Background: Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is the most important aetiologic agent identified to cause chronic gastritis with consequences ranging from acute ulceration to the development of debilitating gastric cancer. Histopathologic characterisation of the disease progression from gastric biopsies is frequently required. Objectives: To determine the histopathologic pattern of gastric biopsies categorised chronic gastritis using updated Sydney classification and determined the role of Helicobacter pylori in chronic gastritis in our centre. Methodology: A retrospective study of all the gastric biopsies received in the department of Histopathology, Usmanu Danfodio University Teaching Hospital, and Sokoto between the years 2011-2020. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks and slides stained with routine, special and immunohistochemical stains were used. Microscopic features detailing different pathologies were analysed and chronic gastritis were classified based on updated Sydney classification. Information on age, sex and duration of disease was retrieved from request cards and case folders. Collected data analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: There were 252 gastric biopsies received, 137 male and 115 female patients and a ratio of 1.2:1. Their ages ranged from 16 to 82 years and peak in the 6th decade of life with a mean age of 46.5 years. The most common diagnosis was chronic gastritis and constitutes 85.5% (215 cases), followed by adenocarcinoma (10.3%), gastrointestinal stromal tumour (2.4%) and gastric ulcer (2.0%). Among chronic gastritis, 47.4% were H. pylori associated. Moderate to severe activity and inflammation were seen in 45.6% and 48.4% respectively. Mucosal atrophy (Atrophic Gastritis) was seen 81.4% while 19.5% show complete or incomplete intestinal metaplasia. Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori organism was the common cause of gastric morbidity in our environment, causing chronic gastritis with predominantly mild to moderate grade of inflammation, mucosal atrophy, activity and organisms colonisation.

The uneven distribution of population in Indonesia resulted in many problems that must be experienced by the government and society in fulfilling the population administration data. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. Data collection techniques are carried out using participatory observations, interviews and documentation studies. Data analysis is done with descriptive techniques through three flows of activities that are one unity, namely: data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the innovation of Indonesia's movement-conscious administration program includes 16 innovations in communication, resources and bureaucratic structures in population data collection services with inhibitory factors consisting of uneven socialization, low public arrest in understanding the procedures of population requirements and limited aging resources and poor budget in the implementation of population data collection and supporting factors including responsive employees, good communication between employees, support of adequate facilities and infrastructure.

In the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha has an important role. We describe the case of a 61-years-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. During treatment with golimumab, we found an improvement in liver function, but rheumatoid arthritis remained poorly controlled. When etanercept was started, the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis was significantly improved and liver function was also improved despite the appearance of Pityriasis Rosea during etanercept. This case shows that etanercept therapy maintained liver enzymes within normal limits in PBC and controlled arthritis with a 10-month follow-up but the maintenance of this treatment was limited by the appearance of the pityriasis rosea.

PEX is a systemic disease with ocular manifestations represented by deposition of white fibrillogranular material on the internal tissue of the eye. It is an age related and environmentally influenced disorder of the elastic fibre structure. Pseudo exfoliation is present worldwide in every race and ethnic group with variable prevalence. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of records of 398 patients, scheduled for cataract surgery in the martyr Sohail Alatrash eye hospital- Benghazi from 1-Januray-2010 to 31-May -2010, were included. Demographic parameters like age and sex as well as clinical Features including the presence of PEX were collected. Results: Out of 398 patients enrolled, 56 were diagnosed with PEX. A statistically insignificant relationship was found between PEX and advancing age in both males and females (𝑃> 0.005). Conclusion: We found the prevalence of PEX syndrome among Libyans patients with age –related cataract scheduled for surgery aged 40 years or older to be 14.1%.

“Spring” Op. 24 by Beethoven is one of the most famous classical sonatas for violin and piano. It can also be seen as the mirror of the composer’s creative and philosophical personality. Among the 10 violin sonatas by Beethoven, the ‘’Kreutzer’’ and the “Spring” are played the most. This sonata is in F Major tonality. Beethoven composed it between 1800 and 1801, and dedicated to count Moritz von Fries. One of the most notable features is that it contains many dialogues between the two instruments. Most of Beethoven’s works are homo-thematic. Beethoven Sonatas are an essential part of the violin repertoire in that they challenge the players’ musical and technical abilities. According to Lewis Lockwood, in his first period works as in Sonata Op. 23, piano had the biggest role. But in Op. 24 Sonata this feature had changed and the Piano and Violin have equal roles. Both instruments have melodic and thematic parts and the balance between them has an influence on the beauty of this Sonata. Before the “Spring” Sonata, Beethoven always presented the main theme in the piano. One of the most visible differences in this Sonata is that the main theme is presented by the Violin. He composed also one more movement named ‘’Scherzo and Trio’’ and made a 4 movement Sonata. This Sonata could also be seen as a role model to Op. 30 No. 1 C Minor Violin Sonata and Op. 69 A Major Violoncello Sonata. According to the Beethoven biographer Wilhelm von Lenz, Beethoven’s creative periods can be divided into three: First period shows influences by Mozart and Haydn in musical form, harmony and tonal relationships. Middle period is most commonly referred as “escape” because he was searching for a way to escape from Haydn and Mozart’s styles. Op.24 Spring Sonata is between first and middle period of his works. Because of this, Spring Sonata has effects of new techniques but still has Mozart influences. According to Lewis Lockwood, Beethoven wanted to create extraordinary elements of beauty in this Sonata, so he used special techniques of his previous works as well as other composers [ ]. This sonata and some of his other works show Beethoven’s love to his country and to the beauty of nature. Many researchers have not found information about the name of this Sonata. Lewis Lockwood said that people started to use this name in 1860s. According to him this name “Spring” is the most suitable one to show elegant melodic structure.

