Background: Hydroxychloroquine Sulphate, is an antimalarial drug used in treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, and other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, and tried as a prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. It is one of the important choices in COVID-19 management, as shown by about 80% improvement in pneumonia, and prevention of further disease progression to severe conditions upon following Hydroxychloroquine therapeutic regimen. Aim: The aim of this work was to develop an economical, precise, accurate and specific analytical method for quantitative estimation of Hydroxychloroquine sulphate in pharmaceutical product for the purpose of using it as a quality control tool for testing Hydroxychloroquine sulphate products pre-market and post-market distribution. Insuring the presence of labelled drug amount in the dosage from. Methods: Determination of HQC in commercial pharmaceutical formulations dispensed in hospitals and community pharmacies and administered by patients, by in house development of a validated, selective and sensitive High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) test method, where, the procedure used is in accordance with published literature data, pharmacopeia, and international guidelines. Results: The method is specific and selective, and showed linearity R2>0.999 within concentration range of 25-300 µg/mL, accuracy results within the range of 98% - 102%, precision CV% less than 2%. The assayed tablets mean recovery are 99.045%. Moreover, dissolution results are fulfilling the required limit of 70% percent dissolution within 60 minutes. Conclusion: The in-house developed analytical method is easy, and cost effective for use in quantification of HQC.

Cytological examination of body fluids enables us to examine and differentiate between inflammatory, benign and malignant effusions. Cell block (CB) technique is method of cytological examination of serous fluids besides conventional smear (CS) technique. The aim of this study was to compare the role of cell block technique over the conventional smear technique in the cytological diagnosis of serous fluids. This was a prospective study done at our medical college and tertiary care hospital between 2017 to 2020. A total of 114 patients were included in the study that underwent paracentesis for effusion cytology. Equal quantities of pleural and peritoneal fluid received and prepared into CS and CB for examination. Cellularity, architecture patterns, morphological features and yield for malignancy were compared, using the two methods. 71 were pleural fluid and 43 were peritoneal fluids. CS and CB comparison for cellularity showed statistically significant (p<0.05) and comparison of malignant effusion done with McNemar’s test for CB showed that CS method was not superior to CB method in pleural, peritoneal and total body effusions. The stastistical analysis of malignant effusions (n=114) for cell block method for sensitivity was 100%, specificity 79.63%, positive predictive value 21.43% and negative predictive value 100%. The CB method provides high cellularity, better architectural patterns, morphological features and an additional yield of malignant cells than CS method. CB method is superior to CS method.

The study was conducted to analyze the effect of self-care intervention on perceived stress of health care providers of elderly with Dementia during the COVID19 pandemic. The objective is find out the outcome of the Self-care intervention on perceived stress of health care providers in long term care facilities. 50 Health care providers of elderly with Dementia are chosen based on purposive sampling. Male and female formal health care providers aged about 20-35yrs who can comprehend Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam and English with an experience of at least 1 month. On an average the perceived stress was higher in the participants prior to the intervention. The study has shown the inevitable benefits of self-care program in modifying aspects of training for the health care workers by identifying perceived stress in maintaining a greater personnel strength and their health promotion. It is concluded that Self-care program aids in subsiding the levels of perceived stress even in situations demanding high levels of occupational dedication in health care workers.

