The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were used. The bioactive compounds Extracted from M. oleifera leaves by using many solvents, ethanol, ethyl acetate, water and methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of M. oleifera leaves were carried out using standard procedures to identify the constituents of bioactive compounds (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins and Phenols). The methanol crude leaves extract were used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration on E.coli and Klebsiella by using the method of Greenwood as well as the inhibitory zone. Results; this study shown that the extract is active against bacterial isolates, whereas the inhibitory effect of the isolate is dose depending, where higher activity was clear by dose 200 mg/L. Also, the sensitivity of the bacterial isolate to the extract differs whereas Klebsiella is more sensitive to the extract with average zone 3.73 mm while E. coli less sensitive by average zone of inhibition 3.47 mm at a maximum concentration 200mg/Lin comparison with a control.

Environmental conditions include chloride penetration (eg de-icing salt or seawater) and carbonization of concrete. This protective effect may fail, but the provisional quantification of this process to assess the service life of reinforced concrete structures is an important task both in the planning stages of new buildings and in the context of renovation of existing buildings. The application of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch extruded viscous gummy paste (exudate/resin) obtained from the tree was studied in the research exudate/resin. Its utility as an inhibitive material in the curbing of corrosion effect on reinforcing steel built within the coastal region of high salinity. Extracted exudate/rein was coated to reinforcing steel and embedded into the concrete slab, exposed to corrosive media with a high concentration of salt. The experimental data of corrosion potential Ecorr, mV and concrete resistivity, kΩcm of maximum percentile value calculated from the concrete resistivity of the controlled sample concrete is 134.14% compared to the corroded and coated value of -31.11% and 88.07% and the maximum value of the percentile differential from the control is 49.97% compared to the corroded and coated value of 15.72% and 42.9%. The results of the controlled and coated concrete resistivity samples obtained of the maximum average values are 15.05kΩcm and 12.09kΩcm with a description of the value 10 <𝜌 <20 (low) compared to the corrosion value of 8.15kΩcm with Specifications 5 <𝜌 <10 ( high) and with a reference range of dependence between concrete resistivity and corrosion probability significant corrosion probability (𝜌 < 5, 5 < 𝜌 < 10, 10 < 𝜌 < 20, 𝜌 > 20) for very high, high, low to medium and low, for possible corrosion. The maximum calculated controlled percentile value was -66.02% compared to the corroded and coated values 171.66% and -62.28% and the controlled potential differential value was 1.7%, corroded 6.56% and coateded 0.91%. The maximum half-cell potential yields of controlled and coated samples were -107.1mV and -121.98 mV, which showed the relationship between corrosion potential and probability as a 𝐸corr > −200mV as a reference range. The results of this corrosion potential Ecorr, mV result show that the controlled sample values and exudates/resin coated are low with a 90% probability that no corrosion of the reinforcement is observed at the time of measurement (10% corrosion risk, 10% or shows an uncertain corrosion probability for samples that uncoated, the maximum calculated value is -328.22mV, the result is within the reference value of the dependence between the corrosion potential and probability of the value −350mV ≤ 𝐸corr ≤ −200mV indicates a high range of values, which is a corrosion probability of 10% or uncertain of the reference range (controlled) shows that the corrosion samples show corrosion as a result of accelerated corrosion induced as compared to the coated samples which show no corrosion. The maximum percentile calculated from the ultimate tensile strength is controlled by 2.99% in terms of corrosion and coating values are - 2.97% and 3 0.01% respectively and the potential differential value of 0.14% is controlled, 0.12% is corroded and 0.09% is coated. The calculated maximum percentile of the controlled yield strength is 9.08% relative to corrosion and coated values are -7.83% and 8.61% and the possible differential values are 1.42% controlled, 0.09% corroded and 4.29% coated. The maximum percentile value calculated to compare the strain ratio was checked at -7.21% against corroded 5.36% and coated -7.23%, and the maximum differential was checked for 0.08%, corroded 0.2% and coated 0.1%. The comparative results show that the low load carrying capacity is caused by the effect of corrosion attack on the uncoated (corroded) elements, which damage the reinforcing steel fibers, ribs and passive formation and surface modification. The observed mean values for the coated samples were associated with the corrosion resistivity potential to penetrate the reinforcing steel with the formation of a protective membrane; This attribute indicates the effectiveness of the exudate / resin as an inhibitor against corrosive effects of reinforced concrete structures exposed to heavy marine areas with high salt content. The maximum calculated percentile diameter of the reinforcement after corrosion was controlled 0.368% versus corroded - 0.903% and coated 0.796%, with a different percentile of corroded 0.011% versus 0.007% coated. For comparative, the results of the corroded samples showed a reduction and reduction value compared to the diameter of the reinforcement before and after the induction accelerated corrosion test with a percentile decrease in value from 0.368% to -0.903% and an average value in the range from 11.98mm to 11.94mm. The cross-sectional area differential in mean values and relative percentiles between coated and corroded samples ranged from 39.02% to -28.07%. ......