The village judiciary institution is one of the means of solving cases outside the court. Article 95 of The Village Law where the community can form a village customary institutions which are contrary to Law No. 8 of 1982 concerning Law Enforcement of Minor Crime Cases especially article 204, 205, 206 of the Criminal Procedure Code that is associated with PERMA No. 2 of 2012 concerning the Relief of Minor Crimes where it can be resolved alternatively against articles 362 and 352 of the Criminal Code and to crimes that do not have a broad impact or its damage do not exceed IDR 2,500,000 (two million five hundred thousand rupiahs). This research method is juridical empirical with a case approach and community culture with the aim of reconstructing Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. The problems in this research include the inadequate resolution of minor criminal cases based on justice value, the weaknesses that arise in the settlement of minor criminal cases as an alternative to village justice institutions, and how to construct village justice institutions as an alternative to minor crime case resolution based on justice value. The results of this study indicate that the settlement of minor criminal cases through village court institutions as an alternative dispute resolution has not been carried out optimally. The main problem that prevents the adat village court from becoming an alternative dispute resolution system is its unclear position in the national justice system. In many areas, communities are reluctant to settle disputes in adat courts. in order to solve this, construction of the settlement of minor criminal cases through the village court institution is needed, namely the use of Article 95 of Law no. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages can be used as a legal basis in establishing Village customary institutions as an alternative to resolving minor crimes.

Wilms tumours with a greater number of heterologous elements on histology are considered as teratoid form of Wilms tumour. The presence of teratoid components in Wilms tumour are resistant to chemotherapy and may warrant additional treatment. On microscopy, the epithelial component in Wilms tumour most commonly present in form of tubules or glomeruloid bodies as homologous differentiation and less commonly as heterologous elements such as squamous or mucinous epithelium. Other common heterologous elements described in the literature are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, adipose tissue and cartilage. Though the transitional lining is homologous to the kidney, nests of urothelial cells within Wilms tumour is not described well in the literature. We describe the presence of urothelial nests intimately admixed with other homologous and heterologous components of Wilms tumour in post-chemotherapy nephrectomy specimen.

In current scenario transdermal delivery of bioactive molecules has become an interesting research area. Transdermal delivery enables direct entry of bioactive molecules into systemic circulation, bypass of hepatic metabolism, improves patient compliance, and low risk of injury to the tissues. Though it is one of the attractive routes, transport of drug through the skin has remained a challenge. To overcome the challenge, vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of bioactive agents. Vesicular system like liposome has shown inefficiency to cross the layers of skin. To overcome this hurdle a novel vesicular & non-invasive drug delivery system Nanoethosomes was developed. Nanoethosomes are used for deeper permeation of bioactive molecules. The main components are phospholipids, ethanol, and water. Presence of high amount of ethanol in their structure differentiates them from other vesicular systems and also helps to release encapsulated material into basal skin layer and blood circulation. Ethanol gives a net negative charge on vesicle surface promoting its size reduction. Vesicular system gives a better patient compliance, being a non-invasive method of drug administration. In this review article we are going to see brief information about methods of preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical uses of Nanoethosomes.

Background: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the preferred method of revascularization in Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Aim: Our aim was to study the clinical profile and outcomes of patients who underwent PCI for STEMI at tertiary cardiac centre of Bangladesh. Methods: It is a retrospective, single centre study, performed at Bangabandu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. All patients who underwent PCI for STEMI from November 2017 to July 2019 were enrolled in this study. All the data were collected from hospital registry and cath lab records. Results: The Study showed that out of 232 patients who presented with STEMI, 74.5% were male with average age of 57.39 years. The mean time of presentation after onset of symptom/s was 17.5 hours. About 66% patients presented in less than 12 hours of symptoms onset, 21% presented at 12-24 hours of symptoms onset and 13% patients presented late. Primary PCI was done in 87% of patients. Almost all patients (98.2%) underwent coronary artery stenting with drug eluting stents. Multivessel PCI during index procedure was done in 7 patients. TIMI III flow following PCI was achieved in 97% cases. Average LVEF at discharge was 44.73%. There were 8 deaths, all after Primary PCI. In-hospital mortality rates for patients presenting with and without cardiogenic shock were 38.46% and 1.59% respectively. The overall mortality rate was 3.98%. Conclusion: This study has reemphasized that PCI is effective in the management of STEMI cases in Bangladesh with improving mortality rates and decreasing complications. Minimizing the delayed presentation after the onset of symptoms should be one of the prime focuses for effective management of STEMI.

