Zoonotic diseases are group of those diseases that transmitted from animals to the human in the form of germs categorized from microbial sources. Rabies is characterized by biting the dogs, cats and transmitted by infections from animal’s surfaces to the human body. Psittacosis is the zoonotic disease that is transmitted by bird’s infections that leads to abnormalities in liver functions. Brucellosis also the zoonotic disease characterized by infections particles in the form of food products. Polluted foods lead to food borne disease. Vaccines are used for the treatment of rabies in order to control the rate of transmission of rabies. The main purpose of vaccines is to develop the immunity against virus and provides long life protection against the microbial environments. Different antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin are used for Brucella but increasing the resistance against that drugs leads to challenge the mechanisms of resistance of antimicrobial drugs. There is need to synthesize the genome based drugs that can make certain alterations in genomics of the animals.

Infectious diseases are caused by transmission of infections from animals either in the form of biting of different tissues of human. Infectious diseases are also caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and transmission rate high such as rabies, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Ebola viruses. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in the immune responses against the pathogenic attack. Natural Killer T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and interleukins are involved in immune responses. Cytokines releases that causes immune responses by releasing the chemicals. Bacterial infections are those caused by salmonella and E.coli are most common in modern environment. Fungal growth on skin causes different fungal infections that leads to borne of many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot. Histoplasma capsulatum affects the lungs in two ways either in the form of acute or chronic inflammation. Tuberculosis (TB) is the most infectious disease widespread caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes lungs and respiratory problems. Different types of genes are involved in immune responses when there is attack of coronavirus to the specific immune cells. Genome editing helpful for editing the specific gene in the microbial cells that causes the inhibition of genes causing infectious diseases.

Corrosion of reinforcement embedded in concrete is considered as one of the main reasons for the degradation and deterioration of many existing reinforced concrete structures and this degradation effects has been seen as major challenges in structures founded in region with high concentration of salt as in the case of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study involves the coating of ficus sycomorus exudates/resin paste of plant trunks extract known as inhibitors directly on the reinforcing steel. The experiment aimed at determining the effectiveness in the use of eco-friendly and abundantly available materials in curbing the negative effect of corrosion attacks on reinforcing steel embedded in concrete structures and immersed in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solutions by coating steel reinforcement with different thicknesses and experimentally tested to prevent corrosion attacks in the laboratory. The test specimens reflect the acute acidic level indicating the sea salt concentration level of the marine environment on reinforced concrete structures. The result showed that the decreased value in uncoated (corroded) represent the degree of corrosion that has to affect the bonding interaction between concrete and reinforcing steel, also, the negative values obtained in bond strength versus maximum slip showed that the reduction in slip was due to the effect of corrosion. The higher values obtained from coated members showed the potential and the effective interaction process in steel and concrete, results showed that the values of coated members are similar to that of controlled indicating the virtuous bonding characteristics. The result of weight loss for controlled samples are 100% indicating no weight loss, uncoated (corroded) samples negative values showed tremendous weight loss resulting from corrosion presence, and for coated samples, there are weight gain resulting from coating materials. Also, the effect of corrosive medial reduces the diameter of reinforcing steel after corrosion, the effect of corrosion formed pits which resulted to swollen rebar surface whereas coated and controlled maintained perfect diameter with an increasing diameter from coating thicknesses. Reduction in cross–sectional properties, weight loss was all seen in corroded samples resulting from damaging and destructive effect from corrosion manifestation while coated gained weight and as well as increased in cross-sectional properties. Clear examinations on the study and investigations, coated exudate/resin has demonstrated and shown to be good inhibitive material against corrosion.

Background: -Ocular complications are common in diabetes and cataract becomes the major cause of blindness in diabetic patients. Objective: Oxidative stress was assessed by estimating lipid peroxidation product (LPO) in the form of MDA and non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamins C in the serum. Methodology: A number of 100 cases of diabetic cataract in the age group of 45-70 years, compared with 100 healthy controls. Results: Serum levels of MDA and Vitamin C between cataract cases and control groups were found to be statistically significant (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The present study revealed that low levels of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress may have a role to play in the etiopathogenesis of the diabetic cataract.

