Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium sp. is rife in all common bean production areas in Côte d'Ivoire. It causes wilting and/or death of plants and yield losses. Chemical control is the most widely used method against this pathology. But the misuse of this method results in environmental pollution, pathogen resistance and human health problems. The search for an alternative solution to chemical control is necessary. It is in this context that this study was initiated. It aims at assessing in vitro and on-farm the effectiveness of the bio-pesticides ASTOUN 50 EC and NOSTAG 50 EC against common bean fusarium wilt pathogen. For this purpose, in vitro, five (5) doses (100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 µL/L) of each of the two biopesticides were tested by the method of incorporation into the PDA medium. Under natural conditions, the IC90 and MIC of each bio-pesticide were tested. The results showed that the two bio-pesticides completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp. at doses of 500 μl/L. NOSTAG 50 EC showed an IC90 at 300 μl/L and ASTOUN 50 EC at 400 μl/L. The biopesticides, on-farm, influenced the germination and growth parameters and reduced the wilting of the plants. In short, the 500 μl/L dose of the two biopesticides can be recommended in fusarium wilt control.

Introduction and objectives: Tinea capitis are benign cosmopolitan mycoses caused by dermatophytes. They are frequent in developing countries including Morocco. The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical profile of this pathology at the Avicenna military hospital in Marrakesh. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective study over a period of 4 years (1st January 2016 to 31st August 2019) on 193 suspected ringworm of the scalp consulting the Parasitology Mycology department at the Avicenna military hospital in Marrakesh. All patients underwent direct hair examination, supplemented by culture. Results: The direct examination and the culture made it possible to conclude with a tinea capitis in 112 patients, i.e. an overall prevalence of 58%. The average age of our patients was 7.2 years, with a predominance of men (male / female sex ratio: 3.48). %). The notion of contact with animals was found in 38% of cases. The culture, positive in 78.58% of cases, allowed the isolation and identification of 8 species of dermatophytes: Microsporum (M) canis was the predominant species (71.59%), followed by Trichophyton (T) violaceum (11, 36%), T. mentagrophytes (10.22%), T.rubrum (2.27%), T. verrucosum, T. tonsurans, M. audouinii and T. schoenleinii with a percentage of 1.14% each. We confirm by our study that ringworms are the prerogative of school-aged children. Zoophilic dermatophytes are becoming more and more frequent. This change could be related to a modification of the behavior of the population which adopts more domestic animals. Conclusion: Tinea capitis are a public health problem in Morocco. Mycological examination is essential to make the diagnosis and identify the agents responsible for tinea capitis, thus allowing better therapeutic management.

In Indonesia since the reforms, political participation of women, especially women's representation in decision-making become an important agenda of the government and the legislature. Affirmation and strengthening policies continue to be pursued. In the representation of women in decision-making, of course, one must have followed with a mindset, as well as the ability of the competent. But the fact is, the condition of women's political participation in some Asian developing countries such as Indonesia is still concerning as their participation rates are low due to Social and cultural processes that are more likely to exclude women, especially in government. Therefore, efforts need to change the mindset of society on women's lives. This urges the author to study the problem further in research using a Normative-Juridical Research Method which is literature research. The Result shows that indeed the mindset that men are the one who should be in the seat of government and women stays in the “kitchen” are very deeply rooted in the Indonesian Culture as seen by the fact that in 2014–2019, growth in the number of women as members has stalled, and even gone backward as the proportion of the total, to 97 out of 560, that is 17.3%, therefore efforts is needed substantially, structurally and especially Culturally so that Woman emancipation in politics can be realized.

A Case Report: A 26 year old, male admitted under Department of Gastroenterology, AIIMS Rishikesh with complaint of Jaundice since 25 days associated with fatigue & malaise. Patient also complained of gradual abdominal distention with pedal edema & decrease in urine output for 3 days & altered sensorium for 1 day. Patient was a chronic alcoholic consuming 100gms/day for 18years. Initially, on admission patient had stable vitals but increased prothrombin time, with raised serum bilirubin (44mg/dl). Serum electrolytes on admission were also altered. Patient was managed with TPE along with diuretics, antibiotics, steroids & protein supplements. 5 TPE procedures were done every alternate day with Fresh Frozen Plasma & 4% Albumin as replacement fluids. In this case, prothrombin time and serum bilirubin improved significantly after 5th procedure. Urine output and sensorium were also improved. Patient was discharged from the hospital with improved clinical symptoms and stable vitals.

