Different types of nanoparticles such as silver and gold can be evaluated at higher rate than those traditional methods or techniques. Nanoparticle Spectrometer is mostly used to measure the particle size distribution. Localized surface plasmon resonance is used for studying the shape, size and composition of the newly synthesized nanoparticles in order to extract the optical properties as different bimetallic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can be synthesized through the pulsed plasma method by applying voltage across electrodes. Localized surface plasmon resonance is used for characterizing the physical as well as electrical characterizes of the some nanoparticles such as aluminum, gold and silver. Nuclear magnetic resonance is extensively used for determining of the atomic structure of different particles. Darkfield microscopy is used to find out the differences in contrast by selectively capturing light scattered by the specimen. Magnetic resonance in physics also used determination of the molecular structure of molecules bound to surfaces of nanomaterial. Liquid-phase plasma also applied for synthesis of nanoparticles in order to design the nanoparticles based on electrical and metal based properties.

Leadership is referred to the competencies of a manager or senior to influence the subordinates to achieve a goal set by an organization. Effective leadership helps in developing associations between the employees, resolving conflicts between the team members, and ensures that a constructive environment is maintained within the organization. The adoption of the right leadership style helps in mitigating the crisis and risks that are affected by the organization in the competitive markets. It includes the adoption of situational leadership as a situational leader understands the needs of the employees and makes adjustments in his/her management approach to meet the needs of the employees. The situational leader seamlessly switches between different leadership styles to suit the organizational needs and develop trust and confidence among the followers. It encourages the employees to reach the leader and seek guidance regarding the resolution of difficult situations like risk and reduce it considerably. It helps the team to make the rightful decision and mitigate the risk or crisis.

Four samples of Guadua Angustifolia (Colombian Timber Bamboo) bamboo culms were investigated in this study in order to determine the effects of nodes and other physical properties on the compressive strength. The samples were categorized into two groups; samples with nodes (labeled 1M and 1G) and samples between nodes (internode) which were labelled 1J and 1B. The mechanical properties such as moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the samples were studied in the laboratory. From the results obtained, it was observed that the density of all the bamboo samples was directly proportional to their respective compressive strengths. Bamboo culm samples from the internode part had a compressive strength that is lower than that of those from the node part (1M and 1G). The culm sample from the node part (1M) had the highest compressive strength of 80.5379 N/mm2 while the culm sample from the internode part (1B) had the lowest compressive strength of 60.8930 N/mm2. The culm diameter, wall thickness and length influenced the cross-sectional area over which the stress was determined. Therefore, the mechanical properties of bamboo are dependent on its physical properties to a reasonable extent.

In the beyond few years, there was a number of interests in and use of particulate delivery structures as immune providers each for small and large molecules withinside the area of drug administration. A form of drug molecule has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that adjust and enhance used inclusive of nanoparticles. In vivo, they were used to protect drug entities withinside the systemic circulation, restrict drug gets entry to sure areas, and distribute drugs at a regulated and constant price to the activity site. Various polymers are applied withinside the appearance of nanoparticles for drug delivery evaluation to increase healing benefit while decreasing side effects. This paper discusses an extensive variety of subjects associated with nanoparticle formulation, characterization, structural effects, and applications in drug delivery and therapeutic gene delivery. This study examines several themes relating to the formation of nanoparticles, characterisation, architectural impacts, and drug delivery and medicinal gene therapy application.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of hemoglobin, ferritin, albumin, total protein and globulin in pregnant Sudanese women to assess the presence of anemia and hypoproteinemia in the second and third trimester. Materials and method: A total of 100 pregnant women were attended at Almadina Arab Hospital in Gezira state, Sudan in the period from December 2017 to February 2018. Their ages ranged from 19 to 37 years old, and they were divided into two groups: second trimester and third trimester. Venous blood samples were drawn from each participant to determine hemoglobin, ferritin, albumin, globulin, and total protein levels using a Spectrophotometric method by an automated analyzer (Biosystem A25), and globulin was determined by calculation. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 20 was used to analyze data. Result: In both the second and third trimesters, the mean concentration of measured biochemical parameters were decreased, with no significant difference between the two groups however, the means of ferritin levels were normal. Hemoglobin mean levels were (10.784±1.143 and 10.968±1.570), total protein mean levels were (6.632±0.701 and 6.644±0.631), albumin mean levels were (3.204±0.423 and 3.254±0.420), and globulin mean levels were (3.444±0.661 and 3.390±0.611) in the second and third trimesters, respectively. The mean levels of ferritin were (36.900±1.458 and 39.300±1.591) in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant Sudanese women in their second and third trimesters were found to have anemia and hypoprotienemia.

