In recent years, Twak Vikar (Dermatological manifestations) are common and more so frequent in the elder age. There is a definite increase in its incidence especially, in the tropical region and developing countries like India due to various reasons like unhygienic environmental conditions, poverty, poor sanitation, illiteracy, malnutrition, improper skin care etc. The patients of skin disease are additionally prone to experience physical, emotional & socio-economic embarrassment in the society due to disfigured appearance. Dadru is one of the commonly occurring skin diseases which can be defined as an entity manifested by intractable itching, scaling, erythema with the lesions discoid in shape. Dadru, is a Kapha (Energy that forms the body’s structure) Pitta (Body’s metabolic system) Pradhan (prominent) Vyadhi (Disease). Acharya Charak has placed Dadru under Kshudra Kushth (Minor skin disease) but Acharya Sushrut and Acharya Vagbhata kept it under Mahakushth (Major skin disease). Acharyas did not explained separate Nidan (causative and diagnostic factor) for Dadru Kushth. The knowledge of Nidan is helpful for proper Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.

This study validates the relevance of Lean strategy in Nigerian pharmaceutical companies in Anambra State. Specifically, the study ascertained the effect of lean manufacturing approach on efficiency of pharmaceutical companies in Anambra State and determine the effect of lean manufacturing approach on competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in Anambra State. The study adapted a descriptive survey research design since the study is to distribute questionnaires to the respondents. The population of the study consists of 80 staff of 6 selected pharmaceutical companies in Anambra State. Data were collected through the questionnaires administered to respondents. T-test statistical tool was used to test the two hypotheses with the aid of SPSS version 20. 0 at 5% level of significance. The study revealed that lean manufacturing approach has effect on operational efficiency of Pharmaceutical Companies in Anambra State. Findings of the study provided support that lean contributed in integrated value chain supply and competitiveness in manufacturing companies. Therefore, the study concluded that lean manufacturing approach has effect on efficiency and competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in Anambra State. Based on the findings, the study recommended that manufacturing companies should strive to adopt lean thinking approaches, principles and practices so as to reduce inherent variations with suppliers and demand from customers for greater effectiveness of the company.

Formalin is the most widely used preservative in anatomical embalming. It produces consistent results in terms of the prevention of autolysis and putrefaction at an affordable cost. It is a known carcinogen having several health hazards. Strict adherence to safety protocols is required to minimize its toxic effects. Regular monitoring of formaldehyde concentration in the dissection hall and embalming room will ensure remedial measures at the earliest. In the face of growing health concerns, several alternative preservatives are being studied. Apart from it, methods like cryopreservation, plastination can be used instead of embalming. Post-mortem toxicological analysis of formalin-fixed cadavers is of importance for forensic investigation. This article will review the overall advantages and disadvantages of formalin and its alternatives in the process of embalming and will guide the anatomists in choosing the proper options for the purpose.

Daily, seasonable and annual variation on precipitation should be carried out properly to enhance the better relaxation caused by damaging drain structure, hydraulic parameters and even climatic disorder. In order to incorporate all these needs and to enhance the existing research theories and even on developing new theories, this study will surely provide basic framework. The problems for the researcher as well as meteorological department for the further study of climatic change action and to provide basic knowledge to the farmer and agricultural department to yield seasonal wise crops without consideration of hydrological analysis (i.e. precipitation data) associates problems like flood risk and drought causing loss of lives and property. For the hydrological study, daily and monthly rainfall data was obtained from meteorological station from the year 1991-2020. The monthly and daily precipitation concentration were determined using Time series analysis, single mass curve analysis, coefficient of variation and spatial analysis and were represented using Histogram chart, Spreadsheet and GIS tool. With this, daily, monthly, seasonal wise variation on precipitation with respect to location wise (Spatial) as well as Time wise (Temporal) was obtained. The temporal characteristic shows that peak month of rainfall were July and August for all the regions. Considering Total Annual, the maximum value is at Beni Bazar i.e. more than 200000mm and least in the Ranipauwa i.e less than 10000mm. The mean annual rainfall of 30 years indicating that the Beni Bazar, Myagdi region has the highest rainfall and Ranipauwa, Mustang the least. Similarly, trend analysis shows that there are increasing (+ve), decreasing (-ve) and somewhat constant trends for the different stations. Furthermore, results from variability and reliability data shows that that Ranipauwa has the highest annual variability (138.86%) and Lumle has the least annual variability (15%) in which in turn implies that the rainfall at Lumle is more reliable than other areas. The computed Spatial and Temporal variation on rainfall has been developed as a basic tool for further research. It will also help farmers to know seasonal wise crops production as well as analysis of storm water for the construction of drainage system. These findings can be considered for monitoring extreme weather events like; erosion and floods. This would therefore contribute significantly to the effective management and sustainable development of the Gandaki Province and region having similar topographical features, which are rain dependent.