Biosensors for virus and bacterial detection and control have been developed over the last thirty years as a result of various biotechnological breakthroughs. With the exception of avian species, cell-lines offers certain advantages and are accessible for domestic animals. Current diagnostics rely on ELISA or RT-PCR, whereas these procedures frequently have limitations in terms of speed and sensitivity. Amplification techniques of nucleic acid are extremely beneficial for detecting viruses which are difficult and dangerous to culture, viruses that develop slowly in culture, and viruses with antigenic variants such as HCV (hepatitis C virus), Zika virus, dengue virus, EBV, influenza viruses, HIV, Ebola virus and coronavirus. Pathogen isolation and characterization, RT-PCR and sequencing-analyses are common. LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification) has evolved into an important alternative for simplifying infectious illness diagnosis. Diagnostic assays are employed to determine present, functional SARS-CoV-2 infections. Diagnostic techniques can be antigen based for specific proteins on the virus's surface, or molecular based like LAMP, CRISPR and PCR. The gold-standard for the testing of COVID-19 is RT-PCR, that identifies SARS-CoV-2 genetic-information in nasopharyngeal specimens.

Introduction: Infection Control measures are based on how an infectious agent is transmitted and include standard, contact, droplet and airborne precaution. Infection Control is an important part in the dentistry. Provision of dental care is a risk of transmitting infectious diseases. The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and compliance of Dental health Care Providers on infection control standard precautions guidelines in Primary Health Care Centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The output of this study is helpful for higher authorities to develop appropriate and sound policies to increase knowledge and compliance on this issue. The main objective of the study is to determine the level of compliance of Dental Health Care Providers on infection control standard precautions guidelines in Primary Health Care Centers in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2018. Methods: A questionnaire based cross sectional survey was conducted in dental clinics of 42 Primary Health Care Centers in 4 major sectors, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 82 Dental Health Care Providers were assessed for Compliance on infection control standard guidelines and the factors that can relate to it. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportion for categorical variables. Bivariate analysis was performed to explore the relationship between compliance of Dental Health Care Providers on infection control standard precautions guidelines and knowledge of DHCPs on infection control standard precaution guidelines, age, gender, history of chronic diseases, smoking status, marital status, type of job and CBAHI accredited PHCCs were assessed by chi square test at a 95% confidence level and P-value ≤0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Descriptive statistics showed that the mean age of the DHCPs was 34 ± 5.05 SD. Majority (74.4%) were female providers. About 43.9 % of the DHCPs were dentist and 56.1 were dental assistants. This study showed that 78 % DHCPs classified as adequate knowledge. Among all DHCPs, 93.9 % aware about infection control standard precautions guideline while 56.1 % of the DHCPs received basic infection control skill license. Bivariate analysis showed that, among all DHCPs, 19.5 % classified as adequate compliance. There was no statistically significant difference between compliance of Dental Health Care Providers on infection control standard precautions guidelines and knowledge of DHCPs on infection control standard precaution guidelines, age, gender, history of chronic diseases, smoking status, marital status, type of job and CBAHI accredited PHCCs. Conclusion: This study showed very low compliance of Dental Health Care Providers on infection control standard precautions guidelines.

Managing orbital floor injuries is often a multifaceted issue. Repair of these defects essentially aims to restore the continuity and stability of orbital floor providing an adequate support to the orbital contents. Several bio-materials and implants have been used over the years in the hope of achieving the best result. Traditionally autografts are considered to be the ‘gold standard’. In order to overcome the drawbacks of autografts, researchers’ and surgeons’ attention has been progressively attracted by alloplastic materials which are commercially produced and can be easily tailored to fit a wide range of clinical needs. In this review the advantages and limitations of the various biomaterials proposed and tested for orbital floor repair are critically assessed and discussed. A thorough electronic search was carried out in February 2018 for pertinent English language literature without any time restrictions. The inclusion criteria were prospective or retrospective studies including randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), retrospective studies and review articles with the aim of evaluating biomaterials for orbital reconstruction.

Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common forms of hormonal dysfunction resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone or its impaired activity. Various electrolyte and mineral disturbances have been observed in many studies. The role of thyroid hormones on mineral metabolism and its complications have not been established. Objective: To assess the alterations in the levels of serum magnesium, calcium and phosphorous levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: A descriptive case control study was done with a total 100 subjects in the department of Internal Medicine, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh from January 2008 to December 2008. 25 subclinical hypothyroidism cases, 25 overt hypothyroidism cases and 50 controls were taken. Blood sample for analyzing serum free T3, free T4, TSH, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was taken and estimated in all subjects. Results: In this study the mean age of hypothyroidism (subclinical and overt) cases was 35.46 ± 7.26. A significant hypocalcaemia (P = 0.002) was observed in cases with overt hypothyroidism and a significant (P = 0.01) hyperphosphatemia was observed in cases with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant hypocalcaemia in overt hypothyroidism cases than controls and showed significant hyperphosphatemia in subclinical hypothyroidism. It can be concluded that there are various electrolyte disturbances in both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, hence such disturbances need to be monitored prospectively to avoid further complications and needs to be treated accordingly.