There is a lot of disagreement surrounding the management of femoral fractures in the elderly. Currently, the alternatives accessible to an orthopedic surgeon include cannulated cancellous screw fixation, unipolar hemiarthroplasty, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and complete hip arthroplasty for treating such fractures in the elderly. Bipolar hemiarthroplasty is one of the most popular treatments for Garden type II & III femoral neck fractures in the elderly in developing countries. This study was carried out to assess the functional results of cemented versus uncemented femoral neck fracture hemiarthroplasty. Compare the practical results of cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty in the future. Materials and Methods: Multicentered non-randomized quasi-experimental prospective study has been conducted in Islami Bank Medical College in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, and tertiary-level hospitals. From July 2016 until July 2018. Cemented bipolar femoral prostheses were used to treat 269 patients with 274 displaced femoral neck fractures. Results: At the end of the three-year post-surgery period, all data was collected in an ACCESS (Microsoft Co) database and exported for analysis into SPSS-14 vs. (SPSS, Inc.) All patients were aged 50-85 years. Males and females averaged 62.09 years, and women 69.42 years. 48 percent of patients had radiological sub-capital fractures, whereas 52 percent had transcervical. In 68% of instances, the manner of injury was minor. The complications noted were surface surgery site infection (1%), moderate side-hip discomfort (15%), L.L.D. < 1.25%, and postoperative dislocation in another patient within 3 months. There were outstanding outcomes of 64%, decent results of 28%, and fair results of 8%. There have been no abnormal findings in our investigation. Anesthesiologists' grade, operating time, anesthetic duration, use of peri-operative b-blockers, blood loss estimations, and intraoperative fracture ratios are all examples of preoperative or intraoperative characteristics. Hemoglobin level, transfusion rate, discharge, and acute complication rate did not change post-operatively. There were no clinically or statistically significant changes with 30-day, 60-day, and 1-year follow-up in mortality, disposal, ambulatory relief needs, older resources, and daily living service activities subscales. Conclusions: Cemented and uncemented femoral components are also used and linked with equivalent working results for 1 year when no pathologic femoral neck fractures are treated. Practitioners can use these similarly good results to inform their clinical selection.

The Ugamo Malim is one of the religious minorities in Indonesia. Although most Batak people today are adherents of Christianity and Islam, certain Batak people sought to maintain their own religious beliefs and practices. However, most Batak people have abandoned it and converted to the imported religions such as Christian and Islam. Accordingly, Ugamo Malim rejected the western notion of God; they prefer the term "spirits" or "divinities" (Mula Jadi Nabolon). Due to the Indonesian state legal definition and category of religion, Ugamo Malim loses the opportunity to gain legal status, identity, and recognition, including their employment opportunities in public offices. For example, the No. 1 PNPS 1965 on Blasphemy Law includes the Ugamo Malim as an unofficial religious group, except Islam, Christianity, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Although Indonesia's legal framework guarantees freedom of religion and belief, however, these fundamental rights do not guarantee the right of Ugamo Malim. Therefore, many minority groups, like Ugamo Malim, suffered from various forms of discrimination by the State of Indonesia. The study would help the Indonesian government to have a better comprehension regarding the framework they can introduce which would help in protecting the identity of the Ugamo Malim Minority religion.

Drug-induced Galactorrhea associated with Hyperprolactinemia has been rarely reported with agents such as antidopaminergic, antiemetics, antidepressants etc. Galactorrhea related with Hyperprolactinemia is an unwanted consequence of the treatment in which there is an increased serum prolactin levels usually associated with an abnormal whitish fluid like secretion from the breast. We report a case of expressible Galactorrhea at multiple occasions in a 44-year-old female patient with Fibromyalgia and Vascular headache related to Fluoxetine, Amitriptyline, Flunarizine, Domperidone used at different intervals of treatment. This report highlights the mechanism of these drugs which induces galactorrhea and subsequent reduction in the side effect when the active drugs are withdrawn.

