Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not only objective measure of habitual physical activity, but also a useful diagnostic and prognostic health indicator for patients in clinical settings. CRF is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Low CRF in young adults has emerged as an important factor for developing cardiovascular comorbidities later in middle age. Aims: To determine the peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) by Queen’s college step test in young male subjects. To study the relation between body mass index and VO2max. Methods: One hundred young healthy male subjects in the age group of 18 to 25 years were included in this study group. Body mass index (BMI) was measured using standard calibrated instruments. VO2max was assessed by following the protocol of Queen’s College Step Test (QCT). Results: Data was statistically analysed by using Pearson’s correlation. There was a significant negative correlation between Body mass index and VO2max (ml/kg/min) (r= -0.418, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results suggest excessive amount of body fat exerts an unfavourable burden on cardiac function and oxygen uptake by working muscles. In our study BMI has significant negative correlation with VO2max and can be used in clinical settings to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness as it is a rapid and inexpensive method.

False creatinine results estimated by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints are still a problem in the laboratories. We hypothesized that delay in absorbance measurement may influence the concentration of creatinine measured by Jaffe’s conventional method. This study compared the agreements between creatinine measured by conventional Jaffe’s endpoints and kinetic Jaffe’s methods and the influence of delayed absorbance reading on creatinine concentrations in kidney disease patients. A cross sectional study conducted in one hundred (70 males and 30 females) adults with kidney dysfunction. Serum creatinine was measured by Jaffe endpoint method and by Jaffe’s Kinetic method. Significant increase was observed in the creatinine measured by Jaffe’s endpoint method compared with Kinetic method. The serum creatinine concentration measured by Jaffe’s endpoint methods increases with increase time. This study has indicated that conventional Jaffe endpoint and kinetic methods show poor agreement for the estimation of serum creatinine in the presence of renal dysfunction, the kinetic method performed slightly better. This study also suggests that delay in absorbance reading for Jaffe endpoint reaction is a factor which influences serum creatinine concentrations.

This paper examined utilization of internet facilities as predictors of students’ academic performance in private secondary schools in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. A correlational research design was adopted for the study to ascertain the extent utilization of internet facilities predict students’ academic performance in private secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area. The population for this study consists of all the 112 private secondary schools, with 112 school principals and a student population of 3,067 totaling 3,179. The sample size of 355 respondents were drawn from the entire population using Taro Yamen’s formula. The research instrument for this study was titled: Utilization of Internet Facilities Scale (UIFS) and Students’ Academic Performance Scale (SAPS). The internal consistency method using Cronbach Alpha reliability statistics was used to calculate the reliability coefficients of the two instruments. The reliability coefficients of Utilization of Internet Facilities Scale and Students’ Academic Performance Scale were 0.78 and 0.75 respectively. For the data that were analyzed, research questions (1-3) were answered using simple regression, while t-test associated with simple regression was used to test hypotheses (1-3) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that Internet facilities such as e-library, personal phones and online social networking used in teaching and learning to a low extent predict students’ academic performance in private secondary schools in Obio/Akpor LGA of Rivers State. Based on the finding, the researcher recommended among others that e-library or ICT supported teaching and learning is a Government policy for delivery of quality education to Nigerians at all levels; and so, private school owners should intensify effort to implement this policy with all sincerity to enhance students’ academic performance.

COVID 19 disease was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Telemedicine facilities become a spine for health care system in developing countries for managing communicable disease as well as surgical patients. Most of the hospitals have newer experience with these organized telemedicine facilities. This comprehensive review has done with a search engine on PubMed, Google scholar with keywords like telemedicine in India, telemedicine in COVID 19, COVID 19, telemedicine guidelines, telemedicine consultation and chronic disease. In Indian scenarios, this newer modality of treatment for surgical patients has fewer limitations due to slower adaptability and lack of psychological support. The health care system required proper training for the improvement of this virtual model of consultation and examination. A hybrid form of management can bridge between telemedicine and physical consultation to provide good and adequate surgical care. A multispecialty virtual meeting may provide adequate and satisfactory telemedicine consultation for high-risk, comorbid, palliative surgical patients. Fewer limitations are needs to reconsider for a safe, assessable, adequate and convenient virtual platform like lack of good hospitality infrastructures, proper guidelines, medical education, clinical training and adaptability. Surgical and oncological society guidelines may help to triage and smooth management of COVID and Non-COVID patients. Triage of surgical patients in telemedicine OPD has a positive impact on the overall prognosis of patients with an acceptable risk of disease.

