Background: Coinage notes and moneys are widely exchanged between various communities for trade, which may serve as a carrier of microbes and lead to transmission of infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to isolate microbial contamination of Sudan currency notes and coins that life threatening condition of Sudanese people. Methods: One hundred samples (48 currency notes and 52 coins) were collected from various place of society namely, bus conductor, cafeteria, vegetable seller and pharmacies to reveal the bacteria profile of circulating coins and currency notes. Results: Out of the total number of all isolates from all the coins and currency put together was 169, of which the pathogenic isolate count 62(36%) organism Staphylococcus aureus 28(17%), Klebsiella pneumonia 14(8%), Enterobacter species 9(5%), Enterococcus faecalis 6(4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(2%), Escherichia coli 2(1%). While the remnant which consider as Normal flora was form 107 (64%) organism Bacillus species 33 (20%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 24(14%), Micrococcus Species 1(1%) and fungi was present 49(29%) of all isolates. The result of sensitivity test toward the pathogenic isolates showed that overall isolates Exhibited high resistance to vancomycin and Penicillin, while absent or little resistance was against antibiotics like, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The study suggested that Sudanese paper currency and coins are highly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and this contamination may play a significant role in transmission of infectious diseases. Hence, great care must be taken while handling money during the preparation and handling of food to avoid cross contamination.

Myoepithelioma is a rare benign tumor of the salivary glands. We report an observation of an accessory salivary gland myoepithelioma discovered incidentally in a 36-year-old man. The clinical aspect of the lesion suggests the diagnosis of a benign tumor. Microscopic and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the myoepithelial nature of the tumor. The diagnosis of this neoplasm remains controversial, however, due to the variable clinical and histological aspects. The prognosis is good Treatment is surgical.

This study builds on the interpersonal meaning strand of the Systemic Functional Linguistics to highlight the suasive power of human language. In itemizing Lamang’s electioneering campaign speech via such toolkits as mood, modality and personal pronouns, this paper employs a qualitative technique. It finds that the avalanche of mood types used by Lamang is made up of declarative clauses, which are echoed to convey information and convince the audience with positive facts. As to modal verbal operators, they are used to evince the speaker’s adamant determination, and his unflinching commitment to move the whole country forward out of the dark ages and also build up his authority and selfishness. The prominent application of personal pronouns namely: “we” and “you” – “we” patterns, is meant to create an intimate dialogic style which can shorten the distance between the speaker and the audience, weaken the power and maintain a reliant and equal relationship between them. This greatly helps to persuade the addressees. Overall, this paper attempts to set into the fore the orator’s communicative alertness as he to shifts from braggardism or boastfulness to opportunistic humility depending on the context.

