The right to vote and be elected in elections is a deviation from the sovereignty of the people which is part of the human rights of every citizen in a democratic country. Hence, to strengthening the presidential system adopted by Indonesia, the presidential threshold policy is also considered capable of reducing parliamentary domination which weakens the presidential system. The research is a normative-juridical research, using a statute, conceptual and case approaches. The results show that the limitation of voting rights with the application of the presidential threshold, the equality of citizens before the law in terms of the principle of justice can be said to not fulfill the principle of justice, namely equality in exercising the right to vote and be elected in the process of changing power. Enforcement of voting rights in terms of statutory regulations shows that the presence of the presidential threshold increases wasted votes, with many wasted votes resulting in many people’s voices being not represented. The right of citizens to vote is contained in the rights of citizens guaranteed by the constitution in the form of equality in law and government.

Nation building is an unending process in most if not all nations of the world. This urge for progress has spurred many nations to work in a bid to changing their status from developing, developed to emerging nations. In this guise, nations are constantly faced with challenges which may be political, economic and socio- cultural in their drive towards national reconstruction. This study therefore examines the pedagogic relevance of Papiackukm proverbial discourse in meeting challenges associated with national development. From the theoretical paradigm of Functionalism, this paper is based on the prism that Papiackum proverbial discourse are speech acts element embedded with norms and values that promote broad-based development by addressing some hurdles related to the process of nation building. The Papiackum is a speech community in the Ngoketunjia Division, North West Region of the Republic of Cameroon.

Introduction and Research Problem: The resemblance between the presentations of acute myocarditis and myocardial infarction poses a great challenge regarding diagnosis and management. Materials and Methods: This study describes the case of a young man aged 25 who had acute retrosternal pain, elevated cardiac markers and electrocardiographic ST T changes. The patient is 15 pack-year smoker and has positive history of coronary artery disease of his father and his eldest brother. The patient underwent coronary angiography, which revealed normal coronary arteries. Summary of Results: The diagnosis of myopericarditis was made on consideration of his fever, sore throat and body ache for 5 days prior to chest pain, elevated cardiac markers, electrocardiographic ST T changes but only after the exclusion of acute coronary syndrome by a normal coronary angiogram. Conclusion and Recommendations: Myopericarditis can present with a wide variety of findings. Some of those findings are also characteristic of acute coronary syndrome. This might make the diagnosis confusing. However, even if the patient is young and the presentation is consistent with myopericarditis, still it is important to exclude the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome by performing a coronary angiogram before settling on the diagnosis of myopericarditis.

The purpose of this study is to recognize, evaluate, compare and develop the level of conditioning-coordinating preparation of students, in the context of realizing the learning process of program elements in practical lessons. This study was attended by 27 students. Participants were selected randomly (of 10 groups having the 2nd Bachelor course two were separated) and were included in this study at their desire. The student group taken in this study would be trained for 8 weeks, according to a defined physical fitness “supplement” program during this period, with the twice-weekly focus on developing plyometric jump and strength exercises for the major muscle groups. , as well as other speed-force coordinate exercises with varying tempo and direction, accompanied by flexion, muscle extension and articulation mobility exercises (stretching). All students included in this study were measured before and after the 8-week training period on the tests: vertical jump, long jump, 20m running, 5x10m running, flexibility, and anthropometric parameters related to these tests. At the end of the training period, the students included in this study had a significant improvement (p <0.05), in the vertical jump with the help of the arms with the hands at the waist by (3.6 ± 0.05cm or 7.4%) and in the vertical jump with the help of the arms (4.8 ± 0.07cm or 8.89%), in the long jump (9.3 ± 1.66 cm or 3.72%), in 20m running (-0.32 ± 0.15sec or 9.6%), in 5x10m running with a change of direction (-0.28 ± 0.35sec or 2.13%), in flexion of front trunk (2.22 ± 2.39cm or 18.7%) as well as back-to-back rotation of the shoulder (6.63 ± 3.39cm or 7.75%).These tests were associated with anthropometric parameters such as, age (22.7 years), weight (75.2 ± 7.5 kg), height (1.82 ± 0.07cm), BMI (22.4 ± 1.39), fitness index (Esslinger) at first assisted measurement of the arms with a second measurement difference of 1.33 ± 0.78 or 1.29% and without the help of arms with a second measurement difference of (1.38 ± 1.02 or 1.56%), which had less significant improvements. The results of this study showed that the effects of the plyometric and strength-velocity training methods, coupled with the methods of developing passive-active flexibility, increased with significant indicators especially on the conditioning-coordination performance skills of the students taken in this study.

