Tool wear is one of the major factors that contribute to surface quality, productivity and accuracy in machining. It also determines production flow by increasing the number of shutdowns for tools reshaping. Tool wear is related to cutting process parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed and feed rate), the surface nature of the metal (scaly or smooth), the cutting forces and thermal condition at cutting zone. This paper present review of various works on optimizing the tool wear rate during turning operation. Also, it presents techniques used in monitoring the processes and methods of determining the rate of tool wear with their results in an orthogonal machining operation on different type of materials.

Infectious virus diseases have significant impacts on public health and emerge at an unprecedented rate. Compare to all viral diseases, combating COVID-19, that is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was a big challenge to the researchers. Among all the therapeutics, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) occupy a prominent position in declining the COVID-19 mortality rate. With the advent of science and technology, recent clinical studies extended towards the assessment of Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) impact on invading the pathogen and adverse effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies showed that MDT also affects major cellular functions such as fertility, however, the interactions of Anti COVID-19 Therapeutics (ACTs) with the fertility-related biomolecules are not yet clear. In the current study, I show the interaction of ACTs such as Dexamethasone, Remdesivir, and Baricitinib with the Homo sapiens acrosomal protein SP-10 using molecular docking studies. Among all the drug interactions with the SP-10 protein structure, Dexamethasone showed the highest binding affinity -5.9, followed by Remdesivir -5.3 and Baricitinib -5.0 kcal/mol. The interaction between ACTs and human SP-10 might help to unveil the fertility issues that arise in males during COVID-19 disease management.

Specific nanoparticles are designed in order to deliver the different materials. Controlling the size, shape of nanomaterials during nanoparticles synthesis leads to effective synthesis of nanoparticles that can be combatable to electrical system. Iron based nanoparticles are most efficient due to low cost and high adsorbent efficiency as compared to the other nanoparticles through the action of magnetic field with ionic exchange capacity for heavy metals removal. Nanofilters are used for filtering the chemical pollutants found in wastewater. Acid treatment leads to precise synthesis of nanoparticles through the formation of biopolymers that can be disintegrated into smaller components or individual’s molecules. Gold nanoparticles are also much reliable as compared to the other nanoparticles as they are more influenced by the intensity of light. Scanning tunneling microscopy has become technique to provide the electric data about the specific atom or particles by following the princes of scanning under chemical investigation. X-ray spectroscopy is used for the analysis of that analysis usually heavier than oxygen. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) that detect the particular nanoparticles by loos of energy by passing through the samples or specimen.

The environment is the home of man, and anything that affects it affects man. In exploration of crude oil in the Niger delta of Nigeria, there is abundant risk to man and his environment. From inception of crude oil exploration in Niger Delta in 1956 till date the soil, river, animals, fishes, man and the environment has suffered terribly as a result of on form of pollution or another. It has been observed among other things that the release of crude oil and refined petroleum products in terrestrial and aquatic environment results in long term threat to all forms of life. It has also been observed that the presence of crude oil and spent lubricating oil in the soil adversely affects the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. It has also been discovered that crude oil affect the germination, maturity and growth of crops. Crude pollution also destroys aquatic lives and incapacitates flying creatures. Majority of Niger Deltans depend on agriculture, therefore to survive there must be a conservation and remediation techniques. This work discovered that the most effective remediation techniques that can be used in the Niger Delta region include organic treatments and inorganic treatment. The available types of remediation include Physiochemical processes, Thermal processes, and Biological processes, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. The aforementioned remediation techniques will go a long way to improve the environment. However, the best form of oil exploration in Niger delta should be the one with zero pollution tolerance.

One of the approaches towards alleviation of peptic ulcer disease is by use of antiulcer agents. Cost factor has an important role to play in the choice of antiulcer agents in ulcer therapy. Piper guineense, a flora to tropical Africa, is claimed by traditional medicine as a remedy for peptic ulcer. Despite its wide usage in crude form, purified form of Piper guineense are yet to be explored. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of fraction extracts of Piper guineense on ethanol-induced ulcer in wistar rats. This was done by administering orally, 400mg/kg of various fraction extracts to six test groups, 100mg/kg cimetidine to a positive control group and 5ml/kg Tween 80 (3% v/v) to a negative control group. Histological study and effect of the extracts on stomach weight were conducted. Findings revealed that extracts significantly (p<0.05) inhibited gastric ulceration with PF-4 producing 49.02% ulcer inhibition while cimetidine produced 81.93%. Histological study revealed gastroprotection with minor epithelial loss in extract-treated group. The extracts (PF-2, PF-4. EE) respectively produced 23.47%, 27.23% and 33.33% significant (p<0.05) increase in stomach weight of rats. In conclusion, the fraction extracts of Piper guineense possess gastroprotective activities.