This cross-sectional study was performed among 150 senior staff nurses of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College during from September to December 2019 to assess the knowledge of nurses about hypertension. The maximum age of the respondents was 51 years and the minimum age was 25 years. The maximum respondents 77 (51.33%) were in 35-45 age group. The prevalence of hypertension among the relatives of senior staff nurses was about 33%. Of them 12% told that there was a history of hypertension among their mothers, 7.3% told the history of hypertension among their fathers, Sisters 3.3%, Brothers 2.7% and uncles. The mean age of the respondents was 37.39 ±5.24years. The educational qualification revealed that the majority had SSC (74.7%). and HSC, Degree and masters were 17.3%, 7.3% and .7% respectively. The professional qualifications of the respondents found that 131(87%) were Diploma in nursing and Diploma in midwifery, 10.7% were BSC nursing and only 2% were MPH holders. The majority 98.7%were responded hypertension was genetic, only 1.3% told hypertension was not genetic. The majority (81.3%) of the respondents told that it was a disease in blood vessel, 14.7% told it was a heart disease and only 3.3% told that it was a Brain disease. Knowledge on types of hypertension, 93.33% (n-150) told Primary &Secondary hypertension, only 6.66% told all three types of hypertension. 99.3% had knowledge about essential hypertension while only .7 had no knowledge about essential hypertension. Majority (49.33%) of the respondents told Genetic, smoking, Diabetes, Smoking, Kidney disease, overweight, High intake of fat containing diet, physical inactivity, anxieties, excess salt intake, Drug addiction were the causes of hypertension. 48.66% told Genetic, smoking, Diabetes were the causes of Secondary HTN, 23.33% anxieties, excess salt intake, Drug addiction. Problems of uncontrolled hypertension were showed that majority 93.3 % of the respondents told headache, neck pain, vertigo, nausea, restlessness, chest compression were the problems caused by uncontrolled hypertension. 98.0% told Genetic, smoking, Diabetes, anxieties, excess salt intake and overweight were the personal factors caused by HTN. Knowledge about the grade of hypertension was found that 95.33% told grade-1 and grade-2 hypertension and only 4.66% had known all three types of hypertension. Results showed that 99.3% (n=149) had told exercise, control body weight, change food habit, medication and stop smoking were the control measures of HTN. 65.3% told containing diet, control HTN. Related diseases avoid anxieties, increase intake of vegetables and fruits were the preventive measures of HTN. The insignificant association was found between age of the respondents and knowledge about preventive measures of hypertension. (p value> .05).

Introduction: Pregnancy is characterized by significant metabolic and hemodynamic changes that begin early in the gestational period. Major hemodynamic changes include an increase in the cardiac output during the first trimester, sodium and water retention leading to plasma volume expansion with a peak around week 30, and reductions in the systemic vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure. Material and Methods: This is prospective and observational study conducted at Department of Biochemistry in association of Department of General Medicine. In this study investigation was done to determine the contribution of different biochemical parameters of females suffering from preeclampsia and Eclampsia. Results: Serum iron level in case group 18.43 ± 8.49 μmol/L and control group 15.92 ± 8.23. Moreover, Serum Zinc level 8.4 ± 1.9 μmol/L and control group 9.3 ± 1.2 μmol/L. Furthermore, Serum Copper level 17.3 ± 5.3 μmol/L and control group 9.6 ± 1.9 μmol/L. Oxidative marker between Case and control group was statistically significantly difference. MDA in case group was 3.18 ± 0.43 nM/mL and Control 1.63 ± 0.32 nM/mL. Antioxidant marker between Case and control group was statistically significantly difference. In case group Glutathione peroxidase 9.53 ± 2.46 μmol/ml and control group 11.68 ± 3.63 μmol/ml. Conclusion: The results obtained support our initial hypothesis that common differences between all pregnant women and controls could be revealed, while preeclampsia and the other pregnancies would further differ indicating specific misbalance of the oxidative stress in preeclampsia.

Performance assessment requires the demands of accountability, implementation of the control functions and development needs of local government organizations in the handling and prevention of floods in the region. The method used in this research is qualitative method. Data collection techniques are carried out using participatory observations, interviews and documentation studies. Data analysis is done with descriptive techniques through three flow of activities that are one unity, namely: data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed the performance assessment of the Gunung Mas District Disaster Management Agency on the prevention and preparedness of flood disasters from the aspect of understanding the auth and aspects of work accuracy tends to be many activities in the field of disaster prevention and preparedness carried out and aspects of innovation, work speed and cooperation are still minimal socialization of disaster-aware culture through simulation in the field and the lack of innovation in the field of disaster prevention and preparedness.