The problem in this study is to find weaknesses of the interpretation of detention by law enforcer in the Indonesian criminal justice system and how to reconstruct it based on the value of Pancasila justice. The approach method used in this study is socio-legal research which relies on the data obtained in the field that are compared to relevant literature and existing laws. The conclusion of this study is that the construction of the interpretation of detention by Law Enforcer is currently not based on the value of justice based on Pancasila, namely detention on the one hand is an authority given by law based on the principle of legality to investigators, investigators on orders of investigators, public prosecutors and judges, but on the other hand, it deals with the deprivation of the liberty of the suspect and the accused. The weaknesses of the interpretation of detention by the apparatus are that the detention of suspects or defendants can weaken socio-economic development as it is not mutually exclusive, but overlapping each other, therefore, the Ideal Reconstruction of the Interpretation of Detention by Law Enforcement Officials in a Criminal Justice System Based on Justice Values Based on Pancasila is to add, with amend, add to, or improve the articles that contain rules or provisions regarding detention.

The present study aimed to investigate whether linguistic differences and distance have any influence on spoken English proficiency among Bengali speakers. In particular, this study tried to find some probable areas of influence of vowel from Bengali to English. It was found that the L1 influence was present in the highly proficient English as a second language speaker. It was concluded that the pronunciation errors were mainly due to L1 interference.

Zoonotic diseases are group of those diseases that transmitted from animals to the human in the form of germs categorized from microbial sources. Rabies is characterized by biting the dogs, cats and transmitted by infections from animal’s surfaces to the human body. Psittacosis is the zoonotic disease that is transmitted by bird’s infections that leads to abnormalities in liver functions. Brucellosis also the zoonotic disease characterized by infections particles in the form of food products. Polluted foods lead to food borne disease. Vaccines are used for the treatment of rabies in order to control the rate of transmission of rabies. The main purpose of vaccines is to develop the immunity against virus and provides long life protection against the microbial environments. Different antibiotics such as doxycycline and rifampin are used for Brucella but increasing the resistance against that drugs leads to challenge the mechanisms of resistance of antimicrobial drugs. There is need to synthesize the genome based drugs that can make certain alterations in genomics of the animals.

Infectious diseases are caused by transmission of infections from animals either in the form of biting of different tissues of human. Infectious diseases are also caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and transmission rate high such as rabies, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Ebola viruses. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in the immune responses against the pathogenic attack. Natural Killer T cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and interleukins are involved in immune responses. Cytokines releases that causes immune responses by releasing the chemicals. Bacterial infections are those caused by salmonella and E.coli are most common in modern environment. Fungal growth on skin causes different fungal infections that leads to borne of many skin diseases, such as ringworm and athlete's foot. Histoplasma capsulatum affects the lungs in two ways either in the form of acute or chronic inflammation. Tuberculosis (TB) is the most infectious disease widespread caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes lungs and respiratory problems. Different types of genes are involved in immune responses when there is attack of coronavirus to the specific immune cells. Genome editing helpful for editing the specific gene in the microbial cells that causes the inhibition of genes causing infectious diseases.