The Research Paper ‘Application of the Strict Liability Rule in Rylands v Fletcher to Oil Spills in Nigeria’, is a robust and timely evaluation of the legal concept of Strict Liability as it applies to the recurrent problem of oil spillage in Nigeria. For several decades now, crude oil production sites have regularly spilled oil and other petroleum-related chemicals, into the riverine communities of the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. This has sometimes devastated the fishing and farming livelihoods of the poor villages within the vicinity of such spillages, and agricultural productivity is greatly reduced. This is in addition to air pollution, wildlife decline and overall environmental degradation. This paper looks at efforts to hold accountable those responsible for such degradation using the concept of Strict Liability. In order to obtain justice and compensation for the riverine communities, it must be proven that the offending oil companies were guilty of nuisance and negligence, as described by the Rule in Rylands v Fletcher. The companies are expected to know that their activities are reasonably likely to cause far-reaching destruction to the environment. Concluding, the paper makes recommendations to further tackle the problem of oil spillage in Nigeria.

Introduction: Dichlorvos (DDVP), an active ingredient of Sniper insecticide, is commonly used in Nigeria to control insects by killing them thereby preventing the spread of diseases. However, it can be highly toxic to humans when inhaled into the respiratory system which could elicit oxidative stress and cause respiratory infections. Vitamin C is known to be an anti-oxidant, capable of inhibiting oxidative stress. This study was aimed at investigating the ameliorating effect of vitamin C on dichlorvos-induced toxicity of the rat lung. Materials and methods: Forty (40) male wistar rats (weighing 150 – 200g) were recruited and randomly grouped into five (5) groups of eight (8) rats each. A group was the control; two groups were exposed to graded concentrations of DDVP while the last two groups were treated with vitamin C. Body weights were obtained before and after the period of 21-day exposure. After 21 days, histopathological and biochemical analysis were carried out to examine the level of toxicity of DDVP and effect of vitamin C treatment on the lung tissues. Results: Rat groups treated using vitamin C administration had significant improvements in body weights compared to DDVP-exposed groups. MDA levels as well as CATA and SOD activities increased significantly on vitamin C-treated rat groups (p < 0.05). Post treatment of rat groups with vitamin C showed that the lung histoarchitecture significantly improved. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Vitamin C could be a supplementary remedy in organophosphate (dichlorvos) poisoning through inhalation.

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi and is characterised by necrotising genito-perineal ulcers which may be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenitis or bubo formation with possible spread to the thigh. We presented a rare case of a 23year old polytechnic undergraduate who presented to the hospital with complaints of extensive painful ulcer in her vulva for over ten (10) days. On culture of the swab from the ulcer, Haemophilus Ducreyi and E Coli sensitive to Ceftriazone, Ofloxacin and Gentamycin were isolated. Patient was treated with IV Ceftriazone for 5 days and Ciprofloxacin for 10 days with good recovery. The case highlighted the need for increased vigilance in managing genital ulcers in contemporary clinical practices and for carefulness in the choice of a sexual partner and practices among adolescents and young girls.