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has required the world’s educational sector to rapidly adjust its delivered methods and not to be too dependent on face-to-face interactions. The Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia took advantage of what was already a well-developed common digital platform to extend its use of multimedia remote working. Aim and methods: This integrative review aims to address the effectiveness of multimedia distance education on university students and in particular nurses’ knowledge and skill development. Result: Eighteen articles were included and organized into two themes: what Types of multimedia methods are there in use for skills development and effectiveness of multimedia methods at augmenting practical skills in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Summary: The challenge in the post-pandemic era for Saudi health care education is to conduct a fresh examination of how and what types of e-learning or m-learning can supplement or augment nurses knowledge and practical skills development. However, the principal lesson to be learnt from this review is that the technological development and design of any of the systems has to meaningfully address the learners' needs and not just simply drive learning per se. Key messages: Saudi Arabia’s Universities are well situated to take full advantage of the expansion of e-learning initiatives. Nursing Departments need to explore the use of augmented reality to improve the development of practical knowledge and skill, but what is developed must be driven by the learner’s individual ability and needs.

There are many viruses that cause different infectious diseases in human as well as in vertebrate systems of different animals. Coronaviruses are the most infectious viruses belonging to the family Coronaviridae. The genome of coronaviruses are made up of RNA and size about the ~30 kb that contain the 5′ cap structure along with a 3′ poly (A) tail. These are helpful for translating the different proteins causing infections such as replicase proteins. Different types of immune based responses evoked once the viral attack on the immune cells of the body. Accessory proteins also playing important role as inflammatory responses once viral attack on immune cells and release of different inflammatory genes that are involved in progression of COVID-19. One of such kind of response from interferon’s I and III are cytokines that playing important role against the viral infections. Lopinavir and Ritonavir both inhibiting the viral replication and translation by targeting the viral relapse and other necessary genes involved in viral genome. Dexamethasone, may help manage symptoms in people with COVID-19 by reducing inflammation. Vaccines and different therapeutics medicines are employed to damage the structure of virion and nucleocapsid by underlying the cellular mechanism of COVID-19.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide, with an estimated recorded number of 1.1 million cases and 307,000 deaths which allocates 15% of all new cases of cancer in men. Androgen receptor (AR) expression is maintained throughout prostate cancer progression, and the majority of androgen –independent or hormone refractory prostate cancers express Androgen receptor. HER2/neu, a biological marker named human epidermal growth factor receptor -2[EGFR-2] is also known as c-erb-2 plays a major role in understanding the oncogenesis of prostate adenocarcinoma and has a significant prognosis in the disease. Aim of The Study: To study the histomorphological features and grading of prostatic neoplasms with Gleason’s scoring. To study over the expression of HER2/neu & androgen receptor status in prostate neoplasm. To study the correlation of Gleason’s scoring with AR & HER2/neu expression in prostate cancer. All patients who were diagnosed to have prostatic cancer and PIN and were diagnosed by prostatic biopsy either by prostatectomy, TURP or Trucut procedure were included in the study and were examined for analyzing various histomorphological features and grading of various neoplasms of prostate with correlation to overexpression of immmunohistochemical markers Her2/neu and AR. Conclusion: This study may help the clinician in finding out her2/neu over expressed cases and implementing anti her2/neu therapy along with androgen deprived therapy for longer survival of prostate cancer patients although further studies on larger series of prostate carcinoma is required for new generation of more efficient anti her2 drugs.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health, one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Actually, TB is curable disease if the patients adhere and treatment be effective. This study aims to identify factors related to medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients. This study was a systematic literature review by identifying cross-sectional study, published in 2016-2021, in English and Indonesian, and full-text. The electronic database that used was Google Scholar and Science Direct with the keywords “Factors” “Medication” AND “Adherence” “TB Pulmonary”. The results obtained 10 articles that related to medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients. There were five dimensions of factors: therapeutic factors, health system factors, environmental factors, socioeconomic factors, and family support factors. Health workers need to consider these factors so that medication adherence among pulmonary TB patients will increase.

Introduction: Caesarean section is the most common obstetric intervention in the world. The operating wound it causes can experience an unfavourable development. The objective: of this work was to compare the evolution of operative wounds in caesareans with or without dressing. Patients and methods: This was a randomized, open and controlled trial over a period of 5 months from 1st May to 30 September 2019 at the reference health centre in the commune V of Bamako district. Results: The study involved 294 patients, including 147 for each arm. We recorded 30 cases (10.2%) of infection of the operating site, including 13 (8.84%) among patients with no dressing, versus 17 (11.56%) among those with dressing without significant statistical difference (p = 0.25). The average cost of the dressing was estimated at 24,075 CFA francs (48.15 Dollars) for caesarean sections with a dressing and 3,075 CFA francs (6.15 Dollars) for those without a dressing with a difference of 21,000 FCFA (42 Dollars). In sum: We did not find a statistically significant difference in regard to the evolution of the surgical wound in the two attitudes. However, this results in a certain economic interest if the operating wound is not covered with a dressing.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of total factor productivity and employment level on economic growth of Saudi Arabia. The data used in the analysis is a time series data covering the period 2005-2019, and a semi-log regression model was estimated. The results showed that real GDP growth is fluctuating during the study period depending on oil price level. The total factor productivity in Saudi Arabia lagged behind that of many emerging economies. The model results revealed that the total factor productivity is more important for economic growth than increasing the size of the labor force. The paper recommends policymakers seeking to foster economic growth in Saudi Arabia, to put more emphasis on improving productivity of capital inputs and labor through adoption of proper technologies, training, and research and development.

