Introduction: A woman’s healthy state influences people around her with implication for the larger society. A woman’s quality of life is of importance to enhance fulfilment of responsibilities associated with her various roles. Therefore, the study examined the health seeking behaviour, described the health related quality of life and determined the relationship that exists between the health seeking behaviour and health related quality of life of female traders. Methodology: Cross sectional research design was adopted to gather data from six hundred female traders systematically selected in the largest open market in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. A questionnaire was utilized for data gathering. Institutional review board approval was obtained for the study. Results: Findings from the study showed that 65.3% of respondents had poor health seeking behaviour (HSB) and 54% had good health related quality of life (HRQOL) among this category of women. The result also showed a positive statistically significant relationship (r = 0.10, p <0.05) between health seeking behaviour and health related quality of life of female traders. Discussion: Among female market traders; health seeking behaviour was positively correlated with their health related quality of life.

Background: To about 15% to 25% of early pregnancies have vaginal bleeding? Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy affects 50 % of pregnant women, although the event may be controlled in various methods that alleviate the woman's concern. Pregnancy-related vaginal bleeding should be taken carefully. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy might be a sign of an approaching miscarriage or a problem that requires immediate attention. If you know the most frequent reasons for vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, you will be able to act quickly and effectively. Methods: The study was a descriptive observational one with a sample size of 100 patients and was performed at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The study period was 15th July 2013 to 16th January 2014. Results: Among the 100 patients in this study maximum was within 21 to 30 years (53%). In most cases (57%), heavy bleeding was present in 15% of patients. Patients with heavy bleeding had a positive history of pain (80%), but the amount was reduced in the light or spotting group (61.18%). Fifty-seven percent of patients experienced bleeding for 2 to 3 days. Most patients (43%) reported bleeding during 8 to 10 weeks of gestation. This study showed that early pregnancy PV bleeding is more common in multigravida patients. History of stillbirth, IUD or abortion was proved to be strong predictors. DM and anaemia were found to be important associated diseases. In this study, 91% of patients were diagnosed as a case of abortion. Ectopic pregnancy was present in 5% of patients, and only 4 patients were found to have a molar pregnancy. In patients with abortion, incomplete is the maximum one (56.04%), next missed (23.08%), and threatened (14.28%). Complete was present in 6.59% of patients. 69.23% of patients continued their pregnancy in case of threatened abortion with a conservative. But 23.08% converted to incomplete and 7.69% to missed. Missed abortions were successfully treated with vaginal misoprostol in 38% of patients. Evacuation & curettage was done in 78.43% of patients with incomplete abortion, and patients with less bleeding and stability (21.57%) were given oral misoprostol. This was effective in 63.63% of patients. All 5 cases of ectopic pregnancy were treated with laparotomy, and in molar pregnancy cases, the only treatment was suction, Evacuation and curettage. Conclusion: The findings of this study, despite its limitations, give crucial new information regarding early pregnancy bleeding, including statistics on the timing, heaviness and length, color, and overall number of episodes. Pregnancy outcomes will be examined as a possible link between bleeding episodes and early pregnancy biology, placental pathophysiology, and pregnancy outcomes.

The external covering of egg is called eggshell. Chicken eggshell is composed of calcified egg shell as well as shell membrane. Its total weight is 10-11 % as compared to whole egg weight. Eggshell is an important structure for two reasons. Firstly, it act as an embryonic chamber during development of chick, secondly it act as a container and provide protection to the contents of egg and a unique container for the market egg. Despite its remarkable properties it is very often discarded from homes, restaurants, farms and factories. This review article aims to summarize the recent reports utilizing eggshell as calcium source in chicks, stressing the need to use a egg shell as a calcium source instead to use other sources. Hen eggshell is chemically composed of 65.6 % water, 11.8 % proteins, 11% fat and 11.7 % Ash. The shell consists of 97% calcium carbonate, and this is provided to the hen in the diet. However, the chemical must be broken down in the digestive system and then re-synthesized in the shell gland to form the shell. The shell of egg is the best sources of calcium then other sources like limestone. Calcium has an important role in formation of hard eggshell in hens. The calcium played a role in eggs quality as well as bone mineralization. Deficiency of calcium leads to minimize bone strength, egg weight and egg production.