General anesthesia (GA) is one of the pharmacological modalities used in the treatment of pediatric dental patients. This study aims to assess the rate and associated factors of repeated dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia in pediatric patients; The electronic health records of three- to 12-year-old children who received dental treatment under GA between 2015 and 2019 were identified and analyzed. Subjects were classified into cases with repeated dental treatment under GA within 5 years and controls who had dental GA once. Each case was matched to three controls based on gender and age. The collected data included the child's age at the first and second dental GA, gender, health status, Type, and the number of dental treatments provided. A total of 2376 patients had dental treatment under GA. Forty-five controls were matched to 15 cases in a 3:1 ratio. The prevalence of repeated dental GA over 5 years was 0.63%. The number of restorations, pulp therapies, and extractions showed no statically significant differences except for the number of crowns, which was higher in controls compared to cases (p=0.011). Treatment of patients under GA requires a more aggressive course of treatments compared to local anesthesia. Consequently, it is advisable to choose full-coverage crowns rather than composite or amalgam restorations.

Background: Laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst in the liver is now becoming popular with the introduction of modern devices like Pallanivelue Hydatid Cyst Cannula System that makes the procedure easier, safe, and acceptable. The laparoscopic approach is not only a cosmetic issue; it also prevents the recurrence rate by preventing spillage and complete removal of endocyst. Objective: Here we assess the Laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst in the liver of 30 cases at the Department of General Surgery. Methods: It is a prospective study having ages ranging from 18 to 65 years were included in this study, from April 2015 to March 2020. Laparoscopic endocystectomy was performed in all cases with deroofing of the cyst wall and observed the outcome of the procedure. All the cases were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by ultrasonography and CT scan. Results: A total of 30 patients, 13 males, and 17 were females. The most common presenting complaints were pain in the abdomen in 20(66.66 %), a lump in the right upper abdomen in 18(60 %), jaundice 2(10 %). Hepatic Hydatid cyst diagnosed by USG, CT scan, and serological test were included in this study. The distribution of cyst sizes was: 1-5 cm 3; 6-10 cm 8; 11-15 cm 10; > 15 cm 9 patients. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan were done to confirm the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cyst in all patients. The right lobe was involved in 25(83.33 %), left lobe in 4(13.33 %) with both lobes in 1(3.33 %). Intraoperative complications 5(16.66%). Per operative bleeding 1(3.33%), spillage 2(6.66%), and cystic biliary communication 2(6.66%). The main operating time was 95(60-120) minutes. The mean duration of hospital stay was 5.22(3-10) days. Conclusion: The laparoscopic cyst evacuation and omentoplasty using PHS are safe for treating the hydatid cyst of the liver in the selected patients, while addressing all the conventional surgical principles of treating the hydatid cysts, like aspiration, prevention of spillage, sterilization of cysts, and partial deroofing. It aids early recovery with good cosmetic results. PHS is an ideal method for single or multiple hydatid cysts of the liver with minimal complications and morbidity.

Ovarian vein thrombosis is a rare pathology, which can be encountered postpartum or postabortum. Its severity is linked to the risk of extension to the vena cava and therefore to the resulting risk of pulmonary embolism. Its diagnosis remains difficult due to the existence of misleading signs, but is currently facilitated by new imaging data: ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The treatment is mainly medical, combining heparin therapy and antibiotic therapy, surgery being reserved for complicated forms. We report a case of postpartum ovarian thrombosis at the Suissi maternity hospital in Rabat in a woman with a sparkling picture of appendicitis.

Activated Carbons (ACs) were prepared from jute stick charcoal by chemical activation using H2SO4 and H3PO4 ranging temperature from 3000C to 3500. The activated carbons and charcoal prepared from jute sticks were characterized by evaluating the surface chemistry, structural features and surface morphology. The properties of the carbons were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer – Emmett-Teller (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the FT-IR method. The jute sticks were converted to activated carbons with the highest surface area (135–245m2/g) and largest mesopores volume (0.14–0.16 cm3/g). The FT-IR spectra exhibited that the pyrolysis of jute stick resulted in the release of aliphatic and O - containing functional groups by thermal effect. However, the release of functional groups is effect of chemical reaction in the ZnCl2, H3PO4, and H2SO4 activation process. A honeycomb carbon structure in activated carbon was formed as observed on SEM images. Although charcoal and activated carbon were prepared at 3000C to 3500, the activated carbon exhibited much lower Raman sensitivity due to the formation of condensed aromatic ring systems. Due to high surface area and high porous structure with abundance of functional groups, the activated carbon prepared from jute sticks charcoal absorbed molecules with much higher than those of other activated carbon.