Introduction: Happiness is a fundamental need of human beings and it is vital aspect in the development and training of budding nurses as future nurse. However, budding nurses feel under stress and low level of happiness. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate happiness level and its predictors among budding nurses in India. Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentric study was performed in 2021 on conveniently selected 908 budding nurses studying in different nursing institutions in India. Data were collected using a researcher made demographic questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistic. Results: Among 996 enrolled budding nurses, 908 were analyzed. The mean happiness scores of them were 126.75 ±19.69 (score range 29-174). The significant predictors of budding nurses happiness were motivational factor to join nursing (p<0.001), exercise routine (p<0.001), habit of substance abuse (p=0.008), perceived health status (p=0.004), relationship with family members (p=<0.001), relationship with teaching faculty (p=0.048) and relationship with friends (p<0.001). Conclusion: Budding nurses in India, have moderate level of happiness. Happiness is influenced by various factors. Nurse administrators and educators, in developing curriculum and activities, need to pay special attention to budding nurses’ happiness and its predictors.

The performance of the fuels blends and emission levels were investigated under various operating conditions of the engine. Performance parameters like torque, brake power, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were studied. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx) emissions and exhaust gas temperature were investigated. The tests were carried out on a horizontal single-cylinder, 4-stroke, air-cooled, 4.00 kW engine, TD115 model. The results showed that blend of diesel and eugenyl acetate (BDEA 1.0%, 0.6% and 0.2%) gave the best performance in terms of reduced exhaust emission. The test results showed that, with decreasing speed, the torque of the engine fueled with both diesel and the blends increased with the maximum torque was recorded at 1680 rpm engine speed for BDE 0.2%. Also, there was a considerable increase in exhaust temperature with the blends compared to the diesel. The exhaust gas temperature of BDC 0.2%, 0.6%, 1.0%, BDEA 0.2% and BDEA 1.0% appeared to be similar to that of the diesel at all speed conditions. The research reveals that for a constant load of 1000 g, brake power increases with the increase in engine speed, thus a maximum brake power of 1.9 kW was obtained at 1680 rpm for BDEA 0.2%, this confirmed the results reported by researchers. There was an increase in the engine’s brake thermal efficiency when run on diesel and all the fuel blends at all speed conditions; however, BDEA 0.2% and BDEA 0.6% exhibited better combustion quality than diesel. The BSFC of the blends varied with the engine power and speed; therefore, for all the blends and diesel, consumption was high at low speed and vice-versa. The results also showed that the blends gave less CO compared to diesel. The minimum and maximum reduction of CO were 1.0 % and 1.5 % respectively of the blends, as compared to diesel. The emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2 decrease with increase in clove oil, eugenol and eugenyl acetate in the blends. All the findings compared favorably with the results of other researchers.

The performance of reinforced concrete structures, as in other composite members, depends on the bond between the steel and the concrete which ensures that load is transferred safely between the two materials. The research involved the direct application of environmentally and eco-friendly extracted exudates/resins used to control the effect of corrosion attacks by coating steel with varying thicknesses, embedded in concrete structures and immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for corrosion accelerated process. Laboratory experimental samples reflected the acid level of sea salt concentration in reinforced concrete cubes. The data for comparison of maximum obtained values are failure bond load are corroded -41.594% against 78.166% and 80.194% controlled and coated, bond strength is -34.227% against 73.201% and 69.943% and maximum slip are -42.731% against 102.034% and 113. The summarized computed and compared results of failure bond load, bond strength and maximum slip of the controlled, corroded and coated samples showed that the effect of sodium chloride as detailed in the "2.2 Experimental procedures" has adversely affected the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel of uncoated (corroded) samples which has resulted to poor performances, low load at failure state, less bond strength and slippage. The coated samples exhibited the potential of sustaining the negative effect of corrosion on reinforcing steel and by forming good contact and interlock between concrete and reinforcing steel by reducing the stress existing in the concrete surroundings. Results showed that the diameter of corroded reinforcement decreases by a maximum of -0.771% and the coated increases by 0.831%, for the cross-sectional area corroded has a maximum reduction value of -13.163% and the coated increases by 20.74%, the weight loss and increase in corroded is -22.887 % decreased (loss) and coated increased by 34.929% (gain). Regarding the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel, the effect of corrosion on reinforcing steel shows a decrease in the cross section of the rebar diameter compared to the nominal diameter before testing, weight reduction is also observed, an increase in the cross-sectional area, an increase in the diameter and minute increase in weight resulting from coating material as compared with the nominal reinforcement, which is due to differences in the thickness of the layered materials. It can be concluded that the exudate / resin studied has shown effective inhibiting properties against corrosion attack and can be used as a corrosion inhibitor