Digitilization has brought about a paradigm shift in the perception and conceptualisation of dentistry, but the conventional concepts and methods deserve due consideration and preservance. After review and comparison of various conventional and digital procedures in prosthodontics it was inferred that conventional methods are almost at par with digital methods except in terms of time constraints and patient comfort.

The objective of the present experimental research was to find the isolated (individual) and combined training effect of aerobic dancing and resistance training on the component of body composition. For this purpose, sixty type-2 diabetic patients from in and around Karaikudi town, Sivaganga District were chosen as subjects. Their age was 40 to 45 years. The chosen patients were divided into four groups, each group consisting of 15 patients. The group-1alloted for aerobic dancing, group-2 allotted for resistance training and group -3 allotted for combined training of aerobic training and resistance training and group-4 served as a control group. The body composition was chosen as a dependent variable and it was measured by BMI observation. It was tested to the patients before and after the 12 weeks of the training intervention. The data of body composition was statistically analyzed with the tool of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), to find the significant differences among the groups. To find out the significant differences between the groups, the Scheff’s Post Hoc Test was used. The result of the study showed the 12 weeks of isolated (individual) and combined training of aerobic dancing and resistance training have produced significant positive alteration on body composition.

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare disorder of glyoxylate metabolism, characterized by an excess of oxalate. Renal manifestations can range from occasional kidney stones, nephrolithiasis and recurrent nephrocalcinosis to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and systemic oxalosis. We report the case of a 32-year-old man, referred to our department for the management of bone pain. His parents were first degree cousins. The patient had a history of recurrent urolithiasis whose spectrophotometric study revealed an oxalocalcic lithiasis. He was on chronic hemodialysis program for the last 4 years with a presumed diagnosis of ESRD due to tubulo intersticiel nephropathy. He had diffuse bone pain for the last 8 months, more and more disabling and deforming. Clinical examination found bone signs such as thoracic deformity, bone pain on the palpation of the large joints and spine, waddling walk, hepatosplenomegaly and livedo reticularis. The assessment objectified multiple vertebral and sacroiliac osteolytic lesions and total cortical calcifications of both kidneys, normochromic anemia at 7.7 g / dl with a ferritinemia at 1194, inflammatory syndrome with C reactive protein (CRP) at 50 mg/l, normal calcemia at 90 mg / l, hypoparathyroidism at 105 μg /ml, hypothyroidism and bone biopsy revealed deposit of calcium oxalate crystals and crystal granulomas. In front of the consanguinity field, oxalocalcic repetitive lithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and the organic infiltration diffused by oxalate crystals, we concluded to systemic oxalosis. Pyridoxine hydrochloride treatment was combined to depleting dialysis while waiting for a potential liver and kidney donor.