The performance of reinforced concrete structures, as in other composite members, depends on the bond between the steel and the concrete which ensures that load is transferred safely between the two materials. The research involved the direct application of environmentally and eco-friendly extracted exudates/resins used to control the effect of corrosion attacks by coating steel with varying thicknesses, embedded in concrete structures and immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for corrosion accelerated process. Laboratory experimental samples reflected the acid level of sea salt concentration in reinforced concrete cubes. The data for comparison of maximum obtained values are failure bond load are corroded -41.594% against 78.166% and 80.194% controlled and coated, bond strength is -34.227% against 73.201% and 69.943% and maximum slip are -42.731% against 102.034% and 113. The summarized computed and compared results of failure bond load, bond strength and maximum slip of the controlled, corroded and coated samples showed that the effect of sodium chloride as detailed in the "2.2 Experimental procedures" has adversely affected the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel of uncoated (corroded) samples which has resulted to poor performances, low load at failure state, less bond strength and slippage. The coated samples exhibited the potential of sustaining the negative effect of corrosion on reinforcing steel and by forming good contact and interlock between concrete and reinforcing steel by reducing the stress existing in the concrete surroundings. Results showed that the diameter of corroded reinforcement decreases by a maximum of -0.771% and the coated increases by 0.831%, for the cross-sectional area corroded has a maximum reduction value of -13.163% and the coated increases by 20.74%, the weight loss and increase in corroded is -22.887 % decreased (loss) and coated increased by 34.929% (gain). Regarding the mechanical properties of reinforcing steel, the effect of corrosion on reinforcing steel shows a decrease in the cross section of the rebar diameter compared to the nominal diameter before testing, weight reduction is also observed, an increase in the cross-sectional area, an increase in the diameter and minute increase in weight resulting from coating material as compared with the nominal reinforcement, which is due to differences in the thickness of the layered materials. It can be concluded that the exudate / resin studied has shown effective inhibiting properties against corrosion attack and can be used as a corrosion inhibitor

Introduction: Happiness is a fundamental need of human beings and it is vital aspect in the development and training of budding nurses as future nurse. However, budding nurses feel under stress and low level of happiness. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate happiness level and its predictors among budding nurses in India. Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentric study was performed in 2021 on conveniently selected 908 budding nurses studying in different nursing institutions in India. Data were collected using a researcher made demographic questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistic. Results: Among 996 enrolled budding nurses, 908 were analyzed. The mean happiness scores of them were 126.75 ±19.69 (score range 29-174). The significant predictors of budding nurses happiness were motivational factor to join nursing (p<0.001), exercise routine (p<0.001), habit of substance abuse (p=0.008), perceived health status (p=0.004), relationship with family members (p=<0.001), relationship with teaching faculty (p=0.048) and relationship with friends (p<0.001). Conclusion: Budding nurses in India, have moderate level of happiness. Happiness is influenced by various factors. Nurse administrators and educators, in developing curriculum and activities, need to pay special attention to budding nurses’ happiness and its predictors.

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete is one of the most significant problems affecting structures and infrastructure worldwide, especially coastal structures. This study investigated the direct application of exudates/resin extract of Lannea coromandelica as a potential inhibitive material to control and prevent the corrosion of steel bars embedded in concrete structures and exposed to high salinity and acidic prone environments. The extruded exudates / resin is extracted from the tree and layered to reinforcing steel of different thicknesses. The hardened concrete slab is completely immersed in a 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution for 360 days with routinely checks, monitors and tested for 90 days, 180 days, 270 days, and 360 days of accelerated and corrosion process for comparative evaluation of both uncoated and coated samples. The maximum corrosion potential yields from the controlled and coated samples were -109.24mV and -114.16mV, indicating the relationship between corrosion potential and corrosion probability in the reference range 𝐸corr > −200mV. For non-coated samples, the calculated maximum value is -333.97mV, the result is within the reference value of the relationship between corrosion potential and corrosion probability of −350mV ≤ 𝐸corr ≤ −200mV indicates a high value range of 10% or less. The maximum calculated value of the controlled sample concrete resistance is 138.35% compared to the corroded and coated values of -56.56% and 153.43% and the maximum value of the control percentile difference is 24.97% compared to the corroded and coated value of 3.98% and 23.22%. The results of the controlled and layered concrete resistance samples obtained a maximum average value of 15.01kΩcm and 16.17kΩcm with a value of 10 < 𝜌 < 20 (low) compared to a corrosion value of 7.01kΩcm with a specification of 5 < 𝜌 < 10 (high) and with a reference range of the relationship between concrete resistance and corrosion probability and significant corrosion probability. The maximum computed percentile values of yield strength of controlled are 9.42% against corrode and coated values -8.03% and 9.57% respectively and the potential differential values of 0.71% controlled 0.71% corroded and 0.84% coated. The maximum computed percentile values of ultimate tensile strength of controlled are 1.68% against corrode and coated values -2.98% and 3.07% respectively and the potential differential values of 0.01% controlled, 0.00%% corroded, and 0.01% coated. Comparatively, the results of corroded samples showed reduction and decreased values in comparison of rebar diameter before and after induced accelerated corrosion test with values reduction percentile range from 0.038% to -0.895% and average ranges values from 11.98mm to 11.93mm. The reduction in average and percentile values showed that corrosion effects caused diameter reduction and cross-sectional area, fibre degradation, ribs reduction, and surface modifications whereas, exudates/resin coated members showed volumetric increase resulting from varying coating thicknesses. Conclusion: Summarized results showed that the effect of corrosion caused weight reduction/decreased in corroded samples as compared to coated with an exhibition of percentile and average value increase resulting in a volumetric minute increase from coating thicknesses.

