Unsustainable agricultural practices pose a serious threat to the integrity of landscapes and availability of soil mineral nutrients to plants. The phenomenon is compounded by changing global climatic conditions. This paper examines the potential role of agroforestry in mitigating changes due to undesirable human behaviour in the once forest dominated western highlands of Cameroon. Data were elicited from existing literature on agroforestry, landscape management, forestry, and subsistence agriculture. Findings lend credence to the fact that agroforestry systems constitute a promising option for maintaining the stability of landscapes and soils that are subjected to human activity. Aside from the major systems namely agro-silviculture, silvo-pastoral, and agro-silvopastoral, there exist other agroforestry categories like aquaforestry, apiculture, and sericulture. Living fences, alley cropping, improved fallow, shelter belts, home gardens, and scattered trees on croplands were highlighted to be suitable agroforestry practices for the western highlands region of Cameroon.

The world has experienced major deadly pandemic which proved bruatual killer of various intensities such as Antonine flue in 168 AD, than Black Fever, Cholera Asian/Russian flue, HIV/AIDS. Now recently in Dec. 2019 a noval coronavirus called as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) emerged in the Wuhan City of China, and rapidly spreaded worldwide, and on March 11, 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) decleared COVID-19 a world pandemic. As no vaccine or drug is available to eradicate the virus, and as such researchers and scientist of different countries are in the race of preparation of vaccine to eradicate this pandemic and experimenting with drugs and therapies to help ease the strain on hospitals and intensive care units. Some drugs that are indicated for other afflictions seems to be potentially beneficial to treat the infection albeit without unequivocal evidences. Thus the present article is compared with the objective to review the published literature on the effectiveness of these drugs against COVID-19 which is need of honour.

Urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and pyogenic infections are the common hospital-acquired infections caused by members of Enterobacteriaceae. Among Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli has been the most commonly isolated species. Klebsiella are very well known to exhibit multidrug resistance. β-lactamase production is perhaps the single most important mechanism of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. E. coli &Klebsiella possess a naturally occurring chromosomally mediated β-lactamase or plasmid mediated β-lactamases. These enzymes are thought to have evolved from penicillin binding proteins. This development was likely to be because of selective pressure exerted by β-lactam producing soil organisms found in the environment. In early 1960s, TEM-1 was the first plasmid mediated β-lactamase described in Gram-negative organisms. Another common plasmid mediated β-lactamase is SHV. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), enzymes that show increased hydrolysis of oxyimino-β-lactams, which include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and aztreonam, have been reported increasingly in recent years. They belong to Ambler molecular class A and Bush–Jacoby functional group 2be. These enzymes have been identified in large numbers from different regions and are significantly detected in various E. coli &Klebsiella strains. They have also been found in other members of Enterobacteriaceae such as Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Proteus spp and non-lactose fermenters like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Today over 200 different ESBLs have been described. Major outbreak involving these resistant organisms has been reported all over the world in many members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp, resulting in limitation of therapeutic options. Current knowledge of prevalence and incidence of ESBL production by commonly isolated organism such as E. coli and Klebsiella is necessary to understand the disease burden and to take necessary action to prevent the spread. Therefore the present study was conducted with an objective to find out the prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella and its antimicrobial resistance profile to formulate effective antibiotic strategy and plan a proper hospital infection control strategy to prevent the spread of these strains.

Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) is a serious life threatening complication, resulting in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) of the fetus. The study was aimed to compare the hematological and during third trimester in hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women. It is a cross-sectional study undertaken at Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College and K.C.General Hospital Bangalore. Total of 43 pregnant women of which 19 were hypertensive and 24 were normotensive mothers were considered for the study. Women who had hypertension in pregnancy after the 20 weeks of gestation, with SBP and DBP of 140 and 90 mm Hg, with or without edema and or proteinuria were included. Hematological parameter were estimated by using Sysmex XN-9100™ Automated Hematology System . The mean hemoglobin level of the hypertensive group (8.13 ± 0.5) was significantly lower than that of the normotensive group (9.68 ± 0.64) (p<0.05). The mean platelet count of the hypertensive group (164.15± 34.8) was significantly lower than that of the normotensive group (370.04± 46.3) (p<0.05). The mean lymphocytes level of hypertensive group (1.29 ± 5.6) was significantly lower than that of the normotensive group (1.93 ± 1.4) (p<0.05). The mean WBC level of hypertensive group (15.9 ± 2.09) was significantly high than normotensive group (7.8± 1.7) (p<0.05). The mean hematocrit level of hypertensive group (31.10 ± 2.55) was significantly high than normotensive group (27.6 ± 2.05) (p<0.05).Platelet count could be a suitable indicator for monitoring patients with PIH at risk of IUGR and Intra uterine death (IUD) of the fetus. Anemia may be associated with IUGR and IUD in PIH patients.