The sailing approval letter is regulated explicitly in Law No. 17 of 2008. Even though there have been regulations governing sailing approval letters, sea transportation accidents are often encountered due to negligence in giving shipping permits. Indeed, the problem of safety, security, and overall shipping activities is the port's responsibility. Therefore, the problem with this research is regarding the legal arrangement for the qualification and competence of the harbormaster in issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety: A Study at the Port of Batam. Then, regarding the implementation of the qualification and competence of the harbormaster when issuing sailing approval letters so that sailing safety is guaranteed. Then, the inhibiting factors or obstacles and solutions to overcome the issue of the qualification and competence of the harbormaster in issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety. The purpose of this research is to explore the legislative framework for harbormaster qualification and competency in issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety. Second, to explore the legal analysis of harbormasters' qualifications and competencies for issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety. Third, to identify impediments or obstacles and strategies to resolve them, the harbor master's qualification and competence in issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety. The descriptive technique combined with normative legal research is used to collect primary data through field research. The findings indicated that although the legal regulations for the qualification and competence of the port authorities in issuing sailing approval letters for sailing safety (A Study at Batam Port) have been implemented successfully in principle, numerous obstacles remain in the field, most notably human resource issues. As a result, it is essential to strengthen human resources via training and education.

Data interoperability of electronic medical records in dentistry in the present time is essential for ease and accuracy of health services. However, it also has the potential to cause ethical and legal problems in Indonesia if it is carried out without regard to the country’s laws and regulations. This issue encourages the author to conduct a further research on the legality and the concept of data interoperability of electronic medical records in dentistry in Indonesia. Where to be able to analyze the subject matter well, the authors in conducting research adheres to the paradigm of post-Positivism Paradigm, using Normative-Juridical Research Method where the Research data consist of primary data sources from related Laws and secondary data sources from related literature and analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that the data interoperability of electronic medical records in dentistry is legally valid if it meets the requirements contained in Law Number 11 of 2008 and the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 269 of 2008. The requirement as mentioned are: patients give their consent, guaranteed data privacy security, and original documents of electronic medical records must be kept in the health facility where only medical resumes (medical data) can be exchanged.

Staphylococus aureus is a major agent of bacteremia in children in African where malaria is endemic and always presented with the same symptoms. The main objective of this study is to determine the co-infection of malaria and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children less than 5 years using standard procedures from a major secondary health center in Ilorin, Kwara State and determine antibiotics susceptibility of S. aureus. A total number of 235samples blood from febrile children suspected of having bacteremia were screened, 138 of the children were females and 97 were males. A total of 39 (16.6%) with positive blood culture was recorded in this study and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) detected is 20.5%. Age distribution of bacteremia were 14.3, 17.4, 27.3, 13.5 and 14.3 % for children in the age group ≤1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 years respectively while SAB distribution were 24.4, 12.5, 22.2, and 66.6 for children in the age group 1 month-1, 1-2, and 4-5 years above respectively. Also, a total number of 148 (63%) have a positive malaria parasite test, co-infection of malaria and bacteremia detected in 18 children with 6 (33.3%) having SAB and malaria co-infection. Age distribution of co-infection of malaria and SAB were 33.3, 50, and 25% with no co-infection recorded in age group 3-5years. A total of 2 (25%) methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity profile shows that 62.5% of S. aureus were resistance to cefuroxime, 80% to cefepime and 100% sensitivity to augmentin, linezolid, teicoplanin, ofloxacin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Age is an important risk for development of SAB and prompt treatment with a suitable antibiotics is required to reduce mortality associated with bacteremia.

Background: Prevalence of anxiety and other mental disorders have increased in medical health care workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Aim: To assess the anxiety among health care professionals during sampling for COVID-19 and its assessment via RT-PCR technique. Material and methods: A questionnaire based online survey was carried out on 134 health care workers including Dentists, Doctors and Nursing officers. The Questionnaire had demographic details and a set of 11 questions that analyzed the anxiety during various phases of sampling. Results: Out of 134 participants, 61.9% were males and 38.1% were females. The mean age of the participants was¬¬¬¬ 25.34 years. The anxiety among the health care professionals while undergoing sampling for covid-19 via. RT-PCR technique was found to be high. Conclusion: The anxiety among the health care professionals undergoing sampling for Covid-19 with RT-PCR technique was high considering the invasiveness of the nasal, the fear of getting a positive result for COVID and fear of acquiring infection from personnel/patients in the waiting hall. Post vaccination trials can possibly help in evaluating the change in anxiety among the various Health Care Workers (HCW’S) on receiving the COVID report.