Bone marrow fibrosis leading to dry tap aspiration and often associated with blast crisis has previously been reported in both chronic myeloid leukemia and Primary myelofibrosis. The similarities between these two conditions in terms of clinical presentation and morphology can really create a diagnostic dilemma. Here we present a case of chronic myeloid leukemia in fibrosis and blast crisis in a 32 year old lady which closely resembled Primary myelofibrosis in transformation. All myeloproliferative neoplasms can undergo blast transformation. In this case, the detection of Philadelphia chromosome helped to distinguish chronic myeloid leukemia from other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Background and Objective: Hepatitis C virus infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The infection is transmitted by exposure to blood or body fluids. Since dental healthcare professionals have numerous patients and are exposed to blood, they are likely to have the maximum risk. The present study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of Hepatitis C among third year and fourth (final) year dental students of various dental colleges in Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students studying in third year and fourth (final) year in various dental colleges of Bangalore city. A close-ended structured questionnaire was administered which contained 11 questions. The responses were analyzed to evaluate the level of awareness regarding Hepatitis C, its mode of transmission, steps to prevent infection, associated complications and status of availability of vaccine against HCV. Results: The results of our study revealed that most of the students (72.5%) were aware of Hepatitis C vaccine but have less knowledge in terms of its mode of spread of infection, steps to prevent spread of Hepatitis C infection, associated complications and status of availability of vaccine against Hepatitis C virus. Conclusion: The present study shows that the students had poor level of awareness regarding Hepatitis C indicating need for education about HCV infection among dental students.

This study investigates heads of compound verbs in Urhobo. The study classified Urhobo compound verbs using Lexicalist criteria as a theoretical frame work. Lexicalism is a theoretical standpoint in modern generative linguistics, according to which the processes that form complete words (derivation and compounding) are accounted for by a set of lexical rules, independent of and different from the syntactic transformation. Headedness refers to a relationship between the positions of units in a linguistic constituent structure. That is, it is the argument of the compound that projects in the compound verb formed. In this regards the verb is taken as the head of the compound verb assigning its features and the properties to the compound formed. The study reveals three groups of compound verb heads, namely: left headed compound verbs, right headed compound verbs, as well as both left and right headed compound verbs. The study also reveals that, there is no overt morphological head in a V-V compound; all the components being verbs, the result become the same category as the head. it is equally reveals that in the Urhobo language, compound verb heads position is determined by the verbs (V1 or V2) that predominantly convey the meaning of the compound. This means that the heads of compound could be left headed; when the first verb conveys the message in the argument, and head right headed when the second verb conveys the message in the argument structure; and both left and right when the pair of verbs jointly convey the message in the argument structure. It therefore means that compound verb formation in Urhobo could be in prefix position, suffix as well as both initial and final positions.

Introduction: Smoking is the single most preventable health risk and important cause of premature death worldwide. According to WHOM about one third of entire population of the world are smokers. Objective: To determine the risk factors of influencing smoking among schoolchildren in Dhaka city. Material & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in high schools of Dhaka city during June 2006 to December 2006. Students of class VIII, IX, X and 12 schools were selected by random table selection. A total of 2474 participants were included for the study. The collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS-24) programme for windows version 10.0. Results: Age of the study children was between 12 to 18 years. Male and female students were 1876 (75.8%), 598 (24.2%) respectively. Among 1950 male students 702 (36.0%) were smoker and 524 female students 90 (17.0%) were smoker. Five hundred and four (63.6%) started their smoking due to curiosity, 184 (23.2%) stared smoking because their friends also do smoke, 40 (5%) smokers smoke because their father smoke. Friends know about smoking in 545(68.2%) cases, near relatives in 33 (4.2%) cases, mothers in 47 (6.0%) cases and father in 15 (2%) case. Eighty-one (10.4%) students smoke to get friends cooperation and 183 (23%) students smoke to be more acceptable to his or her friends. 573 (72.8%) were willing to leave smoking because smoking was injurious for health. Conclusion: It has been identified that friends influence, curiosity and a belief that ‘smoking relieves anxiety’ played a major contributory role in initiation of smoking. Adolescents should be careful in selecting friends, as friends influence is the prime initiator of smoking behavior.