Favipiravir (FPV), a pyrazine carboxamide derivative (6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) is a broad-spectrum anti-viral drug which acts against many species of Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae groups. According to the WHO, FPV may be a new hope for the treatment severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and for this it has undergone for a number of clinical trials. However, human hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) is believed to play a key role in its physiological activation process, therefore, the patients having Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, myocardial ischemia, hyperuricemia, anemia, and phosphoribosyl diphosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity due to deficiency to this enzyme might be a limiting factor for the effectiveness of this drug in these types of patients.

A high incidence of lymphopenia has been reported in Covid-19 patients. The initial neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of ≥ 3.13 in Covid-19 patients predicts a high propensity of these patients to progress to critical illness. However, it has not yet been established if NLR would start to lower towards a normal ratio of 1-3 during patient’s road to recovery. This study hypothesized that NLR would start to return towards normal as patients recovered from this illness. This study included 43 patients with Covid-19 infection treated in the ICU at Khoula Hospital, Muscat from 10th May to 5th August 2020. Seven readings of NLR (NLR1 to NLR7) from the time of going on ventilator (NLR1) to discharge of patient (NLR7) from the ICU were statistically analyzed using paired ‘t’ test for patients who recovered or those who died. NLR values demonstrated a progressive fall in patients who recovered when comparison was made between NLR1 with other readings (NLR2 to NLR7). On the contrary, insignificant changes in NLR values were observed when comparison was made between NLR1 with subsequent day’s readings in patients who died while in ICU. In conclusion, this study suggests that the NLR of patients who survived showed a downward trend from its initial high values. In contrast, patients who died while in the ICU, NLR values showed little change from their basal value.

There are both historical reasons for the distortion of factor market, and it is also resulted from inadequate market-oriented reform. Based on the static model and dynamic model, this paper studies the influence of factor market distortion on carbon emission intensity in China. The results show that the more serious the factor market distortion, the higher the carbon emission intensity. This result means that to improve environmental efficiency and reduce carbon emission intensity, we can start from correcting the distortion of factor market and deepening the reform of factor market. It is also found that the energy consumption structure is one of the significant factors affecting the intensity of carbon emissions. Reducing the proportion of coal consumption in the economy will help to improve China's energy efficiency. Based on the results of this study, relevant policy recommendations are put forward.

The introduction and development of nickel-titanium rotary instruments are undoubtedly improving the quality of Endodontics treatment. The study aimed to assess, dentist knowledge and practice of using NiTi Rotary instrumentation for the root canal treatment. Also to assess their level of success and failure when using rotary files according to the year of experience and their ability to manage procedural errors in comparison to hand instrumentations. A descriptive cross-sectional study among 167 (Endodontists and general practitioners) working in private clinics within Khartoum City, Sudan. A self-administered questionnaire including questions about the uses of NiTi, failures during treatment, and how they managed to overcome. Comparison between variables by Chi-squire test with the level of significance set at a P-value of ≤0.05. The result showed that NiTi rotary files for root canal preparation were used by 72%, with a failure rate of RCTs among 63%, and the majority 80% managed to overcome procedural errors. Crown down as a preparation technique was used by 99.2%. The most commonly used rotary system files were pro taper (83.3%). The rate of file breakage is directly related to their repeated use, before discarding them and those who managed to treat failure were those with more years of experience and endodontists rather than the general practitioners. In conclusion, the majority of dentists working within private clinics in Khartoum city, use NiTi rotary system for RCT, and years of experience was the major factor in managing the RCT failures.

Self-Medication is an important phenomenon worldwide. In addition to its advantages, it is associated with some risk when medicines are misused or abused. Students may not have the sufficient knowledge about medications that is why the resultant side effects can be very serious. The study mainly aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of high school and university female students (Taif City, KSA) towards the use of medicines during Exams. A self-administered as well as an electronic questionnaire was used to collect responses from the students in March 2017. Total of 363 students were randomly selected and from the university and four high schools and recruited in the study. Respondents recruited with face-to-face questionnaires were 241 (66.4%), compared to 122 (33.6%) included electronically. The statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze the study data. The study showed that about 48.5% of the female students agreed that exams affect their health status and food habits to a large extent and about 56% suffer from anxiety during exams. The most prominent health problem during exams was headache (44.3%) followed by stomach pain (27.8%) and respiratory problems (15.9%). Few students (15%) agreed that using medicines would improve their performance, while (31.4%) answered that side effects of medication negatively affected their academic performance. The most common drugs used by students during exams period were antihistamine (49%), followed by painkillers (8%), and antibiotics and medicines for chest illness (6.3%). There is a high prevalence of irresponsible self-medication among high school and university students, with observed side effects. There is a need to raise the students’ awareness about medicines at school, university and homes.