Bortezomib is an anticancer agent used for multiple myeloma in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Pneumonitis and pulmonary toxicity associated with bortezomib application has been reported in a series of cases associated with multiple myeloma. A 59-year-old male patient received 16 weeks of CyBorD regimen followed by first phase of RVD regimen and bortezomib biweekly resulted in partial remission. During the second phase of RVD regimen developed cough and whitish sputum. On high resolution computed tomography showed opacities on the lungs and diagnosed as bortezomib induced interstetial lung disease. He responded to the cortecosteroid therapy and respiratory symptoms subsided. This is a clinically proven bortezomib induced interstetial lung disease on retreatment with bortezomib for a patient with relapsed multiple myeloma.

This study examined the relationship between job security and organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study adopted a cross-sectional research survey design. Primary source was generated through self- administered questionnaire. The population of the study was 202 employees of 21 Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt. The sample size of 134 was determined using the Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70 to be selected. Data generated was analyzed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Statistics. The finding revealed that there is a significant relationship between job security and organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study thus concludes that job security significantly influences organizational citizenship behaviour in Deposit Money Banks in Rivers State. The study recommends that Deposit Money Banks should strive to provide job security to their employees as it has a positive and significant impact on organizational citizenship behaviour.

There’s an old saying, “A robber demands your money or your life, but a quack demands your money and your life!” Quackery is a community-wide public health problem that should be precise and clearly defined. Health professionals have a duty to take action when the public is being abused in an area due to unethical practices performed by a quack. The failure to take collective and co-ordinated actions against quackery sends an unprofessional message. Quackery should be penalized under the law. As with any other public health problem, an epidemiologic strategy is needed to develop information on casual agents and aspects that favor or discourage the proliferation of quackery. This case reports one such case caused due to the menace of a dental quack.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine disorder in reproductive age women. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance. Some of the PCOS women also have thyroid dysfunction. There are variable and controversial findings regarding the association of thyroid stimulating hormone with insulin resistance. The objective of our study was to analyze the relation between thyroid stimulation hormone with insulin resistance in patients with PCOS. Methods: The case control study was carried out on 216 reproductive age women with PCOS. Insulin resistance was measured by Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and those with HOMA-IR more than 1.9 were defined as having insulin resistance. PCOS women with insulin resistance were cases (n=108) and those without insulin resistance were controls (n=108). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was assessed in both groups.Association of thyroid stimulating hormone with insulin resistance was analyzed. Result: The mean serum TSH level was significantly more in insulin resistant PCOS women (3.87±3.44 mIU/L) than those without insulin resistance (2.29±1.66 mIU/L). Hypothyroidism (TSH >2.5 mIU/L) were present in 63.9% of insulin resistant PCOS women compared to 31.3% of those without insulin resistance. The odds of hypothyroidism (TSH level >2.5 mIU/L) was 4.19 times more in insulin resistant PCOS women. Conclusion: There is significant positive association of hypothyroidism with insulin resistance in PCOS.

By the year 2022, the Constitutive Act of the African Union (AU) would have been in operation for twenty years. One of the major bases for cooperation under the new institutional framework of the AU was that all member States of the union had to observe some fundamental norms, values and standards including but not limited to, respect for human rights, democratic governance and the total condemnation of unconstitutional change of government. If a member state fails to observe this standard, she could be subjected to political, economic and social sanction. The Constitutive Act of the AU in its Article 4(h) states that the AU has the right of intervention in a member State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely; war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity and by the Article 4(j) of the same Act, a member State can even request for intervention from the union in order to restore peace and security. In the light of these provisions, the AU has intervened in some countries e.g. Burundi, Comoros and Mali among others through peacekeeping operations. This article will therefore critically analyze the challenges and emerging issues faced by contingents to these peacekeeping mission fields.

This study investigates the diachronic developments of 2749 instances of shang in historical texts from Chinese corpora. We use Tyler and Evans (2003)’s Principled Polysemy Model to test the various senses associated with shang. It has been shown that there are close relations between the semantic change and polysemy of Chinese spatial word shang in which new meanings of shang occurred based on existing meanings and both old and newer meanings can coexist for a long period of time. Our research also displays how spatial concepts are coded linguistically by Chinese speakers based on various mechanisms including conceptual metaphor, invited inference, constructional change, causative morphology and word-class shift. By displaying the way shang ‘above’ evolved throughout the history of written Chinese to result in the current polysemy network, this study contributes to studies on semantic change in Chinese and reveals why we use spatial words as the way we do.