Soil characteristics and crop maturation are some of the most important factor that determined the engineering properties of agricultural products. In this study, the mechanical properties of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fingers were determined under two soil treatment conditions and five maturity stages. The plantain plants were cultivated under two soil treatment methods, which were organic and inorganic treatments. The results revealed that soil condition had significant (P ≤0.05) effect on all the mechanical parameters investigated. The findings of the study revealed that the mechanical parameters of the organic produced plantain fingers were higher, when compared to the mechanical properties of fingers produced with inorganic soil treatment. The results further displayed that there were increment in the mechanical behaviours of the plantain fingers, as the maturation period increased from maturity stage 1 to maturity stage 3, before they started to decline to maturity stage, irrespective of the soil treatment applied. According to the results plantain fingers harvested matured but unripe (stage 3) can withstand the postharvest operations. Data obtain from this study will help engineers in designing and fabrication of systems for the mechanization of plantain production.

Background: Medical students are constantly exposed to stress which when present in a small amount is beneficial as it brings out the potential of the student; but a lot of stress is injurious to the well being of the student as it exerts a negative effect on the mental health, physical health and academics of the student. Objective: To study stress, anxiety, and depression levels perceived by the 1st year M.B.B.S students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at Andhra Medical College from November 2020 to December 2020. This Study included 1st year M.B.B.S Students who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were willing to give consent. Information regarding Age, Gender, Place of residence (hostel/day scholar), Motivation to take M.B.B.S course (Self-interest / Family pressure), Socioeconomic status using Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale were collected. DASS -42 questionnaire was given to the students which was used to assess the stress, anxiety, and depression levels. The data was entered into Excel 2016 and SPSS version 21 was used for analysis. Independent t-test and ANOVA tests were used to find the association between socio-demographic characteristics and DASS scores. Results: A total of 108 1st year M.B.B.S students participated in the study, belonging to the age group 18 – 20 years. The percentage of females was 55.6%. 95.4% of the students took the course with self–interest. 57.4% of students were residents of the hostel. The mean stress, anxiety and depression score was found to be 12.45 ± 5.92, 4.98 ± 2.81, 5.31 ± 3.42 respectively in this study. In this study, 49% of students were found to be in the mild stress category. Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of stress and a considerable amount of anxiety and depression among 1st year M.B.BS students. A student help desk comprising of a psychologist, psychiatrist, parent representative and a senior faculty member can be formed who will help the students in addressing their negative emotional states.

The problem of low commitment of science teachers in Ogun State, Nigeria has been an issue of serious concern. Perhaps factors such as demographic indices of teachers could be responsible but have not been given adequate attention in literature. This study was carried out to investigate demographic indices as predictor of science teachers' job commitment in Ogun state. Four objectives consisting of two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive research design was employed. Study population included 172 principals and 2,617 science teachers. Sample of 90 principals and 882 science teachers were used. Researcher-constructed questionnaires titled "Demographic Indices and Teachers' Job Commitment Questionnaire‘(DIQ)’ ‘(r = 0.79)’and (JCQ)" (r = 0.82) were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Results showed poor (bad) good teaching experience (x̅ = 2.785) and professional competence (x̅ = 2.625) and low level of science teachers' commitment to their job (x̅ = 2.104). Results also showed significant joint contribution of demographic indices on science teachers' job commitment (F3, 86 = 3.019). Furthermore, the predictors that had individual significant influence on science teachers' job commitment are good teaching experience (β = .191; t = 3.121) and professional competence (β = .169; t = 3.132) in public secondary schools in Ogun State. It was recommended among others that educational stakeholders should try their best possible to improve demographic indices in order to increase science teachers' job commitment.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is also one of the major causes of morbidity in both developed and developing countries like India. In 2020, total number of new cases in India was 13, 24, 413 and number of deaths reported was 8, 51, 678. Number of cancer cases is on an increasing trend every year. As resources are very few in our country a well-developed cancer registry and statistics would help in identifying the risk factors for various cancers and thereby preventing their occurrence. Objectives: 1) To study the incidence of cancer cases in a tertiary care center with respect to organ system, site, age, gender and type of cancer. 2) To ascertain the leading cancers in a tertiary care hospital and compare the incidence with various other epidemiologic studies. Materials and methods: The present study is a Hospital based Retrospective study done from January 2019 to June 2021 for a period of two and half years in Department of pathology, Andhra medical college. A total of 1760 cases are studied during this period. Various demographic details like age and sex are collected along with site and clinical diagnosis for the study. Data was entered and analyzed using MS excel 2013 and pie charts and frequency graphs were plotted for easy analysis of the data. Results: Out of 1760 cancer patients’ females were 993(56.4%) and 767 were males (43.5%), larger number of the male patients with cancer were in the age group of 51 -60 years and females showed up in the age group of 45 to 55 years. In our study the most common tumors were tumors of Head and neck (oral cavity included) with 491cases (27.89%) followed by cervical cancers with 279 cases (15.8%). In males out of total 767 cases the most common cancer was oral cavity cancers (250cases/32.59%) followed by GIT cancers (140 cases/18.25%) and in females out of 993 cases the most common cancer was cervical cancer(279 cases/28.09%) followed by breast cancers(196 cases/19.73%). Conclusion: The present study emphasizes on burden of various cancers at the level of a tertiary care center. In recent years there is an increasing incidence of cancers in females.

