused on using them to improve food safety.

Obesity is a complex condition that is caused by a mixture of medical, psychological and environmental factors. Childhood obesity is characterized by rise in the number of fat cells. It is one of today’s visible yet neglected Public Health problems with serious health implications such as type2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that affect individuals in all ages and socio-economic groups. This was a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating the prevalence of obesity and factors that contribute to its occurrence among school-aged children in Kakamega. The objective of the study was to determine prevalence and risk factors among school aged children attending both private and public schools in Kakamega county. Purposive sampling was used to select the target geographical area, simple random sampling was used to identify twenty-four schools, stratified sampling was used to select the class levels (1-4) and systematic sampling was used to select the target population (400 pupils). Data were collected by use of Structured questionnaire and anthropometric data sheet. Statistical package for social sciences (version 25), Epi-info, Nutri-Survey were used to analyze data. Pearson’s Product moment correlation and chi-square was used to test the hypotheses. Results from the test indicated that there was a significant relationship between type of school and obesity (x2= 49.626, p<0.05), there was no significant relationship between gender and obesity (x2=2.867, p>0.05), there was a significant relationship between leisure activity and obesity (x2=4.094, p<0.05) and there was a significant relationship between meals consumed for dinner and obesity (x2=71.123, p<0.05). Pearson product moment correlation results indicated that there was a significant but very weak negative correlation between time spent on physical activity and obesity. (r=0.2, p=0.038). Prevalence of obesity among school-aged children was found to be 25.6% with more boys (27%) being obese than girls (26%). Factors that were associated with the development of obesity were low levels of physical activity and consumption of foods that are dense in carbohydrates and fats. In schools studied 58% of the pupils ate three times in a day although majority of the respondents from public schools had fewer meals in a day than those in private schools. Respondents from public schools were found to be more active than those in private schools.40% of the pupils from public schools spent their time playing while 39% spent their leisure time watching television. This study concludes that prevalence of obesity among school aged children in Kakamega is quite high which compares to rates in most developed countries. There is need to plan for most efficient interventions not only to ensure that we are food secure but also maintain healthy lifestyles and reduce the prevalence of obesity among school-aged children.

Enzymes act as a biocatalyst that particularly catalyzed the reactions in the living organism by them to carry out the reaction. Enzymes have application in food, detergent, pharmaceutical and paper industries. Nowadays, the enzymatic hydrolysis and enzyme-based processes are preferred to the chemical ones due to the environmentally friendly nature, efficient process control, high yield, low refining costs and process safety. There are many enzymes that are used in different industries for the production of chemicals, drugs as well as other pharmaceutical products. Synthesis of enzymes can be carried out in different ways such as organic as well as inorganic synthesis but it depends upon on the nature of chemicals and reagents used for their synthesis both in laboratory and industrial level. Xylan is the major compounds found in the inner part of hemicullulose to make the cell of plants thicker as compares to the other cells. Ligninase as one of the important industrial based enzyme used to control the pollution in the environment. This enzyme has biotechnological applications in the fields of agricultural sciences for the production of agricultural products. Lipase is one enzyme that is used in fat metabolism for catalysis the fat molecules. It has also other activities other than digestion such as transportation of lipids in the form of triglycerides.

The reinforcement of decentralisation in Cameroon through the enactment of the three laws on the orientation of decentralisation in 2004, and the general code of regional and local authorities promulgated in 2019 are instruments geared at augmenting citizen’s participation in local development. Despite this enabling legal environment, maximum participation in local development of Bamenda is still a far fetch. In-depth documentation was done to grasp data and information used for analyses and results. Some 1202 questionnaires were distributed to people in Bamenda from all works of life. Semi-structured and open interviews were addressed to key and resource stake holders in the area of study. Results from field findings show that only 55% of Bamenda inhabitants are aware of projects realised in the locality, just 29.5 % contribute financially, 25.5% contribute labour wise, and 10 % participate by offering material. Field investigation also revealed that the local population is excluded from follow-up and evaluation of developmental projects. This article makes recommendations to sensitise and mobilise the local population in view of up-lifting citizen’s participation in local development.

American messianism is based on the idea that the United States is the bearer of a divine message to all nations. This concept lies on several realities on which a certain mythology of America has been built over the centuries. In short, it is the idea that the United States is the best hope for solving many of the world's major problems and should show the way to other nations. This theory considers the United States to hold a special place among the nations of the world in terms of citizenship, historical development, political and religious institutions. Self-esteem is therefore a valuable commodity for any country, but the problem is that when a nation like the United States begins to think it has a mandate from heaven and is convinced that it cannot fail or be led astray, such a leadership would be regarded as imperialistic. The American model is now taken as a huge soft power propaganda using religious arguments and tools to ensure its domination over the world.