Replacement of missing tooth with dental implants is the alternative success treatment in present days. There are many options and varieties of materials present for implant treatment .For the success of the dental implants impression making is also an important factor. Errors in impression making impression making mainly leads to improper placement of the prosthesis and leads to implant failure so selection technique of impression for that particular clinical situation is always important for dental implant success. The main aim of this review article is how to select an impression technique for particular clinical situation.

The sugar industry is one of the earliest and most successful users of biomass for commercial energy production. Sugar cane harvesting by burning is an environmental health issue due to respiratory effects of smoke. The present study is to investigate the current situation concerning sugarcane burning as a potential cause of disease in affected individuals of households in Uitvlugt and Ogle, Guyana. A total of 50 households investigated at each study site, results showed that there were no chronically exposed households to sugarcane smoke and soot for the study site used as the control when compared to the study site at Ogle and Uitvlugt. Out of 50 a total of fifteen households investigated at parfait harmony which reported the presence of respiratory disease within their households; asthma and bronchitis was the most commonly reported. Ogle showed the least number of nine, and Uitvlugt showed the highest number of twenty three, both with asthma being the most common. Uitvlugt showed a complete total of fifty households reporting dermatological problems, they all complained of unbearable itching when exposed to the sugarcane soot. Ogle reported one incidence of this, and Recht door zee (control site) reported nil. In the case of cardiovascular problems, Uitvlugt showed the highest incidence of thirty seven, and both Ogle and Recht door zee (control site) showed five. Cancer was reported by nine households in Uitvlugt, two in Recht door zee (control site), and nil in Ogle. To conclude, there is a high prevalence of chronic exposure to sugarcane smoke and soot in Uitvlugt, and negligible prevalence of chronic exposure to sugarcane smoke and soot in Ogle. There is a high prevalence of these diseases in Uitvlugt, followed substantially less by Recht door zee (control site), and Ogle having a very small prevalence.

In 21st century while we still can’t perform miracles in healing to maintain health, one Elixir is coming into the limelight is Placenta Extract which will aid magic in the era of wound healing. In other words, the Placenta act as various internal organs for the embryo, that’s why it has a various medicinal effects, studies have shown magical effects of wound healing by use placentrex. A troublesome and usually unavoidable consequence of Head and Neck chemo radiation is oral mucositis which decreases patients’ compliance and negatively influences the outcome of therapy by increasing overall treatment time. Currently, no single effective recommended treatment exists for this problem and a variety of supportive care measures have been practiced with limited benefits. While many study evaluated the therapeutic benefit of Placentrex in the management of oral mucositis seen in oral cancer patients undergoing treatment with concurrent chemoradiation. Even local injection of placentrex proved to be safe, cheap and effective in oral submucous fibrosis without any significant side effects and contra indication. The effect is long lasting. So can be given in early stages of OSMF with significant results. This review focuses on the use and benefits of placentrex in dentistry.

When God decided to take the Hebrew people as His own, Moses was called by God to go up Mt Sinai to receive the 10 Commandments. They are the duty owed to God (No false gods; No name in vain, Keep Holy the Sabbath) and duty to self and neighbour (Honour father and mother; Do not murder; Do not commit adultery; Do not steal; Do not bear false witness; Do not covet wife; Do not covet goods.) This was the first step that God called Moses to do as He was setting up a people and their society of 12 tribes in the Holy land. That is the Divine Law. Then there is the Natural Law and Positive Law.

This article examines with some interest the essence of the phenomenon of intercultural communication -the interaction of man in the context of different cultures. It focuses on intercultural communication in perspective of two countries, China and Mali. In fact, in the current context of a world crossed by globalization and the development of the means of communication, individuals are constantly brought to meet people from different cultures.

In this research, finite elements analysis is utilized, using SAP2000, to study the effectiveness of different techniques on the seismic retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete framed structures. The models are considered for reinforced concrete framed structures; and seismic evaluation is conducted. These models represent typical structures that were designed and constructed before and after the current Saudi Building Code, SBC-2007. The seismic evaluation was conducted using SAP2000 Program. This study focuses on performance based design of three multi-story RC framed buildings in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, subjecting them to monotonically increasing lateral forces with an invariant height wise distribution until the preset performance level (target displacement) is reached. Considering the deficiencies indicated in analysis, these buildings are redesigned by adopting retrofitting techniques such as shear wall, bracing and column strengthening. These techniques strengthen structures to reach the targeted performance level. The results indicate the effectiveness of each technique and how applicable it is to be used for seismic retrofitting of structures in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.