Background: There is no significant change in the maternal mortality ratio and neonatal mortality rate, an analysis of data in the Directorate General of Health Services dashboard shows that since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, there is a significant reduction in the uptake of maternal and newborn health services from the health facilities. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate Pregnancy rate of during COVID-19 pandemic: Single center experience in Bangladesh. Method: The present study was prospective observational study of Pregnancy rate of during COVID-19 pandemic in 101 cases of Pregnancy rate in between 18-45 years women with pregnancy, from April 2011 to September 2011. Patients with medical complications like anemia, preexisting hypertension, diabetes, vascular or renal disease, multiple gestations, uterine or fetal anomalies etc. are excluded from the study. Detailed history, physical examinations were carried out and appropriate management instituted as per individual patients need. Statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: In table-I shows age distribution of the patients where most of the patients (24.75%) belong to during covid-19 31-35 years age group. Birth distribution of the patients of the months where most of the 8 birth frequency belong to during covid-19 Jun (2020). Conclusion: Continue breastfeeding their baby even if they are infected or suspect being infected as the virus has not been found in samples of breastmilk. Mothers with COVID-19 should wear a mask when feeding their baby; wash hands before and after touching the baby; and routinely clean and disinfect surfaces. The study found that maternal pregnancy rates were higher than during the Covid-19.

This paper sought to investigate the implications of events sponsorship on corporate image. The currency of events sponsorship study is hinged on understanding awareness creating and image transferring capacity, sponsor-event fit dynamics, and viewers' perceptions on corporate image. The Ex post facto research design method was adopted were 180 copies of semi-structured questionnaires were administered to conveniently selected respondents in sports betting shops and shopping malls in Ibadan, Nigeria. The hypotheses formulated were tested with one way ANOVA and Ordinary least square regression method at 5% level of significance. The result shows that there are significant gender differences in viewers’ awareness and perceptions of sponsored events. Also, the study reveals that the attributes of events sponsorship exhibit a strong, positive relationship with corporate image. This study therefore recommends that event sponsors should be cautious in the choice of events to be sponsored as they relate to the contents on display as well as avoid events that are sectional in nature in order to avoid unfavourable brand disposition.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of acetic acid and alpha-amylase modifications on the physicochemical properties of Xanthosoma sagittifolium (cocoyam) starch. Standard procedures were employed in determining the physicochemical features of the starch. The yield of starch from cocoyam root was 22.30 %. The result showed that of the native and modified starches did not show significant difference in the moisture content, and the swelling capacity of the native and modified starches. The amylose content showed that acetic acid modified starch had significantly (p<0.05) higher amylose content (10.07±0.20 %) than the native and enzyme modified starches. The solubility of the starch was shown to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the native cocoyam starch (3.75 g/g) than in either acetic acid or enzyme modified starch (3.30±0.02 and 3.04±0.01 g/g) respectively. The gelatinization temperature of the starches was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in the modified starch (82.51±0.08 and 81.15±0.05oC) than native starch. The water absorption capacity was significantly higher in native starch (6.65±0.12) than in the modified starches (2.14±0.07 and 2.03±0.04 for acetic acid and enzyme modified starches respectively). It is therefore noteworthy that modification of cocoyam starch may present it a worthy resource material for industrial application as such popularising its utility.