Polymer modification of bitumen to decrease bitumen pavement susceptibility to high and low temperatures, allowing reduction in common failure mechanisms as rutting and cracking has been in existence since decade. The objectives was to study the mechanical and rheological properties of properties of extracted base bitumen from Agbabu and Loda and bitumen–polymer (polyethylene) blend from the two sources and helped to understand possible conversion of the non-degradable waste into useful product. 200grams of sheared waste polyethylene sachet were mixed in ratio 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 to extracted bitumen sample from both Agbabu and loda using mechanical mixer Heidolph model RZR 2020. These were heated in a thermosetting oven at 3000C for two hours for good modification. The results obtained indicated that Agbabu bitumen had good yield (79.90±0.01) when compared with Loda (46.50±0.01) after extraction. Other physico-mechanical properties of sheared Polyethylene Modified Bitumen (SPMB) indicated that bitumen base from Agbabu is efficient and economical for road pavement. The results obtained from SPMB from Agbabu and Loda were; Penetration at 250C increased from ratio 10:90 to 40:60 in both samples (47.50±0.20 -57.35 ±0.10) and (46.20±0.20 -52.15 ±0.20) before retreating. Marshall Stability (kg) at 600C also increased with increase in sheared polyethylene modified bitumen from10% to 40% increase in both modifications and diminished in 50% increase. Generally the values obtained for the physico-mechanical properties increased with increase in modifiers from 10% to 40% modification in the two samples, but good performance was noted in Agbabu modification than Loda for sheared polyethylene bitumen. The rheological properties from different proportions of modification at temperature ranges from 450C to 650C indicated that SPMB at 40% modification is encouraged for better performance because these blends will exhibit greater stiffness at higher temperature and high flexibility at low temperatures.

Early blight is the most common and devastating disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Jones and Grout. In vitro experiments were conducted during 2017-2018 to search appropriate growth medium of A. solani, as well as suitable fungi toxicant through quick screening methods. Seven different growth medium were used to culture the fungus in laboratory. Mycelial growth was very fast in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) followed by Richards’s Agar (RA) medium. Intermediate growth habit was recorded in Sabouraud’s Agar (SA), Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA) and Potato Carrot Extract Agar (PCEA). The growth was very slow in Oat Meal Agar (OMA) and Malt Extract Agar (MES) at 72 hours of incubation. On bioefficacy evaluation, Infield Ayur showed very negligible effect to restrict mycelial growth and conidia formation, whereas Indofil M-45 (mancozeb) was more efficacious followed by Indofil Z-78 (zineb), Merger (tricyclazole + mancozeb) and Ishaan (chlorothalonil). Selection of most suitable culture media is essential for efficient growth of the fungus and its detail study. Quick and simple method to select effective fungicides within 48-72 hours is very much helpful for developing suitable disease management strategy.

Pigmented skin lesions refer to lesions that are black, brown or blue in color. These lesions include both melanocytic and non-melanocytic lesions. A number of pigmented lesions are difficult to classify because of wide spectrum of histological appearances and raise the possibility of melanoma. With this study we intended to evaluate the spectrum of pigmented skin lesions and to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the histological diagnosis. In this retrospective study, 75 cases of pigmented skin lesions were reviewed on hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin embedded tissue sections from June 2017- May 2020 in the Department of Pathology at a Tertiary Care Hospital and analyzed according to age, gender, site of occurrence and histological types. Out of the 75cases evaluated there were 23 melanocytic lesions and 52 non- melanocytic lesions. Overall, benign melanocytic nevi (13 cases) were commonest lesions followed by seborrheic keratosis (11 cases). The lesions presented from 1st -9th decade with slight female predominance. The most common site involved was head and neck. Clinicohistopathological correlation showed positive correlation in 55(73.3%) cases and negative correlation in 20 cases (26.6%). Pigmented skin lesions are common presenting problem, while majority are benign a small minority can be malignant. A histological interpretation by pathologist is essential to correctly diagnose these lesions in order not to miss a small percentage of malignant tumors and to differentiate melanocytic lesions from its nonmelanocytic mimickers.

Rapid urbanization demands the expansion of infrastructures. The land is a prerequisite to expand those facilities and services; however, urban lands are underutilized, fragmented into smaller pieces, and higher in price. This makes land acquisition lengthy, costly, and ignites social and political issues. Since land acquisition for infra projects demand higher upfront project cost that increases project cost, so this research examines the effectiveness of the innovative method to supply urban land for housing and other infrastructure without land acquisition. This study illustrates the concept of land readjustment with the case study from Nepal, which is implemented in partnership with a private partner (landowners). The study also examines some challenges in project implementation and provides a recommendation for speedy implementation. The result shows that major beneficiaries are both landowners and the government. The value of land increases for landowners, and the government can value capture since the public goods such as roads, drainage, water supply, parks, and other facilities are provided through landowner’s contribution. The self-financing, innovation and cost-recovery characteristics of land readjustment make it an excellent example of public private partnership (PPP) at a smaller scale for sustainable urban development. The findings from this study are important for experiences sharing in the regional context, and the issues identified draws the attention of further researchers and policymakers.