Diversity, population structures and regeneration status of gum- and resin- producing woody species, were assessed in 116 sample plots, each measuring 400 m2 and established along line transects. The data were collected in two selected districts, namely, Sherkole and Kurmuk in Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State, one of the gum and resin belts in western Ethiopia. The gum- and resin-producing woody species had 1.04 and 0.7 diversity and 0.576 and 0.49 evenness values at Kurmuk and Sherkole districts, respectively. They accounted for 26% and 46% of the density, 51% and 58% of the basal area and 32% and 53% of the Importance Value Index of all the woody species, respectively. The gum- and resin- bearing woody species exhibited three patterns of population structure. The first pattern suggests good reproduction abilities of the species coupled with good recruitment of seedlings and their subsequent continuous growth to replace older individuals over time, indicating stable regeneration. About 61% of the gum- and resin- bearing woody species fall under this category. The other two patterns indicate hampered regeneration status of the woody species. Heavy grazing, conversion to crop land by small scale farming, gold mining, recurrent fire and climate change were mentioned as major bottlenecks of natural regeneration and recruitment. Policy, extension and research recommendations are discussed.

Background: Mullerian agenesis also known as Mayer- Rokitansky- Kuster- Hauser Syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by agenesis of the uterus and upper part of vagina. Vagina is created or lengthened by non-surgical vaginal dilatation or surgical vaginoplasty to allow sexual function.We have been doing non-surgical vaginal dilatation facilitated initially by saline injection and sustained digital pressure in women with Mullerian agenesis for a few years. This was a follow up study with the purpose to evaluate the sexual function of these women. Method: We practiced a novel approach to quicken non- surgical dilatation of vagina. We interviewed women who received this treatment over cell phone after two months to four years. Result: A total fifteen women who had nonsurgical vaginal dilatation in our department were called over cellphone. Total 10 women could be reached.The age range of women was between 16 and 35 years. The frequency of intercourse was 3 to 5 times per week in couples living together. All eight women admitted of the experience of full genital performance during sexual intercourse and said they could provide pleasure to their partners. When asked about the presence of stable relationships and a good communication with the partners only five out of eight agreed. The reason behind strained relationship with husband was not sexual dysfunction but inability to conceive. Conclusion: Short term procedure of saline injection and sustained digital pressure under supervision can augment vaginal dilatation with vaginal dilators and lead to adequate sexual activity.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were used. The bioactive compounds Extracted from M. oleifera leaves by using many solvents, ethanol, ethyl acetate, water and methanol. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of M. oleifera leaves were carried out using standard procedures to identify the constituents of bioactive compounds (Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins and Phenols). The methanol crude leaves extract were used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration on E.coli and Klebsiella by using the method of Greenwood as well as the inhibitory zone. Results; this study shown that the extract is active against bacterial isolates, whereas the inhibitory effect of the isolate is dose depending, where higher activity was clear by dose 200 mg/L. Also, the sensitivity of the bacterial isolate to the extract differs whereas Klebsiella is more sensitive to the extract with average zone 3.73 mm while E. coli less sensitive by average zone of inhibition 3.47 mm at a maximum concentration 200mg/Lin comparison with a control.