Cereals are used as staple food in the world because they provide more energy and important source of vitamins, minerals, protein and carbohydrates. Oat is considered important cereal cultivated in different regions due to its ample source of soluble dietary fiber. Bran is the outermost layer of the grain which contains the appreciable amount of soluble dietary fiber called β-glucan helpful in lowering cholesterol and maintaining glucose level. Due to the health benefits of fibrous material from oat bran it gained more importance globally and has been added in different food items. But incorporation of fibrous material in food items negatively affects the characteristics of product ultimate acceptance. To improve the functionality of fibrous material, different methods are applied such as addition of chemicals and enzymes but they did not gain much popularity because people demand organic foods. So, the current study was designed to improve the functionality of fibrous material through extrusion cooking as it is more effective than other techniques. Proximate analysis expressed that oat bran had moisture, protein, fat, ash and fiber content as 8.25±0.04%, 14.15±0.07%, 6.12±0.05%, 2.50±0.10% and 3.55±0.23%, respectively. Extrusion of oat bran was done by using the barrel exit temperature 120˚C, 140 ˚C and 160˚C, screw speed 100rpm, 150rpm and 200rpm and feed moisture was 20%, 30% and 40%. Extruded bran was investigated for total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber. Extrusion parameters had showed positively significant (P<0.01) effect on dietary fiber content, β-glucan content and extractable β-glucan content. In conclusion, current research showed that extrusion treatment of oat bran results in increased availability of fiber.

Background: Diabetes promises to be the most daunting public health challenge for India in the near future. The global figures on diabetes, released by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), have raised a serious alarm for India. India is presently home to 62 million diabetics — an increase of nearly 2 million in just one year. By 2030, India's diabetes numbers are expected to cross the 100 million marks. Aim: To evaluate the Anthropometric profile of type II diabetes patients enrolled in a lifestyle modification programme. Material and methods: Present study was a Descriptive longitudinal study carried out among 120 diabetic patients in Ahmednagar district in Western Maharashtra. All patients coming to Urban health centre and known case of type II diabetes on OHA were considered for the study. Patients were followed up upto 12 months. Baseline anthropometric measurement were noted. Age, gender, Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, Waist to hip ratio were calculated. This patients were told about lifestyle modification skills like, antigravity exercises, diet, deaddiction, yogasanas etc. then they were followed up at 6 months and 12 months. Again anthropometric parameters were measured and final analysis was done. Results: The mean age was 52.60 years (SD=9.52). In present study, anthropometric parameters like weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist to hip ratio were observed over a period of 1 year. For this, type II diabetes mellitus patients were included in the study and change in anthropometric parameters were observed at the end of 6th month and then at the end of 12th month. Conclusion: Present study showed that lifestyle modifications play a very important role in manging the anthropometric parameters among obese/ Diabetic patients. Antigravity exercises and diet show very good impact on the physical as well as mental wellbeing of the individual. Lifestyle modifications and skills should be promoted and added as a part of standard treatment protocols in manging the Diabetic cases.

Background: Over the past twenty years, advances in our understanding of tumour biology have led to the development of improved treatment strategies for many cancers. As a result, many patients are living longer with metastatic disease and the incidence of metastasis is continuing to rise. Based on post-mortem findings, approximately 70% of patients with breast or prostate cancer have bone metastases. Commensurate with the increased prevalence of bone metastasis, there is potential for significant comorbidities such as pain, limited mobility, hypercalcaemia, spinal cord or nerve root compression, myelosuppression and pathologic fracture. Therefore, early detection of skeletal metastasis is critical for accurate staging and optimal treatment; to allow the implementation of treatment strategies such as surgical fixation, radiotherapy, or bisphosphonate therapy to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life. Material and methods: The evaluation of diagnostic tests was carried out on50patients in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Rural medical college, PIMS (D.U) Loni for duration of 2 years (2019-2021). Study population included all patients referred to Department of Radiodiagnosis for DWIB to look for metastases. The ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee, Rural Medical College and Hospital, Loni. All the patients fulfilling the selection criteria were explained about the purpose of study and a written informed consent was obtained to participate in the study before enrolment. Results: In our study out of 50 patients, 29 were males and 21 females. The most common age group were of 40 to 50 yrs. The sensitivity of DWIBS was 97.87%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 75% and accuracy was 98% in detecting metastases. Conclusion: Present study concluded that MR-DWIBS is useful in detection of metastases in patients with a low level of suspicion and normal or nonspecific and [18F]-FDG-PET/CT finding. DWIBS is a radiological modality devoid of radiation exposure like with [18F]-FDG-PET/CT. MR- DWIBS is a particularly useful modality in diagnosing metastases due to its high specificity, and accuracy as compared to [18F]-FDG-PET/CT.