Objective: To estimate the total antioxidant status (TAS), level of Glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma of bipolar disorder (BD) patients and to compare them with those in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The levels were estimated in 154 bipolar disorder individuals and 154 age and sex matched controls without a family history of BD. All the patients included in the present study belonged to North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Student t test was used for comparison. Results: Mean blood plasma levels of TAS and GSH were significantly lower (p=<0.05) while the level of MDA (p=0.06) was higher in cases compared to controls. Gender wise analysis revealed that TAS and GSH were significantly (p= 0.05) associated with BD in both the sexes. Conclusion: A significant decrease in the level of TAS and GSH and increase of MDA in BD cases suggest the probable role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of BD.

NS1 antigen, known as Non Structural antigen is an important antigenic component of Dengue Virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by bite of Aedes aegyptii mosquito. Hemorrhagic manifestations and shock syndrome are most dreaded complications of Dengue IgM antibody is produced in acute phase and IgG in later phases of Dengue and may remain for very long periods.

A total of 223 pap tests done on women who attended the outpatient ward for follow-up visits after posthystrectomy for malignant and benign indications between the years 2015 to till date in Mamata Medical College, Khammam and Mamata academy of medical sciences, Bachupally Hyderabad. Each woman under investigation had a clinical history, gynecological examination and a sample collected from the vaginal vault by using cytobrush or Ayres’s spatula for preparing the Pap smear in the pathology department to study the vaginal vault cytology. A vaginal biopsy was also taken in possible cases for histopathology. Aims and objectives: Early detection of invasive and pre-invasive lesions in the vaginal vault in post hysterectomy patients by using Pap test as a Primary screening procedure. To determine the use and effectiveness of Pap smears in detecting Recurrent and primary malignant lesions on vaginal vault samples in post-hysterectomy patients.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 90 female Nursing students of a nursing college in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Most of the respondents were from the age category 17-19 years Muslim was 67.8% and monthly family income between the ranges of 10,001-20,000. Most of the respondents, 76.6%, said that nuclear from family type. About 23.3% of respondents said they knew about cancer from family history. Most of the respondents, 46.7%, were from the first year, 35.6% of respondents from the second year, and 17.8% of respondents from the third year. Of all, 75.6% were in Diploma and the rest from Basic B.Sc. The majority of respondents said they knew what Breast Cancer was. These risk factors were asked to the respondents, and 56.7% said from family history, 36.7% respondents said from Advanced Age, 27.8% respondents said from early menarche,34.4% respondents said from late menopause,82.2% respondents said from Non lactating, 47.8% respondents noted from the use of Hormone Replacement therapy and 43.3% respondents said from obesity and less exercise. Regarding Breast cancer detection, about 75.6% of respondents said from Breast Self-examination, 83.3% of respondents said from Clinical Breast Examination, 75.6% of respondents said from Breast USG, and 45.6% respondents said from /Mammography. 72.2% said breast cancer is curable. Regarding the treatment of Breast Cancer, 70% said there should be a combination such as- Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, and Surgery. There are many ways by which nursing students can get information on breast cancer. In this study, it was seen that 61(67.8%) said that they had information about breast cancer from an academic background, 72(80%) said from media, 67(74.4%) noted from family & friends, 65 (72.2%) noted from health personnel. Among all the respondents, 64.4% knew what BSE was, and the same number of respondents also thought it should be performed. But regarding the performance of Breast Self-examination, only 25% out of 58 performed it. It was found from the study that knowledge on BSE is significantly associated with age category, year of Nursing, and course of Nursing (P<0.05). Also, it is seen that age category, year of Nursing, and religion were significantly associated with Breast Self –examination (P<0.05).