Diversity, population structures and regeneration status of gum- and resin- producing woody species, were assessed in 116 sample plots, each measuring 400 m2 and established along line transects. The data were collected in two selected districts, namely, Sherkole and Kurmuk in Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, one of the gum and resin belts in western Ethiopia. The gum- and resin-producing woody species had 1.04 and 0.7 diversity and 0.576 and 0.49 evenness values at Kurmuk and Sherkole districts, respectively. They accounted for 26% and 46% of the density, 51% and 58% of the basal area and 32% and 53% of the Importance Value Index of all the woody species, respectively. The gum- and resin- bearing woody species exhibited three patterns of population structure. The first pattern suggests good reproduction abilities of the species coupled with good recruitment of seedlings and their subsequent continuous growth to replace older individuals over time, indicating stable regeneration. About 61% of the gum- and resin- bearing woody species fall under this category. The other two patterns indicate hampered regeneration status of the woody species. Heavy grazing, conversion to crop land by small scale farming, gold mining, recurrent fire and climate change were mentioned as major bottlenecks of natural regeneration and recruitment. Policy, extension and research recommendations are discussed.

Background: Mullerian agenesis also known as Mayer- Rokitansky- Kuster- Hauser Syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by agenesis of the uterus and upper part of vagina. Vagina is created or lengthened by non-surgical vaginal dilatation or surgical vaginoplasty to allow sexual function.We have been doing non-surgical vaginal dilatation facilitated initially by saline injection and sustained digital pressure in women with Mullerian agenesis for a few years. This was a follow up study with the purpose to evaluate the sexual function of these women. Method: We practiced a novel approach to quicken non- surgical dilatation of vagina. We interviewed women who received this treatment over cell phone after two months to four years. Result: A total fifteen women who had nonsurgical vaginal dilatation in our department were called over cellphone. Total 10 women could be reached.The age range of women was between 16 and 35 years. The frequency of intercourse was 3 to 5 times per week in couples living together. All eight women admitted of the experience of full genital performance during sexual intercourse and said they could provide pleasure to their partners. When asked about the presence of stable relationships and a good communication with the partners only five out of eight agreed. The reason behind strained relationship with husband was not sexual dysfunction but inability to conceive. Conclusion: Short term procedure of saline injection and sustained digital pressure under supervision can augment vaginal dilatation with vaginal dilators and lead to adequate sexual activity.

The global relevance of policing and the police institution has been duly recognized. However, the Nigerian society witnessed a massive increase in crime which has called for a review of the existing paradigm of crime management. This paper makes a case for the adoption of intelligence-led policing. The paper explores the role of the Nigerian Police in crime management and further details some of the challenges limiting the effectiveness of the police force from adequately achieving their primary responsibility of protecting life and property. The paper operationally clarified the concepts of crime management and intelligence-led policy before adopting the functionalist perspective as the theoretical framework for the paper. Conclusively, the paper argues for adoption of an intelligence-led policing system to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the Nigerian police in fighting crime in Nigeria.

