Nanotechnology as multidisciplinary branch helpful in designing of variety of semiconductor such as transistors, switches depending upon the nature of particular materials composed of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction is also used for measuring the different properties of nanoparticles also used for characterization of nanosacle materials. Silver and gold nanoparticles formulations can be easily accessed through the different methods such as lithographic and vacuum deposition of metal, but expensive techniques. There are many other techniques for instrumental manufacturing leads to accurate determination of thickness, roughness, and density of nanoparticles. X-ray reflectometry determines layer thickness, roughness, and density while on the other hand; high-resolution diffraction can measure the lattices properties and dimensions of nanoparticles. LEDs, different types of diodes, solar cells synthesized based on nancapsules and quantum computing. Photovoltaic cells can be synthesized through nanotechnology by employing high quality materials due to thermal and mechanical properties. Nanotechnology in electronics in designing of electronics devices by increase the shelf life of memory chips.

The educational environment is the general atmosphere of a learning space. A safe valued, participatory education environment supports autonomy and influences learning, achievement, and satisfaction. Education institutions aspire to provide a positive educational environment and quite often, seek feedback from learners to assess the quality of the education environment. Gender segregation is a norm in the Saudi Arabian education system. Educational institutions in Saudi Arabia do make efforts to establish a similar education environment across male and female campuses. Using a cross-sectional survey approach, learners' perceptions of the educational environment at one of the public Universities in the Asir region in Saudi Arabia were assessed with a purpose to generate a profile of the institution’s strengths and limitations. Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM), a generic tool was administered to learners enrolled in twelve undergraduate health professional programs, in the year 2017-2018. A total of 646 learners responded to the survey. The majority of the learners perceived the education environment as 'more positive than negative'. None of the items had a mean score of 3.5 and above, indicating 'no strengths'. Fourteen 'problem areas' were identified. Gender differences in the perceived education environment were noted in the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Physiotherapy, and Doctor of Pharmacy programs. Male learners perceived the educational environment across programs alike. However, female learners did not. DREEM was useful to identify the priorities in planning appropriate measures to improve the education environment.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, life-threatening, autosomal-recessive disorder among Caucasians. Some of the mutations are very rare, and some represent individual sequence changes in the gene. In this case report, we present the dental treatment of CF in a 5 years old Saudi female. She has poor oral hygiene, poor dietary intake, generalized mild plaque induced gingivitis, multiple carious teeth, and a negative behavior. In addition, clinical and radiographic examinations indicated the presence of taurodontism and congenital absence of lingual frenum. We discuss the effect of the disease process on dental and oral health and management in the dental setting.

The Nb was the most effective alloy elements of Ti3Al alloy on RT plasticity in the late 1970’s. The effects of Nb content in as cast α2 based Ti-25at.%Al-(11-16)at.%Nb alloys made by plasma arc melting on structures and mechanical properties were studied in this paper. The Prior /α2 grain boundaries were found to increase both ductility and strength. The size of α2 plates resulted in finer α2 cleavage facet which would be fine when Nb content was increased. They would cause high fracture strain and strength in high Nb content alloys. The lattice ratio of 2 phase will be decreased when the Nb was increased. It was supposed that the Nb could substitute for the Ti so that the distance of a axis between atoms would be increased. According to Hall-Petch formula with σ=σ0+kD-1/ the grain boundary int these three alloys was calculated and knew that σ0 is 168MPa, K is 10.8MPam-1/2. The effective turn of four respects is lattice constant c> c/a> V> lattice a in terms of variance method with the deviation in these three alloys that means that lattice c is the best one and then c/a& V and finally lattice a in terms of deviation.. It was found the calculated value c/a is 0.81 meantime volume of unit has been 0.42nm3 and their standard deviation is about 0.16% and 0.32% respectively. It expresses that the later volume is not preciser than the former c/a.