Background: Fetal biometric measurements of different anatomical structures are valuable in radiological and obstetric practice for the estimation of gestational age, assessment of intrauterine growth and differentiation of normal from abnormal fetuses. Birth weight estimation also depends on different fetal biometric measurements and has tremendous value for neonatal management in terms of appropriate time of delivery, specific obstetric interventions and delivery under intensive neonatal care support. Material and methods: Present study was a descriptive study carried out on 500 pregnant women coming to OBGY department were referred to department of radiodiagnosis for antenatal ultrasound for the first time or for follow up scan were enrolled for the study. Results: On outcome of disease, 65% had AGA, 17% had IUGR and 18% had SGA. Mean gestational age in weeks among SGA was 37.97+1.66, IUGR was 35.03+1.18 and AGA was 38.01+1.76. Mean EFBW among AGA was 2954.7+343.5, among IUGR 2390.11+245.9, and SGA was 2546.44+242.5. p value showed high statistical significance. (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Ultrasound biometry is the gold standard for assessment of fetal size. Fetal weight less than 10th percentile for gestational age is mostly used to diagnosis SGA and IUGR but other criteria like elevated HC/AC ratio, elevated FL/AC ratio, and presence of oligohydramnios without ruptured membranes, presence of advanced placental grade can also be used for improving the accuracy of diagnosis.

Background: Although Lung is the primary target organ involvement in corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19), post-covid lung pathology and its impact on lung functions is still uncertain. Material and methods: Prospective multicentric study conducted during May 2020 to September 2021, to find pulmonary function assessment in post-COVID-19 recovered pneumonia cases irrespective of their symptoms, included 600 cases in symptomatic and asymptomatic group and subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All cases were subjected to Spirometry analysis. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-test. Results: In Spirometry assessment of post-COVID-19 pneumonia cases at 12 weeks post discharge form hospital, abnormal lung function in 77.5% post covid-19 pneumonia cases; restrictive pattern was predominant type and documented in 43.33% cases, normal lung functions were documented in 22.5% cases. In age and gender assessment in normal and abnormal lung functions assessment, statistically significant association in males 90/150 versus females 45/315 [p<0.00001]; and in age of population in study cases as below 50 years 110/300 versus above 50 years 25/165 [p<0.0001]. CT severity score has shown negative impact on lung function after recovery at 12 weeks post-discharge; cases with score <8, 8-15 and >15 documented normal and abnormal lung functions as in 36/54, 60/80 and 39/331 respectively of total 600 study cases [p<0.00001]. Duration of illness has associated negative impact on lung function; <7 days, 8-15 days and >15 days of onset of symptoms documented normal and abnormal lung functions in 108/132, 22/168 and 5/165 cases respectively [p<0.00001]. Low oxygen saturation at entry point has negative impact on overall outcome on lung function; cases with oxygen saturation <75%, 75-90% and >90% observed as normal and abnormal lung functions in 92/18, 35/135 and 6/314 cases respectively [p<0.00001]. Timing of BIPAP/NIV has significant association in attaining normal lung functions after post-COVID19 pneumonia recovery; cases received BIPAP/NIV at entry point <1 day, 3-7 days and after 7 days of hospitalization were documented normal and abnormal lung functions in 30/150, 40/35 and 5/50 cases respectively [p<0.00001]. Conclusions: Pulmonary functions abnormality in post-COVID-19 pneumonia cases has been documented and should be assessed cautiously to have successful treatment outcome. Restrictive lung disease is the predominant lung function impairment in post-COVID 19 recovered lung pneumonia cases. Age above 50 years, male gender, Diabetes, High CT severity, longer duration of illness, proper timing of initiation of BIPAP/NIV therapy, has documented significant impact on post covid lung functions at 12 weeks assessment.