In the developing countries, diabetes has become one of the most indicating public health challenges. It imposes a big economic impact on the society. The Bangladeshi people hardly understand the risk factors that causes diabetes. This study mainly aims to explore the potential risk factors behind this disease through some popular statistical analysis approaches. In this regard, a field survey was conducted on the diabetes patients in Dhaka city. The analysis involves binary logistic regression, negative binomial regression, and multinomial logistic regression model according to the nature of the data. The variables family history, height, weight, gender, age, food with high cholesterol, no exercise, taking alcohol/cigarettes, hypertension, and eye problem are found significant in this study. In addition, the count data related to the number of time(s) a patient checks blood glucose level is also analyzed and interpreted. From the overall findings, the study suggests to become extra careful of the disease who have already diabetes patient(s) in the family. Increased height and losing weight have good advantages to reduce the risk of diabetes. Avoiding high cholesterol food and cigarettes/alcohol is a wise decision in this regard. The lower risk of diabetes depends on regular exercising and controlling hypertension. The adults and the obese people are more serious of checking their blood glucose level. Educated persons are also careful of this matter. Since most of the risk factors for diabetes are preventable, efforts should be taken by the Government to better understand of these factors to the public.

We report a case of evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma complicated by the occurrence of an epidural hematoma; we discuss the mechanisms that lead to such complication. Eighty-year-old patient admitted in emergency that underwent surgery to evacuate a chronic subdural hematoma. After the evacuation, an epidural hematoma complication was noticed. Several mechanisms have been described by many authors to explain the occurrence of epidural hematomas. The rapid evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma may be the cause or burr hole that is not performed in the parietal bone can it is mandatory to follow some measures to minimize the risk of developing an epidural hematoma that results in the evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma.

Background: In a society to improve medical facilities, one of the crucial parts is the availability of safe and good quality blood. The occurrence of adverse events during blood donation affects donor return. Aims and Objectives: To analyse the frequency and significance of adverse events during blood donation. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted for a period of one and a half years from 1st January 2018 to 30th June 2019 on 11,170 allogenic blood donors including both voluntary and replacement donors. The type and frequency of adverse events were recorded during blood donation. Results: 116 adverse events were recorded resulting in 1% adverse event rate, among which majority had vasovagal reaction 89 (76.7%), followed by hematoma formation 15 (12.9%), nerve injury 11 (9.5%) and rebleeding at the site of prick 1 (0.9%). Significant relation with female sex, younger age, low weight, donating in camps and first-time donors was noted. Conclusion: In existing scenario of shortage of blood in India, new and existing donors should be motivated to donate blood regularly by bringing down the events of adverse reactions during blood donation.

Development of biodegradable metal implants is a complex problem because it combines engineering and medical requirements for a material. This paper discusses the development of magnesium powder using Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) techniques that can help in the design of biodegradable metallic implants. One of the most important factors in the process of biodegradable implants is to study the powder characterization, mixing behaviour and rheological properties of the powder/binder mixture, which should be monitored and controlled to address the medical concern of biocompatibility. Particle size analysis, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), thermogavimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were performed in order to determine the characteristics of magnesium powder and binder components. The feedstock were prepared using powder loading of 0.61, 0.63, 0.65 and 0.67 with binder formulations of 50% PW-30% PP-10% SA-10%. The flow properties were measured using a capillary rheometer in the shear rate range expected to occur during metal injection molding.

Oral lichen planus is a chronic autoimmune mucocutaneous disorder affecting skin and mucosa of various parts of the body which is of an unspecific cause purpose of this study is to assess the role of vitamin D, which is now considered to be a causative factor in the development of the disease. The assessment is done through analysing various studies that were done and proven the association of vitamin D and lichen planus. In this review study, articles were collected from google scholar, pubmed, scopus and science direct. Out of data screening, 13 articles were found to be eligible for including in our study. According to our study vitamin D is found to be a risk factor in oral lichen planus.