Lycium Barbarum (wolfberry, goji berry, gouqizi, 枸杞) is a Chinese herbal drug located in Asia and South east Europe. The fruits of Lycium Barbarum are 1 to 2 cm long and are bright orange red in color. The speedy increase in the occurrence diseases has led to more research which contributes in the prevention and treatment. Goji berries contain many nutrients and bioactive compounds which allowed classifying them as superfruits. A short description of the fruits is presented together with cultivation requirements. The chemical composition of the berries and their health-promoting properties are described later in this literature review. There are potentially, very beneficial in dietary prevention of diseases, and affluence, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Lycium Barbarum is beneficial in all aspects including hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-aging, immunological, neuroprotection, and ant fatigue, control of glucose, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant properties. Lycium Barbarum juice is beneficial in many aspects including cardiovascular effects, blood pressure and pulse rate, neurological and psychological effects and musculoskeletal complaints. Goji ingredients that is potentially beneficial, and harmful for the human health, show allergic reactions and the interactions with other substances. High dietary fat intake has been shown to be associated with the development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and other physically degenerative disease.

Introduction: The burden of managing malaria is lowering worldwide but it is still a threat in the African region. Understanding the current practices for malaria management can help to determine the gaps that need to be filled in order to achieve effective malaria management in Africa. This systematic review focuses on the actions implemented for malaria management in Africa. These include identification of the current malaria management practices, availability of antimalarial drugs, and evaluation of the affordability and quality of the available drugs. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken on online scientific databases such as PubMed and Cochrane. The following search terms were utilised - ‘malaria’, ‘management’, ‘Africa’, ‘antimalarial drugs’, ‘antimalarial’, and ‘quality’. The studies were limited by years of publication (2015-2020), and stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were pre-specified to screen for and select the most relevant research articles. The quality of the data available was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. The PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for this systematic review. Results: The findings of this systematic review address four main themes - the quality of management of malaria in the African region, the management of malaria in pregnancy in the African region, the assessment of diagnostic tests for malaria in the African region, the effectiveness of specific interventions as regards the incidence and management of malaria, and the availability of, and adherence to anti-malarial drugs in the African region. Conclusion: There is a lack of standardisation and harmonization of the indicators and metrics of health quality where the management of malaria is concerned. There are variations in what is construed to be the full malaria case management pathway, the importance of counselling during the prescription process is inappropriately understated. There is a lack of knowledge when it comes to managing malaria in pregnancy, and pregnant patients are not acknowledged as high-risk patients. There is also inconsistency regarding the intermittent preventive treatment policy for malaria in pregnancy; only 39 out of 47 African countries have such a policy. Although RDTs have a moderate performance vis-à-vis the gold standard microscopy test, their cost-effectiveness has not yet been definitively determined. While antimalarials are widely available in both public and private sectors, their price mark-up remains a financial barrier to the community, especially in hard-to-reach rural areas. Finally, an increasing mobile phone penetration throughout the African region suggests that mobile health solutions could address the top reasons for non-adherence to anti-malarial therapy; namely, forgetfulness and a lack of health literacy.

Moringa oleifera is a fast growing well-known cultivated species of plant belonging to the family Moringaceae, genus Moringa, common name of Moringa oleifera (MO) is (also known as “drumstick”) horseradish and ben oil tree. Moringa products have a wide range of applications in agricultural, nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical processes. Moringa leaves have a relatively high crude protein content which varies from 25% to 32%. A high proportion of this protein ,amino acids is potentially available for digestion due to a high proportion of pepsin soluble nitrogen (82-91 %) and low proportion (1-2%) of acid detergent insoluble protein. chemical composition was evaluated in Moringa Leaves then Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental broiler diets were formulated as MOL0%, MOL5%, MOL10%, MOL15% and MOL20%, chemical analysis of lipid profile(triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and vLDL), and haematological analysis(Hb, RBC, PCV, MCV, MCHC, Plt, MPV, PCT, PDW, WBC, LYM) were recorded. There was a high correlation between body weight and some blood parameters of the broiler chicken. Age and body weight effect on blood parameters PCV, WBC, RBC, Hb, MCV and MCH. Decrease in the triglycerides level, plasma cholesterol, blood glucose, platelets count, plasma proteins and albumin. There was a significant increase in the body weight. White blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly, but the changes in Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin level. The seed extracts of moringa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid. M. oleifera is an antibiotic that can improve the performance and health status, blood chemistry, increase cholesterol level (HDL, and decrease LDL, VLDL) of chickens.