This paper examines obstacles to the existing laws and legislation for the protection of the Rights of Women against Domestic Violence in Nigeria. Domestic violence covers various aspects of violence and harassment to which women are subjected to in Nigeria. Challenges and impediments to the enforcement and implementation of instruments that provides against domestic violence on women is the focus of this paper. It found that the lack of institutional bodies to monitor and regulate the enforcement of extant laws in this regard coupled with socio-cultural norms and traditional values together impede their implementation. In addition, factors such as culture, illiteracy, economic, legal and political, have been identified as fundamentally affecting the efficacy of laws bothering on the rights of women. The paper recommends that existing laws such as the Violence against Persons (Prohibition) and Other Related Matters Act, 2015 which is a federal legislation and other laws that are against traditional practices like domestic violence against women should be reviewed in line with international standards. In addition, there should be in place a body to monitor the implementation of these laws.

Not a few governments of the countries in the Middle East have had their share of woes from pro-democracy movements, commonly known as the Arab Spring – a short hand for series of uprisings that has toppled long-held political regimes. While some of them were peaceful and civil in countries like Tunisia and Egypt, the story is not the same in the case of Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya, et cetera. This paper assesses the decade long civil war in Syria and its effect on civilian victims especially the vulnerable groups amongst them. From civil protests and demonstrations; to political concessions by government (which were bluffed); and the eventual clamp down on protesters by the regime. As is common to such protests in other Arab nations, the violent military response by the Assad regime radically militarized the hitherto peaceful protesters with the sad consequence of a full blown civil war in 2011. As yet, there is no committed peace effort either at the international or regional levels. Foreign involvements in the Syrian war have fundamentally changed its dynamics. It has sharply perforated the loose bond that had existed and shred Syria along ethnic, religious and sectarian lines with each engaged in a war of attrition for survival using their different armed militias. At the receiving end are civilians whose life-support facilities are directly targeted and destroyed; are being sexually assaulted; abducted and killed and in dire humanitarian situation as a result of mass displacements.

Camellia sinensis (Lipton tea) contains polyphenols responsible for antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer effects. Citrus aurauntifolia is one of the major fruit trees that grows throughout the world and is known for its refreshing juice and health benefits. Some attributes of Citrus aurauntifolia (Lime) include pharmacological properties such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. Lime contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids, pectins, vitamin C and vitamin E. The study was aimed at determining the effects of the decoction of lime and lipton tea on plasma glucose concentration and weight of normal albino rats. Twenty four (24) female albino normal rats of average body weight of 150g were randomly placed into two (2) groups of twelve rats each. The plasma glucose concentration was determined by spectrophotometry. The result showed that the plasma glucose decreased significantly (p<0.05) in test group compared to the controls. The rats in the test group experienced some weight loss compared to the control group with no statistical significance (p<0.05). The histological report showed that the decoction of lime and lipton tea, affected the liver, kidney adversely but had no effect on the heart after two weeks of administration. The decoction of lime and lipton tea in moderate dosage can be clinically significant in the reduction of high plasma glucose levels, hence may be beneficial in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Zinc as one of the heavy metals that influence of the growth of the plant. Its deficiency in plants leads to abnormal growth of roots cells that ultimately inhibited the RNA and proteins synthesis. Sunflower has gains much important in agricultural pint of view due to its morphological characteristics. High and low concentrations of the zinc have been evaluated on the different parameters of sunflower. Water in the concentrations of 25 ml were applied carefully to the each pots and crops were harvested for evaluation of microbiological and morphological parameters such as for number of leaves of sunflower hybrids, root dry weight of sunflower, shoot dry weight of sunflower, chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids. In relation to biochemical attributes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were reduced while a subsequent elevation was observed in carotenoid. Maximum reduction of growth, biochemical and physiological parameters was noted at 40mM concentration of zinc. Zinc toxicity involves in inhibition of cytoplasmic enzymes and damage to cell structures due to oxidative stress. It alters the catalytic function of enzymes which damage the cellular membranes and inhibit root growth. Zinc stress cause maximum effect on hybrid FH674 as compared to other hybrid FH687.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast (NEBC) represent a rare subtype of breast cancer, accounting for 2-5%. They generally present a more aggressive clinical form with a strong tendency to local and distant recurrence compared to other types of invasive breast carcinoma and they do not present specific clinical or radiological characteristics. We report the case study of a 58 years old female patient with primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.

Relationship management is seen as key to organizational productivity; as such this study was designed to explore the link between relationship management and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The elements of employee relationship management under study were trust, communication, commitment, conflict management and teamwork. Data for this study were collected from 217 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, partial correlation and multiple linear regressions. Results of analysis support both hypotheses of the study. Based on the results, it is concluded that good employee relationship management brings about increased employee performance of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in organisations. Consequently, it is recommended, among other things, that managers should strive to build good relationships with employees and manage same properly to reap the benefits thereof.

Forensic science is an application of scientific knowledge and methodology to criminal investigation and legal problems. Forensic dentistry is the branch which comes under this forensic science that deals with proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence that is presented in interest of justice. Here the dental knowledge is applied to criminal and civil laws. A prosthodontist play a major role in fabrication of prosthesis as identification tool for requirement of medico-legal investigation. This article describes about labelling a denture using Aadhaar card barcode and unique identification number which will be useful for investigation.