The 2020 report of the Global Terrorism Index ranks Nigeria third among 163 countries on the scale of key global security trends and patterns of terrorism. This paper examines the impact of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. The paper posits that Nigeria continues to experience increasing insecurity and violence through frequent attacks by terrorist, bandits and kidnappers. These criminals continue to attack, rape and kill unarmed civilians, especially women, across the country, which has impacted negatively on human security in Nigeria. The paper then gives the primary purpose of government, which is to protect lives and property, our ranking on the global terrorism index 2020, the conceptual clarifications of human security, terrorism, banditry and kidnapping; factors that are responsible for such social ills and their impact on Nigeria and Nigerians. The documentary research method was used in gathering and analyzing data for this work. The paper asserts that between terrorists, bandits, and kidnappers, there is very little differences as one set of activities apparently service the other. The paper concludes that the indices that point to national security in which human security is the chief has been challenged seriously by terrorism, banditry and kidnapping.

The study outcome measure was, to find out the relationship between the Drug interactions and polypharmacy and other factors such as age, gender, hospital stay. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in general medicine department of tertiary care teaching hospital, Ongole, over a period 6 months. All the patients admitted to the general medicine department were included using appropriate criteria and analyzed for Drug–Drug Interactions (DDIs). These drug interactions in the study were analyzed using the Micromedex Drug Interactions. 905 cases were screened for DDIs, among them 45% of cases with more than 1DDIs. With a total of 848 interactions, aspirin + clopidogrel is the most common interaction pair and is reported by 10.81%, while atorvastatin + clopidogrel is the second most common interaction pair with 9.03% prevalence. 5% of the incidence of interaction was observed in the cases of 408 cases. The regression analysis results the significance level at 95% Confidence Interval (p≤0.05) of DDIs and polypharmacy. This study concludes that there is a significant association between prescription drugs and DDIs. This type of study helps improve the quality of life. Estimating the most common DDIs can assistance the medical practitioner to recommend the minimal risk prescriptions and the combination of drugs.

Background: Sertraline is an antidepressant drug from the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and is used in the treatment of depression. Aim: The aim of this work was to develop a sensitive, precise, accurate, and specific analytical method for quantitative estimation of sertraline in pharmaceutical product for the purpose of using it as a quality control tool for testing sertraline products pre and post-market distribution, ensuring the presence of claimed drug amount in the pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: Sertraline estimation in commercial drug products administered in hospitals and community drugstores and prescribed to patients through the development of an in-house High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method to contribute with a validated, specific and sensitive method to literature methodologies. Results: The method is sensitive, specific, and selective, and showed linearity R2>0.999 within concentration range of 2.5 to 100 µg/mL for dissolution medium USP (pH 4.5), pH1.2, and 6.8. Accuracy results within the range of 98% - 102%, precision CV% less than 2%. The assayed tablets mean recovery is 100.676%. Moreover, the dissolution results meet the required 80 percent dissolution limit within 30 minutes for the USP dissolution medium (pH 4.5). Conclusion: The analytical method developed is very sensitive and totally validated for use in the quantitative analysis of sertraline.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease resulting from either a deficit in insulin secretion (type 1) or a function (type 2) that results in an increased level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk for developing many serious complications including microvascular, macrovascular, decreased reproductive activity, and frequent infections. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness level regarding DM risk factors, symptoms, signs, management, and complications in both the diabetic and the nondiabetic population. Method: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted among the general population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2019. A total of 24 questions from a pre-piloted questionnaire were interpreted into Arabic. The questionnaire contained a series of questions arranged in four parts: Assessing DM general knowledge, risk factors, symptoms, and complications. Result: This study included 1324 participants; 52.5% were female. The largest age range among the participants (41.5%) was 15–23 years, followed by the 44–53 (18.8%) year age group. Regarding the questions answered correctly: a total mean score achieved by the whole population was 13.9 ± 3.6 out of 19 points (73.9 ± 19.3%). The diabetic participants achieved higher scores than the nondiabetics in each category. Conclusion: The study found that the largest gap in knowledge regarding DM is in the knowledge of its complications. The role of health education needs emphasis at all levels starting with schools and universities. This is in addition to general public health education, distributing knowledge through brochures and social media.