Background: Dietary habits is one of the important lifestyle behavior which helps in enhancing the good health of the individual. Students starting university education may experience difficulties in maintaining healthy eating habits because of various academic stressors and problems in adjusting to hostel environment. Medical students with their medical knowledge are expected to maintain good healthy eating habits. Inspite of having sufficient knowledge about the importance of eating healthy they experience greater difficulty in putting this background knowledge into practice because of various academic challenges and time issues faced by them. Objectives: To assess the eating habits and perceived barriers to maintain healthy dietary habits of first year medical students. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among first year MBBS students belonging to 2016-17 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. A self structured questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the dietary habits of the study population. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 63 (48.46%) reported to consumption of all 3 major meals in a day. Skipping of breakfast was seen in 53(40.76%), skipping of lunch 16(12.3%) and skipping of dinner 5 (3.84%) was reported. 61(46.92%) reported that having no time as the reason for skipping meals. 6(4.61%) reported that a skipped meals to control weight. Conclusion: It is advised to increase the awareness among medical students regarding practice of healthy dietary habits and maintenance of healthy lifestyle practices.

Background: A population is characterized by a set of gene(s) controlling traits and these traits are essential prerequisite for studying genetic diversity in human population. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the distribution, inheritance patterns of morphogenetic, serological traits; and also association of these traits within the two ethnic groups. Methods: The distribution of morphogenetic, serological traits were studied among the Ibibio and Ananng in Ikono and Oruk Anam respectively using a total of 1200 participants. Thirteen traits were accessed. Standard methodology was used to collect data and analyzed. Results: The distribution of morphogenetic traits amongst the two populations were 96.67%, 68.83%, 56.08%, 35.58% and 17.50% for right handedness, free earlobe, tongue rollers, bent little fingers and dimpled cheeks respectively. The Ibibio’s right handedness, left handedness and ambidextrous were 96.33%, 3.17% and 0.5%; while for the Ananng’s were 97.00%, 2.67% and 0.33% respectively. There were significant association between morphogenetic traits (tongue folding and bent little finger) and ethnicity. Also dimples, widow’s peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. The distribution of serological traits amongst the two populations was 50.67%, 20.17%, 18.33%, 10.83%, 93.17%, 6.83%,74.92%, 24.67% and 0.42% for blood group O, B, A, AB, rhesus positive, rhesus negative, genotype AA, AS and SS respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of the different morphogenetic and serological phenotypes varied in the two ethnic groups. Dimples, widow’s peak and Rhesus factor were significantly associated with sex. This study will serve as base-line information for further studies.