The fatigue damage and the stress distribution in potable water tanks coatings can be influenced by different factor particularly the vibration that results from various sources. In this paper, study the effect of vibration on fatigue resistance of two types of epoxy coatings (polyamine and polyamide epoxy coatings) used for potable water tanks. The vibration fatigue test apparatus is collected in the laboratory and used for testing. As a result the vibration reduced the fatigue limits of both types of coats compared to static case. Also, there is a reduced in values of the constants of Basquin’s equation for vibration fatigue tests compared to the static case. The applied coatings improve the fatigue resistance of stainless steel.

Anti-neoplastic drugs are known to have teratogenic effects on the fetus. In this case report we are presenting a case of a patient who got operated for breast carcinoma, conceived while on chemotherapy and underwent termination of pregnancy in the second trimester. Fetal haemorrhage and ecchymosis lead to further evaluation of the case, which revealed fetal thrombocytopenia, a rare teratogenic effect of the anti-neoplastic drugs.

Introduction: Breech is the commonest mal-presentation where increased perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity are reported compared to cephalic presentation. This unwanted outcome can only be prevented by planned delivery methods. The aim of the study was to compare fetal outcomes in all delivery methods among the primiparous and multiparous women and thereby helping in preparing appropriate delivery protocol in breech presentation. Methods: This prospective study was done at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Rangpur Medical College with a total of 104 pregnancies. Appropriate cases of breech presentation were included and all necessary information was noted including predictive factors, management details, and outcome of the delivery. Result: Among the 104 participants of the study, 53 were primiparous pregnancy, and 51 were multiparous pregnancy cases. In total, 28 out of 104 had vaginal deliveries, and 76 had a delivery through cesarean section. The cesarean section had a much higher prevalence (81.13%) among primipara cases. 22 of the primipara and 20 of the multipara cases had planned for vaginal delivery, but successful vaginal delivery was observed to be 22.7% in primiparous women and 45% among multiparous women. The mean age was 24.58 years among the primiparous women and 28.9 years among the multiparous. A higher percentage of multiparous cases (80.4%) had no fetal complications compared to primiparous cases (71.7%). Among neonatal complications, birth traumas were significantly more frequent in the primiparous compared with multiparous. 43.4% of neonates needed admission from the primipara group compared with 33.3% in multipara. Among maternal complications, a higher percentage of multipara women suffered from different morbidities compared to primiparous, which was statistically significant as a whole. Conclusion: Proper planning of delivery methods is important to decrease both maternal and fetal morbidities and mortality irrespective of parity. Primiparous mothers with breech presentation are more prone to undergo cesarean deliveries and thereby develop postoperative complications. But multiparous mothers have more complications during the delivery process. Overall neonatal complications especially birth traumas are more common among the babies of primiparous mothers.

This research investigated and described the experiences and ways of coping among low- income parents of La Paz, San Narciso, Zambales, Philippines during COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has primarily affected Filipino families most particularly the low-income earners. Income loss for affected individuals is assumed to start at the beginning of the crisis and lasts the duration of the crisis. Most of the respondents receive wage which are spent for their children’s basic needs. They are not financially capable of providing gadgets for their child/children as well as continuous internet connection. Majority of parents are not permanently employed for they are probably on-call, seasonal workers, small scale entrepreneur, self-employed and/or farmer. Parents encountered and experienced delayed payments of their medical expenses and monthly utility bills. Some participants were laid off from their jobs/works and with this condition they barely avail of essential services. In reality, the crisis might exacerbate savings depletion at the onset due to the delay in assistance. Parent participants cope with the adverse economic effect of the COVID-19 pandemic by venturing on other form/mode of earning income like online selling, farming and fishing.