The study examined the usefulness of exudates/resin extrudes from tree trunk as inhibitive material against corrosion attacks to reinforcing steel embedded in concrete structures and exposed to high levels of salt in coastal marine areas. The maximum recorded average and percentile values are controlled 45.546% against corroded and coated values of 36.881% and 78.747% and with differentially potential values of the bond strength controlled 1.409MPa and 19.437% against corroded values of 0.276MPa and 7.174% and coated values 1.409MPa and 20.317%. The lower load failure characteristic has been attributed to the effect of corrosion attack resulting in rib-less (smooth) and surface modification, the effect of corrosion resulted to the swollen surface with peeled off fibre while coated samples exhibited highly resistive characteristics to corrosion attacks showing the effectiveness of exudates/resin as an anti-corrosive material in curbing the scourge and menace faced by reinforced concrete structures built in the coastal the marine region with unique and severe characteristics of high salinity. Comparatively, obtained results showed decreased slippage failure load exhibition by the corroded samples over the controlled and coated samples with a highly lower value range to the reference with coated samples exhibiting higher slippage failure load with increased values over-controlled. From the result of average values and percentile values difference, the failure bond load, bond strength, and maximum slip all failed at low load applications with decreased percentile values compared to controlled and coated concrete cube samples. This reduction in rebar diameter and the cross-sectional area has resulted in higher failure bond loads, lower bond strengths, and lower slippages, and these characteristics revealed the effects of corrosion on the reinforcing steel that resulted from surface modification, reduction of rebar fibre, and high yield to load applications. From the results obtained and presented in the figures, the effect of corrosion on uncoated and coated reinforcing steel are enumerated, in figures 3 and 6b on the diameter of rebar, it can be seen that the diameter of uncoated decreased by the maximum value of -0.841% and coated increased by 0.922%, for the cross-sectional area, corroded has maximum reduction value -20.649% and coated increased by and 26.022%, weight loss, and gain are corroded -19.905% decreased (loss) and coated 36.334% increase (gain).