Background: The incidence of Type 2 DM (T2DM) is rapidly increasing worldwide and constitutes a major global public health problem. Autonomic reactivity to a challenge like that of exercise or cold offers a greater scope to evaluate and assess the capability of autonomic system to regulate and maintain homeostasis. The cold Pressor test (CPT) which is considered to be a sympatho-excitatory maneuver is a simple, noninvasive and validated test of sympathetic activation. The Blood pressure (BP) responses to CPT could be used as indicators of global sympathetic activation, and thus of cardiac status and autonomic function. Aims: To compare the autonomic reactivity by recording the Blood pressure during and after CPT between healthy offspring with and without parental history of T2DM. Methods: This study consists of 40 healthy male subjects with family history of T2DM (cases) and 40 healthy male subjects without family history of T2DM (controls) in the age group of 18-25 years. BP during and after CPT were compared between cases and controls. Results: Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. In the present study, the post CPT changes in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) did not demonstrate any significant differences. However, the graphical representation of SBP changes after CPT shows fluctuation among cases before it reaches the stable value, whereas, in controls the decrease was at constant level. Conclusion: The results suggest there was altered autonomic reactivity to physical stress among the offspring with parental history of T2DM when compared to their counterparts and hence this points towards the fact that they are at a risk of developing future autonomic dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in India is 1.46% with an estimated 17 million people who are chronic carriers of Hepatitis viral infection. Seroprevalence of HBV infection is few times higher among health care workers when compared to the general population. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and perceptions of first year medical students regarding HBV infection and vaccination. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among first year MBBS students belonging to 2016-17 batch of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur, Karnataka. A self structured objective type of questionnaire was prepared consisting of questions which were used to assess the knowledge regarding HBV infection and vaccination for it. The responses were analyzed using Microsoft excel and Epi Info 7. Results: 92.3% of the study population told that they have heard about hepatitis and 78.46% were also aware that the primary organ affected in hepatitis is liver. 87.69% responded that they were aware of hepatitis being transmitted from person to person. 89.23% of the study population had correct knowledge about the mode of transmission. Conclusion: It is recommended to increase the awareness of importance of vaccination against HBV at the beginning of the medical course and consider to vaccinate all of them before they are exposed to the patients during their clinical postings.

Introduction: Spirituality and spiritual wellbeing provide important information about the health care needs, the ability of people to cope with spiritual stresses, and necessary interventions for adaptation and coping with the crises of health care. Health care workers, especially nurses, are subject to such crises. Despite the importance of spiritual care and spiritual wellbeing and nurses’ provision of care, there is limited research regarding this important aspect of care. Hence it is necessary to assess the spirituality, spiritual well-being and spiritual care competence among nurses during the third wave of Corona Virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in February to May 2021, on the nurses working in Covid units of Public hospital in Faisalabad. Inclusion criteria of the study was staff nurses with the having license, at least 1 year work experience in ICUs and the main exclusion criteria included passing the formal spiritual care training courses. A total of 170 nurses participated in the study. The main questionnaire based on the socio-demographic questionnaire comprises of the age, gender, qualification and work experience. The data is collected through the 3 questionnaires including spiritual care competence scale of competence by Van Leeuwen & Cusvellen (2004), spirituality and spiritual Care rating scale introduced by Mc Sherry and, Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual wellbeing questionnaire. Results: The mean score of the spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses was low and falls between the disagree to neutral scores. Qualification, marital status and years of experience are significantly associated to years of experience whereas, qualification and marital status is not related to spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses. Correlation between variables of spirituality, spiritual wellbeing and spiritual care competence among nurses. Spiritual care competence is significantly associated to spirituality, spiritual wellbeing among nurses in the 3rd wave of cornona virus in Pakistan. Conclusion: As nurses with high levels of spiritual wellbeing have a positive attitude toward spiritual care thereafter, to ensure high level of spirituality among nurses caring for corona patients, nurses must reflect on the post spiritual encounter and in training more focus should be on content related to the spirituality in the curriculum. Spiritual issues are the integral part in the quality of life therefore, compliance of this is necessary in the life-threatening diseases such as corona pandemic.

Plant hormones are signaling molecules that needed for the growth of plants at optimum concentration to govern all the mechanisms of plants development and growth, embryogenesis, organ size regulation, defense from pathogens, tolerance to different stresses and also the reproductive development. The light-inhibition that aggravates the elongation of hypocotyl is controlled by red or far-red light receptor phytohormones that comprising the gibberellins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, auxin, abscisic acid and ethylene. The level of cytokinin, auxin and GA increased at the fruit-set and constraint of their high level at fruit-set already been noted by their exogenous applications, and which causes the formation of parthenocarpic in tomato. In Arabidopsis, efficient induced germination of dormant seed needs cold-treatment and light activation of photo-chrome system. Germination of seed is plant first and adaptive choice in development and improvements in molecular physiology and genetics have revealed factors which controls the germination of seed. To improve photo-morphogenesis in the seedlings of Arabidopsis, PIF1 is regulated by light facilitated deprivation through the ubiquitin 26-S proteasome passageway. The germination of seed is important stage in the life cycle of plant and the decision made by an imbibing seed to initiate germination can be considered to be a critical regulatory step in plant development.