Background: Cardiac functioning and assessment in patients with established CAD can be done through performing Echocardiography and calculating the Ejection Fraction, which is an important and vital tool in clinical practice and related to prognosis. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) can predict future clinical outcome and assist in risk stratification. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between lower EF with clinical and biochemical markers, and to determine the predictors of left ventricular EF in patients with established CAD whose younger than 35 years’ age. Patients and Methods: This study was enrolled in Surgical Specialty Hospital- Cardiac Center / Erbil-Iraq among 100 consecutive patients (77 males and 23 females) between November 2016 to December 2017 of those whose age was ≤ 35 years old. Results: The mean age was 31.6 ± 2.91 years with an Age range of 24-35 years. 22.9% of those with Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction (AWMI) and 22.7% of those with Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction (IWMI) had left ventricular Ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 44% (P = 0.0001). 33.3% of Patients with STEMI on presentation, later had LVEF of ≤ 44% (P = 0.0001). Lower LVEF (≤44%) was observed more in male gender and smoker patients with established CAD (P <0.05). 29% of those with 10-fold S. Troponin level elevation on presentation, had LVEF ≤44% and 45.2% of them had LVEF of between 45%-54% (P =0.001). 37.5% of those with Very High LDL levels had EF ≤44% (P = 0.02). After performing Coronary Angiography, 68.8% of those with poor functioning of heart (LVEF ≤ 44%) had LAD lesion. (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that there was evidence of a strong relationship (Inversely Proportional) between Poor EF with high LDL and Markedly Elevated Serum Troponin of more than 10 folds, young Patients with AWMI and IWMI had Poor functioning of the heart. (LVEF of ≤44).

‘Endodontics’ is the branch of dentistry that deals with the tissues around the pulp and roots of a tooth. The treatment of the soft pulp tissue inside the tooth are included in the Endodontic treatment commonly called as the root canal treatment. The exposure of the pulp caused due to caries or dental trauma may result in bacterial colonization in the pulp tissue resulting in Endodontic infection. The dental procedures like the endodontic treatment (root canal treatment), tooth extraction, root scaling, bilateral tonsillectomy and periodontal surgery may cause Bacteremia and is well documented in the literature. The Bacteremia can cause many fatal problems like Heart valve deformity, Endothelial cell damage to valve, Platelet aggregation on valve, Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), Bacterial adherence to NBTE, Bacterial colonization of valve NBTE, Bacterial endocarditis. The main aim of this research was to review the literature related to the relationship between the systemic diseases and endodontics. The principal investigator of this research conducted a systemic comprehensive literature review independently using Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed Central, Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane web databases. The 16 articles that followed all the required criteria were selected, studied and evaluated. In the current study, the literature related to the association of chronic systemic disease and endodontic diseases were studied. With this we can conclude that a probable co-relation occurs between the chronic systemic diseases and the endodontic diseases.

The third molars are the toughest, far-most and wide when compared to the other teeth and helps in grinding of food inside the oral cavity of the individual he most commonly impacted teeth in the human dentition is the third molars. Due to the impaction of the third molars, the oral and maxillofacial surgeons often extract the third molars by a surgical procedure. A planned surgical procedure is to be followed by the surgeons to minimize any complications related to the third molar extraction. The primary goal of this research was to review the literature related to complications after the third molar surgery. Data was extracted from the online databases like Medline and Pub Med Central, and tabulated using the pre-designed data extraction forms. Commonly the extractions are done by the general dentists using the forceps and elevator. In case of the tooth that is near a major nerve, with large or curved roots, in fusion with the jawbone or if it’s nearby a crown or fillings the Dento alveolar surgery is recommended. These complications can affect the quality of life of the patient. In present time the knowledge and awareness about oral health and its impact on the quality of life is understood and maintained. The patient should be made aware about all the possible complications before the surgery.

Catharanthus roseus is an important evergreen medicinal herb of Apocynacea family used mainly for treatment of cancer and diabetics. The plant was 1 m in height and commercially grown widely in India, Australia, Africa and Southern Europe. Alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine, flavonoids and phenolic are the main components of plant. The plant exhibits various biological properties such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic and wound healing. In the present study we have tried to collect traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of plant. This study should be used to understand the health promoting properties of this multipurpose plant and it may also provide clues for discovery of new lead compound of pharmaceutical importance.