Background: Malnutrition is associated to treatment toxicity, complications, reduced physical function, and lower survival in cancer patients. Malnutrition or associated risk was observed in the Prevalence of Malnutrition in Oncology (PreMiO) study among cancer patients visiting their first medical oncology appointment. Oncologists, not nutritionists, evaluated the nutrition status of the patients in this research, which was a first. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition in patients at first medical oncology. Methods: PreMiO was a prospective, observational study conducted at Department of oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. For inclusion, adult patients (>18 years) had a solid tumor diagnosis, were treatment-naive, and had a life expectancy >3 months. Malnutrition was identified by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), appetite status with a visual analog scale (VAS), and appetite loss with a modified version of Anorexia-Cachexia Subscale (AC/S-12) of the Functional Assessment of Anorexia- Cachexia Therapy (FAACT). Results: Of patients enrolled (N=50), 51% had nutritional impairment; 9% were overtly malnourished, and 43% were at risk for malnutrition. Severity of malnutrition was positively correlated with the stage of cancer. Over 40% of patients were experiencing anorexia, as reported in the VAS and FAACT questionnaire. During the prior six months, 64% of patients lost weight (1–10 kg). Conclusion: Even on their first visit to a medical oncology center, malnutrition, anorexia, and weight loss are prevalent in cancer patients.

For the child living in institutions or in foster care homes, the continued Covid-19 pandemic had a major effect and posed many challenges. It includes a scarcity of access to health & oral health care, lack of schooling, poor infrastructure maintenance, lack of nutrition and healthy diet, similarly, as well as lack of emotional and social support, all of which leads to increase prevalence of mental illness among them. If these problems are ignored any further and not detected or managed early, can have a greater impact on overall wellbeing and development of the child. For the event of personality and emotional resilience in any person’s life, Childhood is that the significant time for overall development and health. It's the responsibility of each nation to take care of the children the marginalized and underprivileged. During the current challenging Covid-19 Pandemic, we must always take the commitment of reducing its impact on institutionalized children by addressing the factors and taking measures for overall development of this vulnerable group. The current review was an attempt of addressing the factors or concerns that can arise due to Covid-19 pandemic situation and measures recommended for improving the overall health and wellbeing of the child living in institutions in India.

This paper explored students’ opinions on the effects of examination malpractices on Senior High School students in Assin Districts, Central Region. The study employed a descriptive survey design with the quantitative method. The participants were made up of students from the six public Senior High Schools in Assin Districts. Proportional stratified and simple random sampling procedures had been employed to select a sample of 302 student participants which comprised 164 male students and 138 female students. A questionnaire was employed to collect the data for the study. Means, standard deviations and independent t-test statistics were used to analyze the data gathered for the study. The findings revealed that the major effect of examination malpractice on students was academic corruption followed by ineffective study habits among Senior High School students. It was concluded that in schools where a conducive environment and teaching/learning materials are not provided for effective learning, students involve themselves in examination malpractice to raise the academic image of the school. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education should provide conducive teaching and learning environment to ensure effective academic work in schools to minimize examination malpractice. Also, heads of Senior High Schools should strengthen public education on the effects of examination malpractice to minimize the menace.

Demineralization of teeth or caries is a common health problem among pediatric patients. It is a more serious issue among children from low-income households due to their lack of access to proper dental care. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective agent used to treat demineralization, but experiments are being done to replace it with nanosilver fluoride (NSF). The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nanosilver fluoride varnish in containing demineralization of primary teeth. A systematic literature review method was used. About 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings are conflicting, but most of the reviewed studies confirmed the effectiveness of an agent with nanoparticles compared to all other alternatives, especially SDF. Apart from suppressing microorganisms that cause demineralization at very low concentrations, agents with nanoparticles protect patients from discoloration of teeth and formation stains. Nanosilver fluoride varnish can be used to replace the current alternatives, but the findings should be used with caution since most of the present studies are experimental.