Language, like sleep, is not a substance but a process that is constantly evolving and the practicality is known to everyone, yet in its throretical form defies formulations. Sociolinguistic is not a study of facts but the study of ideas about how societal norms are intertwined with our language use. For instance, what it means to be a male or female member of a particular society may influence the terms we use to address each other. Three level of analysis are mainly considered when conceptualizing the context of language and its uses; the play of Phenomena upon the senses, the concepts we can recognize as common to certain groups or classes of these phenomena, thirdly the formal logical system with which these concepts seem to agree. Language is always subject to construction and deconstruction in respect to the environment and culture it gets exposed to. For instance, learning language, say L3 where L1 is the regional language, but is instructed using L2, may determine the outcome of how a language is understood and learnt depending on the sociolinguistic exposure of learners where L1, L2 and L3 may all differ from region to region especially in the context of India, as India is multi-lingual. Environmental exposure plays a vital role in how a certain target language is learnt. It is a fact that as an adult language learner, environmental exposure and cultural proximity play a great deal of how language is studied and also the pace with which target language is acquired/learnt.

Cet ouvrage vise à présenter un panorama théorique de la théorie des voix sociales, études fortement défendues par le théoricien danois Jacob Mey. Notre intention est de dialoguer directement avec d'autres auteurs qui, comme Mey, croient au caractère socioculturel du langage, un aspect fondamental pour comprendre la manière dont se construisent les voix qui cousent l'anatomie d'une société fluide et instable. Nous sommes insérés dans le champ des études Pragmatiques, plus précisément en Sociopragmatique, un terrain fertile en discussions sur les voix. Notre recherche est de type bibliographique. Nous comprenons que les acteurs sociaux se rapportent à travers différentes voix capables de redéfinir les pratiques humaines, étant ainsi un instrument socialement construit.

There are lots of nanoparticles that have less toxic effects on the different cells of fish immune system. Nanoparticles have low cost as compared to the other materials in delivering of biological materials. Nanoparticles have gained much interest as a specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis of bacterial, fungal and viral diseases in aquaculture. There are different types of nanoparticles such as Cu based nanoparticles, sliver nanoparticles, metal oxides nanoparticles such as ZnO and TiO2 NPs, or composite of several metals. The applications of nanoparticles in aquaculture has promisingly seen in water quality improvement, aquatic animal nutrition, drug delivery, disease diagnosis and management but very few works and has been done in the greener approach as it is forming a new horizon in the aquaculture era. Silver nanoparticle are employed for the cleaning fresh water inhabiting fishes due to advanced cleaning system and special plates that cleans each drop of water in each direction of movement of water. By improving disease control, feeding formulation, and biofouling control, nanotechnology can improve aquaculture production and shrimp culture.

This paper studies the direct relationship among temperature, dye fixation, fastness properties and breaking strength of cured dyed jute fabric. Jute and jute-cotton union fabric was dyed with direct dyes by the continuous method with very good fastness properties and dye fixation. By curing the dyed sample fabrics at 1500C for 1 minute, maximum dye fixation of 89% was achieved. The corresponding fastness properties of the dyed fabric such as washing, rubbing and light fastness were found to be 5, 5 and 7 respectively. The findings of the study indicate that jute and jute-cotton union fabrics can be successfully dyed in a continuous dye process with direct dyes.

This paper was motivated as a student of the Business Law and ethics module as part of the generic Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. The paper therefore discusses the legal question “To What Extent Does the Law Provide Sufficient Protection for Those Who Enter into A Contract with A Person Who, Through Age, Mental Illness, Or Intoxication, May Be Said to Lack the Capacity to Make a Binding Agreement”? Indeed, every Contract is an agreement, but it is Not Every Agreement That Qualifies to Be Called a Contract.