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete is one of the most significant problems affecting structures and infrastructure worldwide, especially coastal structures. This study investigated the direct application of exudates/resin extract of Lannea coromandelica as a potential inhibitive material to control and prevent the corrosion of steel bars embedded in concrete structures and exposed to high salinity and acidic prone environments. The extruded exudates / resin is extracted from the tree and layered to reinforcing steel of different thicknesses. The hardened concrete slab is completely immersed in a 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution for 360 days with routinely checks, monitors and tested for 90 days, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days of accelerated and corrosion process for comparative evaluation of both uncoated and coated samples. The maximum corrosion potential yields from the controlled and coated samples were -109.24mV and -114.16mV, indicating the relationship between corrosion potential and corrosion probability in the reference range 𝐸corr > −200mV. For non-coated samples, the calculated maximum value is -333.97mV, the result is within the reference value of the relationship between corrosion potential and corrosion probability of −350mV ≤ 𝐸corr ≤ −200mV indicates a high value range of 10% or less. The maximum calculated value of the controlled sample concrete resistance is 138.35% compared to the corroded and coated values of -56.56% and 153.43% and the maximum value of the control percentile difference is 24.97% compared to the corroded and coated value of 3.98% and 23.22%. The results of the controlled and layered concrete resistance samples obtained a maximum average value of 15.01kΩcm and 16.17kΩcm with a value of 10 < 𝜌 < 20 (low) compared to a corrosion value of 7.01kΩcm with a specification of 5 < 𝜌 < 10 (high) and with a reference range of the relationship between concrete resistance and corrosion probability and significant corrosion probability. The maximum computed percentile values of yield strength of controlled are 9.42% against corrode and coated values -8.03% and 9.57% respectively and the potential differential values of 0.71% controlled 0.71% corroded and 0.84% coated. The maximum computed percentile values of ultimate tensile strength of controlled are 1.68% against corrode and coated values -2.98% and 3.07% respectively and the potential differential values of 0.01% controlled, 0.00%% corroded, and 0.01% coated. Comparatively, the results of corroded samples showed reduction and decreased values in comparison of rebar diameter before and after induced accelerated corrosion test with values reduction percentile range from 0.038% to -0.895% and average ranges values from 11.98mm to 11.93mm. The reduction in average and percentile values showed that corrosion effects caused diameter reduction and cross-sectional area, fibre degradation, ribs reduction, and surface modifications whereas, exudates/resin coated members showed volumetric increase resulting from varying coating thicknesses. Conclusion: Summarized results showed that the effect of corrosion caused weight reduction/decreased in corroded samples as compared to coated with an exhibition of percentile and average value increase resulting in a volumetric minute increase from coating thicknesses.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with endocrine disturbances including male infertility. Vitamin D receptor and metabolizing enzymes are found in the male reproductive system. Expression of Vitamin D inactivating enzyme in spermatozoa may be responsible for sperm motility and vitamin D responsiveness. Vitamin D supplementation may help in improvement of asthenozoospermic infertile males who are vitamin D deficient. Objective: To evaluate the impact of Vitamin D supplementation on sperm motility in vitamin D-deficient asthenozoospermic infertile males. Methods: A total of 110 infertile males who had asthenozoospermia and vitamin D- deficiency were included in this study. Vitamin D supplementation was given 40000 IU weekly for six weeks and 2000 IU daily for another six weeks and follow up semen analysis was done after 3 months to analyze the changes in sperm motility. Statistical analyses were carried out by paired t test. Result: The mean age was 33.19±5.81 years (range from 25 to 45 years).The mean vitamin D level was 16.19±3.19 ng/ml before and 32.93±7.74 ng/ml after supplementation, the increase being statistically significant (p<0.05). There was significant (p<0.05) increase in sperm motility (%), 23.58±9.51 before treatment versus 35.29±14.76 after treatment. The changes in progressive motility (18.20±8.15 % vs 28.94±13.06 %) and total motile count (17.10±16.78 % vs 28.52±25.89 %) were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of vitamin D improves sperm motility in infertile males with asthenozoospermia and vitamin D-deficiency.

The sheltering execution plan of a 3D printed shelter is planned to demonstrate the design of an existing camp, but it is built using printable sheltering units rather than tents and prefabricated cabins. The Zaatari Refugee camp in Jordan is selected as a case study for multiple reasons. The Zaatari Camp is located in Jordan, and was established on a large scale within short notice. The camp is built in a country ranked as one of the most expensive in the Middle East. The economy of the country and the needs of refugees make it an attractive case study to implement printable sheltering units, allowing for the investigation of the performance of a printable camp against existing sheltering camps covering aspects of time, cost, occupancy, and implementation perspectives. Achieving positive performances of a printable camp in Jordan will ensure that camps will be suitable and affordable in other countries with stronger economies, along with cheaper construction rates. The 3DP shelter is found to be a cost-effective solution in Jordan, which means that the printed shelters can achieve higher cost efficiency measures in less expensive countries in the Middle East, such as Turkey.

The paper discusses the concept of E-learning which is research, learning, and teaching in the digital environment and how Nigerian Academic Libraries can support it in the COVI-19 global pandemic period. It primarily focused on the transition of academic libraries from mainly analogue to hybrid. The paper traces the outbreak of Covid-19 from Wuhan to Nigeria and the subsequent disruption of academic activities in Nigerian Universities and Libraries. It went further to discuss E-learning in the Academic Library, its benefits and the expectation of the e-learner on the academic Librarian. E-learning plat forms such as CMS, MLearning, Library Websites, YouTube, Pinterest, Podcasts, Instant Messaging (IM), Rich Site Summary (RSS), LinkedIn, Skype, and Google+, MySpace, Library thing, Ning were highlighted. The paper concludes that librarians and academicians ought to work together to assess and give links to legitimate web assets identified with projects and courses of instruction, and the Library should conduct online tutorials for improving the information searching skills of the e-learners and, by so doing, contributing greatly to improving e-learning in Nigeria.