Introduction: The use of prostaglandin preparations with or without oxytocin infusion is widely recognized and accepted as a standard method of induction of labor. It has been shown to reduce induction time and the risk of failed induction. But the use of prostaglandin E2 is quite expensive and is not available in many developing countries. In such cases, misoprostol can also be used as an induction agent. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of successful induction of labor following intra-vaginal administration of misoprostol. Methods: This open clinical trial study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North East Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year and was conducted with a total of 100 patients who were admitted with term pregnancy and unfavorable cervix in the study hospital, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Bishop’s score was significantly raised after 6 hours vaginal misoprostol [4.63 (SD ± 1.17) VS 5.82 (SD ± 1.60); p<0.001]. The mean induction to vaginal delivery time was 14.6 (SD ± 4.6) hours (range 6 to 23 hours); the induction to vaginal delivery time was<12 hours in 44.3% and 12-24 hours in 55.7% cases. The mode of delivery was vaginal in most of the cases (70.0%) and cesarean section was in 30.0% of cases. Fetal distress was the most frequent indication of cesarean section (63.3%), followed by arrested labor (20.0%) and failed induction (16.7%). The maternal obstetric complication was postpartum hemorrhage (3.0%) without any ruptured uterus, tachysystole, hypertonus uterus, or hyperstimulation. The maternal side-effects were nausea or vomiting (5.0%), diarrhea (2.0%), and fever (1.0%). Fetal outcomes were, normal baby (65.0%), APGAR score <7 at 1 min (27.0%), resuscitation needed (27.0%), neonatal unit admission (13.0%), meconium passage (8.0%) and intrauterine Fetal death (diagnosed before induction) (8.0%). Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol seems to be a promising drug for labor induction with a high rate of success. Possible advantages of misoprostol may be the availability, ease of administration, well tolerability, and most notably its dual action in cervical ripening and labor induction. However, future studies focusing on dosing regimens and routes of application are needed.

Background: PCOS is a leading cause of infertility globally. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated disease pigeon-holed by high testosterone levels, irregular menstruation, and/or tiny cysts on one or both ovaries. The disease can be anatomical (polycystic ovaries) or biochemical (hyperandrogenemia). Follicular developmental inhibition, ovarian microcysts, anovulation, and menstrual irregularities are all symptoms of hyperandrogenism, a clinical characteristic of PCOS. Objective: The objective is to determine the chances of infertility in a patient presenting with PCOS in childbearing age. Methodology: Data was collected from Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Obsgyne online library for papers published between 2005 and 2021 using specified MeSH keywords in this systematic review. We examined 10 cross-sectional type analytical studies for data collecting in this systematic work. Results: 10 studies conducted between the years 2005 to 2021 were included in this systematic review. There were 3900 women in the study, ranging in age from 10 to 40. The 2nd most prevalent etiology of feminine factor-related infertility was determined to be PCOS in this investigation. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. As a result, it's critical to screen for and treat it in primary care settings. Ultrasound is the best modality for the detection of PCOS. PCOS has been identified using ultrasonography methods in several investigations. The basal follicle counts by TVS might be included among sonographic findings in the diagnosis of PCOS, with basal follicle counts of more than 10 is a PCOS criterion. Slightly swollen stroma, hypertrophy, enhanced ovarian mass and thickness, and the percentage of ovarian stroma to total ovary area are among the other characteristics. Conclusion: From this systematic review we concluded that infertility is most commonly caused by PCOS. In 70% of cases of anovulatory infertility, PCOS is the reason. Despite the fact that TVS is the gold standard for detecting ovarian abnormalities in young girls we examine trans-abdominally by using a high-frequency probe. Ultrasonography results for PCOS of the periphery cyst patterns include a considerable variety of small subcapsular follicles (10 follicles with a maximal diameter of 8 millimeter), enhanced ovarian volume (12.3 millimeter), and increased echo density of the ovarian stroma.

Anxiety disorders are serious medical illnesses that affect approximately 19 million American adults. To cope with anxiety, people employ potentially harmful strategies like alcohol, cigarettes, medication, withdrawal etc. which may cause panic disorder to worsen. Gongronema latifolium (GL) is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of ailment including mental disorders. This study was therefore aimed to elucidate effects of administration of ethanolic leaves extract of fear and anxiety using light/dark transition box. Thirty (30) adult male Swiss white mice were assigned into three groups of ten mice each, thus: control, low and high dose groups placed on 0.9% normal saline, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic leaves extract of GL respectively. All the animals were allowed food and water ad libitum. Results showed significant (p<0.001) increase in the frequency of line crosses, rearing activities in the extract treated groups when compared to the control. There was a corresponding decrease (p<0.001) stretch attend posture, freezing, grooming frequency and grooming duration in the test groups when compared to the control. These indices show that the extract treated groups of mice exhibited decreased fear and anxiety behaviours when compared to the control group. In conclusion, extract of Gongronema latifolium could be used as an anxiolytic for anxiety related disorders due to its ability to attenuate fear and anxiety related behaviours in mice.