In this review, the formation, characterization, properties and applications of nano-emulsions are reviewed and summarized. Nanoemulsions are submicron sized emulsions that are under extensive investigation as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents. Nanoemulsions are the thermodynamically stable isotropic system in which two immiscible liquid (water and oil) are mixed to form a single phase by means of an appropriate surfactants. Due to their small droplet size nano-emulsions possess stability against sedimentation or creaming with Ostwald ripening forming the main mechanism of nanoemulsion breakdown. Nanoemulsion droplet sizes fall typically in the range of 20-200nm. Diameter and surface properties of droplets of nanoemulsion plays an important role in the biological behavior of the formulation. Nanoemulsion show great promise for the future of cosmetics, diagnostics, drug therapies, and biotechnologies. The main application of nanoemulsions is the preparation of nanoparticles using a polymerizable monomer as the disperse phase (the so-called miniemulsion polymerization method) where nanoemulsion droplets act as nanoreactors. Another interesting application which is experiencing an active development is the use of nanoemulsions as formulations, namely for controlled drug delivery and targeting.

Since the rise of the pandemic COVID 19, we see a variety of clinical manifestations of Corona virus multisystem wise. During and post infection, patients are prone for cardiac diseases and its complications, even sudden deaths following thromboembolism. Fungal infections are also now making their way into this pandemic as secondary infections due to altered immunity in these individuals. We present a patient of COVID 19 infection who developed dual infection– mucormycosis and actinomycosis. We also report about mucor mycosis in a non COVID patient who was immunocompromised due to diabetes mellitus.

Corruption is a vast and complex matter. It means any kinds of dishonest, defiled or illegal behavior, especially of people in authority. It is a major problem in the third world countries but it has been the burning question in Bangladesh. The list of the countries having rampant corruption is headed by Bangladesh several years. Transparency international found it as the most corrupted country. Corruption may originate from want, the immorality of people, lack of transparency, unsolved problems, unfinished works, vicious politicos, weak administration and many after relevant things. All the sectors of the government and the administration are corrupted severely as well. Taking bribe, nepotism, malpractice of power are the natures of corruption. No department of either government or non-government like ministry, office, school, college, university, law court, police station, hospital, etc. is beyond the reach of corruption. Even the victims of accident and the dying patients are not left untouched by corruption. It has become customary in our country that nothing is done without the intervention of corruption. The influential high officials and their assistants in our country adopt such techniques and pretense to materialize their ill-motives that common people who are deprived of their legal rights. Corruption has a terrible effect on all the parts of society. It leads the country to anarchism. Law and order situation become deteriorated for corruption. The difference between the poor and rich widens day by day. All the development procedures of the government become useless for the cause of corruption. However, this is a humiliating condition for us a nation. It has spoilt our image in the home and abroad. Above all, foreign donors and the investors become reluctant observing the large scale of the practice of corruption. However, the time has changed. With the same parade of the present government, all the people should voice against corruption. Nepotism, favoritism, red-tapism, biased attitude etc. should be dealt with an iron hand. Only our honest approaches can reinforce the government to ensure the good governance. Inclusion corruption begets corruption. It should be prevented urgently in all spheres of our life. Otherwise, we will fail to build up a sound and potent generation. We should look forward to ensuring corruption-free society as well as corruption free country.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is life-threatening in developing countries associated with high morbidity and mortality rate. The current study designed to figure out the prevalence, socio-demographic variable and associated risk factors of HBV in the local population of Pishin District, Pakistan. Under the well-sterilized condition, blood samples of 1457 individuals were collected weekly from Civil Hospital Pishin, during May 2019 to February 2020 for the screening of HBV infection. Patients were categorized into 2 age groups i. e. 1-30 years, 31-60 years. The HBsAg was detected by a commercially available ELISA kit. The overall prevalence of HBV was 38.36%. The incidence was higher in female (22.30%) than in male patients (16.06%). The socio-demographic finding showed that the prevalence was higher in patients with age group 31-60 years (20.93%), in married (30.19%), unvaccinated (19,56%) individuals and with poor economic status (20.93%). Furthermore, blood transfusion (23.03%), surgery (19.86%) and dental procedures (12.70%) were the major risk factors associated with the high prevalence of HBV infection in Pishin. In conclusion, the Pishin District was highly prevalent with HBV infection. This study may serve as a guideline for the local health care providers to optimize the health facilities. By conducting the public health awareness program, it is possible to reduce the prevalence of HBV by minimizing the associated risk factors.