This paper specifically analyzes the concept of mediation as protection of fishery resources from IUU fishing practices in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative legal research with a statutory approach, The data used are secondary data collected through literature search and document study. The collected data were then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that in the future it is necessary to seek legal breakthroughs so that the IUU Fishing law enforcement process has benefits, the KPKNL as an extension of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia has an interest to streamline options other than annihilating (auctions, grants, other uses) so that it has benefits for the state to conduct mediation by how to bring together investigators (as representatives of the state, it is the state that is the victim of crime because they have suffered losses due to stolen fisheries resources) with the perpetrator/ship owner (the party who committed the crime) The importance of mediation is to prevent investigators from taking the option of sinking the ship (sinking the ship), because if this is done (the investigator takes the option to destroy), the state will not get anything, even if it tends to be detrimental, because the state must pay for the sinking of the ship. So that with mediation, investigators prioritize auction options, grants, and other uses (as mandated also by the Regulation of the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Number 03/PMK.06/2011 concerning Settlement of Seizure and Gratuities), because of these things the state benefits or income through Non-Tax State Revenues (PNBP).

Background: Diabetic retinopathy) DR) is a major cause of new-onset blindness among diabetic adults and is characterized by increased vascular permeability, tissue ischemia, and neo-vascularization. Neovascularization of the retina carries a high risk of blindness as a result of vitreous hemorrhage and fibrosis. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. Polymorphisms within the VEGF gene lead to differences in VEGF expression between individuals and could influence the etiology of a variety of pathologic conditions with which VEGF has been associated. The aim of this study is to investigate +405G/C polymorphism of VEGF gene in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate its relationship with the development and improvment of diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: A total of 189individuals subjects divided to 3 groups (diabetics with DR, diabetics without DR and health individuals) were observed to determine the relationship between DR and +405 G/C VEGF gene polymorphism. Results: This study revealed that patients with GC genotypes are about 57.6 % at risk (95% CI 1.022-2.431) to develop DR, while the risk is about 40% (95% CI 0.404-0.893) in DM patients without DR than those without GC genotype. Conclusion: These results indicated that +405 VEGF G/C polymorphism could be used in the evaluation, development, and progression of DR.

This research aims to evaluate the portfolio performance which recommended by PT. Samuel Sekuritas Indonesia in January-December 2020 with Jensen Index by testing whether alpha (α) gained from the result of regression on excess return portofolio Samuel toward excess return market does not equal zero significantly. The research result showed that alpha (α) significantly does not equal zero.

Background: In human birth defects, NTDs account for 0.5-2 per 1000 pregnancies worldwide. It occurs due to abnormalities in neural tube formation. Zinc required for the absorption and synthesis of biologically active folate moiety. Its deficiency creates a lack of folate in metabolic activity. Lead competes with zinc and slowly decreases zinc stores in the body. It causes morphological changes and gives an incomplete blood-brain barrier to the developing nervous system. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the associations between maternal serum lead concentration and fetal NTDs. Materials and Methods: It was a case-control study conducted in Feto- Maternal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2016 to June 2016. Ethical clearance was taken. A total of 60 pregnant women were selected as the study population. 30 with USG detected fetal NTDs case and 30 with normal fetus. In both groups folic acid level was normal. Maternal serum was taken for measuring lead by Graphite furnace automatic absorption spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by SPPS version 17. Results: The raised value of serum lead was found in 6.67% of patient with fetal NTD. Relationship between NTD and raised value of lead were found significant. Conclusion: From this study, we concluded, raised serum lead level is one of the associated factors for fetal neural tube defects.

The federal system of India has been guaranteed under the Indian Constitution to ensure independent functioning of state legislatures by their elected members, but unfortunately a frequent trend of defection have been witnessed. The anti-defection law was introduced to prevent such political defections by inserting tenth schedule in the Constitution of India in 1985. Still, several loopholes in law have permitted defections on several occasions and so many cases have been adjudicated by many High Courts and Supreme Court in this regard. Unfortunately, there are enough evidences of justice delivered in a flip-flop manner. Serious anomalies in decisions given by speakers and governors, in judgements delivered by respective High Courts and even the Supreme Court of India have failed to protect the aim and objective of Constitution of India as well as basic rights of citizens of India. In this article we have tried to critically address today’s scenario of political defections and role played by the judicial system.

Different nations and different environments have led to huge differences between cultures, forming different forms of cultural models. In the process of English-Chinese translation, in order to ensure the accuracy and correspondence of translation, translators tend to follow Nida's functional equivalence theory. This theory advocates formal equivalence and emphasizes dynamic equivalence. In practical translation application, functional equivalence theory is of guiding significance to English-Chinese translation. In terms of language, the same meaning is expressed differently in different cultures.“地”has different semantic meanings in English and Chinese. This article will discuss the different semantic meanings of the differences and similarities between Chinese and English by comparing the difference between “地” in Chinese and English idioms and poems. The differences in the characteristics of Chinese and English languages mainly come from the following factors: the influence of geographical environment and lifestyle, the restriction of religious belief, and the differences in thinking modes.