The concept of land tenure in Indonesia is basically controlled by the state and then granted to its citizens as stipulated in the Main Agrarian Law (UUPA), but in Yogyakarta, there is a land which is specifically controlled by the sultan, thus there are two different concepts that conflict with one another which often creates legal problems related to the status of the land, these problems are then studied further by the author into research with the following problems and that is what are the weaknesses of the implementation of the current Sultanate land rights registration regulations in Yogyakarta and how is the reconstruction of the Sultanate land registration regulations based on justice values. This study uses a socio-legal research approach with data sources, namely primary data obtained in the field and relevant literature as secondary data. The data analysis used was a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the author's research shows that the weakness of land registration of the Sultanate Land in Yogyakarta is that its regulation has collided with several other regulations issued both at the central and regional levels. To overcome this, it is necessary to Reconstruct the land registration of the Sultanate for legal protection based on the value of justice is to strengthen the position of the Sultanate which is royal in nature with the government to protect the rights of local communities who control and occupy the land and buildings of the Sultanate in the Yogyakarta Special Region to increase economic growth and the welfare of the local community based on human values and justice, and legal reconstruction of Article 1 paragraph (4) of Law no. 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of Yogyakarta which in its implementation still respects and strengthens property rights owned by the Sultanate of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.

The Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation (PTDC) recently added a revised website. The Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation (PTDC) recently added a revised website. This aims to enhance Pakistan’s tourism assets from north to south and recognize the country’s capabilities. There is a huge population in Pakistan and the middle class are willing to fly, but it is not easy to travel to foreign destinations. Pakistan's population is approximately 212 million. With a growth rate of up to 2.1 percent, about 38 percent of the population is estimated to account for the growth of the middle class. These social, cultural, historical and natural assets should be recognised to be the real goods the government intends to sell. No further action, let alone the deprivation of the crime of providing this legacy to future generations of Pakistanis, would be taken if they are lost.

Most cities under traditional operation mode, which does not use modern communication technologies, are facing urban issues such as energy crisis. To ensure the quality of living in cities, many governments and organizations are coming with different innovative ideas. Recently, the concept of a sustainable smart city has been introduced. Studies have indicated that facility management is the key to achieving sustainability; however, it is challenging to integrate heterogeneous data. The traditional computing tools are inefficient to process big data, and the operating platform for facility management is mostly two dimensional. This research introduces the framework based on GIS-BIM-AI to solve those problems. The framework is applied to energy demand management in the small part of the real city, its prototype is developed, and performance is evaluated where the most important achievement is the development of a smart city operating platform that has single 3D data repository, efficient AI-based urban analytics tools, and powerful 3D visualization with a control centre to visualize, operate and manage facilities. All these features improve the quality of services and citizen’s satisfaction, saves resources, time and cost, enhances transparency,and promote public participation in decision making, which are the core principles for sustainability.

Buildings are the largest consumer of energy and a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This incurs a large sum of money to society. It is evident that incorporating green features in buildings can substantially save energy and water consumption, and reduces GHG emissions; however, it is perceived to be costly both by public and private sectors. Often, the investment decisions are made considering the initial cost of the project. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the costs and potential benefits of green buildings over the life cycle of the project using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), which performs an economic assessment in project appraisal that helps investors and policymakers in better decision making. The study involves a case study of a public office building from Nepal, which is located at Dumre- Bhansar New Town. The existing building is retrofitted with green components such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting for energy efficiency and water efficiency. The results show that investing in green buildings reduce the life cycle cost of the project, and therefore generates value for money in public investment in the long run. A policy recommendation on subsidy helps in scaling the project to private sectors especially residential buildings. The most important contribution of this study lies in identifying the costs and benefits of green building and introducing the concept of life cycle cost using CBA, which increases awareness and removes barriers in implementing green technologies. This paper also acts as an introductory guideline for project appraisal and formulating policies for the Government of Nepal.