The information diffusion of food safety incident is sometimes more serious than food safety incident itself, because this may lead to severe public opinion and affect purchase intention of individual consumer. Thus, it is very important to study the rule of information diffusion of food safety incident. In this work, a modified Bass diffusion (MBD) model including the role of government is proposed based on the characteristics of food safety information diffusion in China and its analytical solution is derived correspondingly. Such model is tested and validated by a specific case of food safety incident, that is, dyeing steamed bread incident happened in China. The results show that the present MBD model can effectively predict the diffusion of public opinion for food safety information and simultaneously the parameter analysis reveals that the government management to the quality and credibility of information is critical in improving the communication of food safety information.

This paper examines the continuing relevance of the traditional healthcare system as a disease control mechanism in colonial Southern Cameroons. Prior to the introduction of western medicine, there existed an effective traditional medical system that constituted the basis of healthcare delivery. The coming of biomedicine in a context of European colonialism opened the way for a consistent attack on indigenous healthcare practices. In most parts of Southern Cameroons, medical facilities were developed with the intent of making preventive and curative healthcare available to the local population. Surprisingly, a cross section of the indigenous population kept their trust on traditional medicine, thus permitting it to survive colonial attacks. Throughout the colonial era, traditional doctors concocted various medicinal plants and incanted spiritual forces against such dreaded diseases like typhoid, malaria, scabies, dysentery, witchcraft and other diseases whose prevalence had a negative bearing on people’s welfare. This paper explores why and how traditional medicine remained important in the lives of Southern Cameroonians despite the promotion of Western biomedicine. It builds on primary and secondary data to demonstrate that traditional medicine helped in reducing the prevalence of diseases and encouraged socio-economic development, with a resultant imprint on the livelihood of the local population. In fact, the resultant treatment of some of these diseases was beneficial to the health of the population and facilitated in many ways the social and economic development of colonial Southern Cameroons.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), especially type II; represents a major health problem in Saudi Arabia, due to the dramatic changes in the lifestyles of Saudi population. As per the report of World Health Organization (WHO) for the occurrence of diabetes, Saudi Arabia ranked the second in the Middle East and seventh in the world. The increasing trends of diabetes in Saudi Arabia are more worrying in the last few years. Type II DM is generally characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid which belongs to a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, found naturally in vegetables, fruits and especially in high amounts in onions, apples, tea and grape juice. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) were prepared following the component ratios. Then, the Quercetin was dissolved and the components were mixed and heated at 37 ºC until the drug perfectly has dissolved. The mixture prepared stored at room temperature. The aim of this study was to optimize concentration of Quercetin leading to efficient decrease in blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetes among the treated rats as compared to the reference drug e.g. glibenclamide. The results showed that the blood glucose lowering activity of flavonoid compounds may be due to stimulating β-cells to release more insulin. The comparative analysis of natural flavonoids showed that the Quercetin was more effective anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic compound.

In mammals, hair cycle occurs continuously in three cycles: anagen, catagen, telogen. One of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF5, have been known to act as an inhibitor of hair growth in the transition from anagen to catagen. The FGF5 gene is composed of a long form (FGF5) and a short form (FGF5s). We examined the effect of FGF5 isoform on hair growth in the cultured keratinocytes. To analyze the effect of FGF5 isoform the keratinocytes, we overexpressed FGF5 isoform and gene expression change was observed with RT-PCR. Expression of hepatic growth factor (HGF) gene was increased when FGF5s was overexpressed by adenovirus (Ad) in keratinocytes. BMP6 tend to be decreased in the group transfected with Ad/FGF5 virus than in the control group. Taken together, FGF5s might activate HGF in hair growth and FGF5 may inhibit BMP6 expression in hair growth suppression.