Background: Imaging plays a key role in the diagnostic evaluation of women for infertility. The pelvic causes of female infertility are varied and range from tubal and peritubal abnormalities to uterine, cervical, and ovarian disorders.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCO), also called Hyper androgenic anovulation (HA), or Stein-Leventhal syndrome is a very common disorder of ovaries that only occurs in females mainly of reproductive age of 4% to 20% approximately. It is a condition in which multiple cysts, almost 9 to 10 are noted in the ovary, can be on one side or both sides and the volume of the ovary exceeds 10ml. The common representation of PCOS includes obesity, acne, hirsutism, and complications in pregnancy. Objective: To evaluate among the largest population which age group is the most having polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methodology: A literature search was performed with the use of search engines. The search engines that provided the articles for systemic review are Google Scholar, MDPI, PubMed, Medscape, and NCBI. For article searching following keywords were used: Polycystic ovaries, reproductive age changes, and age group. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a specific age that has Polycystic syndrome ranging from 12-25.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of infertility in both urban and rural regions. Materials and method: In this systematic review data published by Medline, PubMed, the science straightforward and Obs gyne online library were asked about studies published between 2000 and 2021 using specific MeSH terms. We provided data on 15 phase 6 studies undertaken at a tertiary care facility in rural and urban training locations. Results: In this study, we examined the causes of infertility variability in all habitats. Our revised study shows that fertility rates are very high in small towns and rural areas and very low in the capital, as expected. The study included 7100 married people between the ages of 15 and 49 when 2600 were infertile. The reason for infertility in a couple is assigned on the basis of history and test results. Most women in rural areas are educated. There was a substantial difference between the amount of education and occupation of the site of residence for infertile women. In both rural and urban regions, couples experiencing infertility for less than 5 years were 46 percent and 42 percent, respectively. Women with a familial history of infertility were nearly comparable. In rural places, the history of marriage is common. Female characteristics, male characteristics, and associated features have been claimed to be responsible for infertility in 40percent, 40percent and 20percent of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The poor state of education in rural areas is a major obstacle to encouraging couples to access health care in rural areas. Though PCOS is still a major issue, diseases are still a significant factor in tubal factor infertility, and smoking and liquor enhance the male factor. Most women in rural areas are illiterates. Thus our revised research shows that fertility rates are much higher in small towns and rural areas and compared with the capital due to lack of information and medical services.

An appraisal of aeromagnetic data lying between latitude 120N to 130N and longitude 4030”E to5030”E comprising Argungu, Dange Tanbuwal and Gumi was carried out with a view to understanding the structural trends of interest for mineral exploration. A set of aeromagnetic data obtained from the Nigerian geological survey Agency was gridded to produce the total magnetic intensity (TMI) map of the study area, followed with a polynomial fitting to remove the regional anomaly from the total magnetic intensity so as to obtain the residual anomaly. The analysis was preceded by production of Shaded relief map depicting the profile of contact solution, shaded relief map of the profile dyke solution as well as magnetic susceptibility values of structures in each profile was analyzed. The result obtained from the profile contact and profile dyke solution showed an abnormal trend behavior which swept from southwest (SW) towards the center and the Northwest (NW) of the study area. The contacts and dyke solutions can be seen as arranged on the profiles, some portions being highly concentrated than other portions as they were arranged on their respective profiles indicating the possibility of much structural bodies or host for potential minerals. This is evident as the case maybe from the depth values obtained in Werner depth analysis performed with corresponding depth values for both Shallow and deeper bodies indicating the presence of geologic contacts and weak zones highlighting dyke-like bodies which might serve as host to the minerally controlled fluid around the area. Likewise results obtained from the magnetic susceptibility values in all the three profiles of the study area showed a number of structures possessing high and low magnetic susceptibility values indicating different types of minerals at different distance along the area at different depths. Minerals such as schist and limestone are likely to be present.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to decide the prevalence of primary and secondary infertility. Material and Method: In this systematic review facts extracted by Medline, PubMed, science direct and Obs gyne online library that were queried for studies posted between 2005 to 2021 by using specific MeSH terms. We extracted data from 15 cross sectional studies that was carried out in discipline exercise regions of tertiary care health facility. Results: This study shows data from population surveys reporting on occurrence of number one and secondary infertility. Fifteen research furnished estimates of primary and secondary infertility incidence in 6400 infertile couple. Out of 6400 infertile patients 3600 (fifty six.25%) offering with primary and 2800 (43.2%) supplying with secondary infertility. Age distribution with number one infertility confirmed that the majority of the participants belong to the most fertile age institution. Age distribution of women with secondary infertility confirmed that majority belongs to the age institution of 30–39 years. The primary results of the modern researches had been the primary infertility’s high rate (fifty six.25%) and excessive charge of female factors among infertile couples. Although, it has been said in other researches that female variables (40%), male variables (40%) or a combination (20%) of each could be associated to the causes of infertility. Motive of the couple’s infertility turned into determined on the basis of their examination results and medical history. As compared to the secondary infertility, number one infertility occurrence was higher within the people approaching a tertiary care middle of public zone. Conclusion: From this systematic evaluate we concluded that as compared to secondary infertility, the primary infertility’s superiority is higher. The marriage age is increasing which impacts reasons with male variables and unexplained infertility greater generally observed with increasing age of marriage. Female component stays a principle reason for the infertility including some unexplained reasons and means. In the population coming to a public region tertiary care center, the number one infertility’s prevalence is higher as compared to the prevalence of secondary infertility.

Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated mainly by health care establishments. The management of BMW is still infant all across the world. According to Biomedical waste management rule 2016 (amended in 2018),the health facilities need to ensure proper segregation of BMW and pre-treat the waste at the facility before disposal/handing over the equivalent to Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facility (CBMWTF). A detailed study on BMW status in few of the Primary Health Centres (PHC) of Guwahati was carried out. The study depicts that only 30 % of the facilities does have nodal person to monitor the BMW activities. None of the facility having coloured plastic bin/bags with biohazard symbol, designated waste route, weighing machine and centralized storage area. Collection of BMW by the CBMWTF was average twice a month.

Immunity in insects is the series of events by discretion of signal proteins as a part of memory cells. The most important role of defensive proteins and peptides in insects are against function, assigning immune responses distinctly to priming and basal. But insects are also a source of high quality protein, containing many essential amino acids required for human nutrition. One their host enters into the cells of targeting area, immediate onset of proteolytic cascades that causes the cleavage of protein molecules of the attacking organisms. Immune system of the insects enhances exhibit properties the of production of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism. The most different types of immunological responses arise as pathogens enter into the cells of insects and activate the machinery of metabolic pools. The main reason for genetic and biochemical evaluation lie behinds the diversity of natural ecosystem of insects. Sterile insect technique has been controlled for direct killing. It is used primarily to control or eradicate insect pests, usually crop pests or human and animal. Integrated pest management, the broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests that significantly improved the yields of agricultural crops.

Combretum micranthum (CM) is well known for its ethno-medicinal uses in the northwest of Nigeria with little or no scientific basis. Thus, the aim of this research is to evaluate the methanol leaf extract fractions of Combretum micranthum for possible antioxidant compounds. The results of DPPH free radical scavenging showed that ethyl acetate fraction has a higher radical scavenging activity then followed by aqueous fraction of 87.913±3.927 and 84.718±0.605 respectively, compared with ascorbic acid reference standard 80.351±0.732 at 2500ug/m1 concentration. In FRAP, the result showed that ethyl acetate has a higher antioxidant property of 0.818±0.035 followed by aqueous which is 0.800± 0.002 compared to ascorbic acid which is 0.426±0.000. The LC-MS profile revealed the presences of several compounds as follows: 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-7-oxo- 2H, 3H, 7H- furo (3,2-g) chromen -9-yl)oxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid and (5- (1E) -3- (6- (3,4- dihydroxy -2,5- bis (hydroxymethyl) oxolan -2-yl) oxy) -3,4,5- trihydroxyoxan -2-yl) methoxy) -3- oxoprop -1- en -1- yl) -2-hydroxyphenyl) oxidane sulfonic acid in ethyl acetate fraction and Atavaquone, Fenarimol, 12-tricosanol, Myricetin, Histidylasparagine and Homocycteine thiolactone in aqueous fraction. The result of the docking revealed some potential and antioxidant activities of the fractions with significant binding interactions between compounds and alpha amylase & alpha glucosidase. Therefore based on the compounds identified by LCMS analysis coupled to the in-vitro antioxidant studies it can be concluded that these fractions of Combretum micranthum can be used against free radicals and potential in drug management.