Proportional equalance in all dimensions i.e transverse, vertical and sagittal, is the foundation for a well-balanced face. In a broader perspective, the vertical dimension is important in determining the harmony and esthetics of the face. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dental arch dimensions and vertical facial morphology in Class II Div 1 subjects as determined by the Jarabak ratio and examine the differences in dental arch dimensions between untreated male and female adults. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 60 Indian patients in the age group 18-26 years were taken, The Jarabak ratio was measured on cephalograms of each patient. Based on the measured values, the subjects were divided into three groups – hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent growth pattern. Study models were used for measuring the arch dimension. After using One Way ANOVA test, Student’s t-test, Post Hoc Tukey test we obtained the results. All statistical analysis done using the software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows - Version 20.0): Results: After analysing the observations, the following results were obtained: 1)Arch perimeter is highest in normodivergent groups. 2)Intercanine, first intermolar is highest in normodivergent male groups. 3)First intermolar, arch length is highest in normodivergent female. 4)Overbite is highest in hypodivergent groups. 6)Palatal height and Jarabak’s ratio is highest in hypodivergent females. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that the vertical face morphology and gender is associated with dental arch dimension. Thus, customization of archwires and using individualized arch wires according to each patient’s pre-treatment arch form and arch width is beneficial during orthodontic treatment.

Background: While the association between perceived stress and non odontogenic conditions are well document, little is known as regard association between odontogenic conditions and perceived stress. This study therefore aimed to assess determine relationship between odontogenic conditions and perceived stress among dental patients in the University of Benin Hospital, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study on randomly selected samples of patients aged above 18years from April to September 2019. The data collected were age, gender, smoking habit, socioeconomic status, and the levels of stress perceived. The result of continuous data was presented as ranges and mean±SD while that of categorical data was presented as frequency and percentages. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS Version 20. A P-Value less than 0.005 was taken as significant. Results: All the 79 respondents approached agreed to participate in the present study giving a response rate of 100%. The age ranged from 17 to 79 years with a mean age of 36.1±16.9 years. There were 50.6% males and 49.4% females. There was no patients that had high level of stress, however, over half of the patients (60.8%) perceived moderate level of stress. The mean PSS score for the study sample was 5.09±2.79, with a range of 0.00 - 10.0. In the univariate analysis, the age, gender, socioeconomic status, smoking habit, and dental conditions was observed not to be statistically significant with the PSS score (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Most patients that present with dental conditions in our study were moderately stressed with none seen to be highly stressed. The level of stress was not associated with age, gender, socio-economic status as well as the dental condition in the present study.

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics has become a global phenomenon. Inappropriate use of antibiotics is recognized as a leading cause of antibiotic resistance. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding to antibiotic use among Libya population. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was done online through Google forms from April to December 2020. Questionnaire was sent to general population across Libya by sharing link through popular social media groups. Results: A total of 1600 responses were received from different cities across Libya. The average age of respondents were 30.53 years and 71.4% of respondents were female. The study revealed that only 68.7% (n = 1099) of the response had high knowledge; on the other hand, about 31.3% (n = 501) of the response had low knowledge about the antibiotics. This study showed that 57.6% (n= 922) of the response had correct practice using antibiotics, and 42.4% (n= 678) of the response had incorrect practice using antibiotics. Only 32.1% (n = 513) of the response was found to have a good attitude; in contrast, 67.9% (n = 1087) of the response had a bad attitude toward antibiotics used. The majority of the participants 68.7% consumed antibiotics during the past year, 35% of participants consumed antibiotics without a medical prescription. The most common reason for usage was the common cold. Conclusion: This study provides a baseline of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding antibiotics among the Libya community. Our population has sufficiency level in their knowledge toward antibiotic uses; expressed poor attitudes, as well as many had bad practices of antibiotics use. This finding will be useful in designing effective and targeted interventions to decrease misconceptions about antibiotic use and to increase awareness about the risks of inappropriate use of antibiotics in the community.

The study explored the psychosocial challenges and their effect on the academic pursuit of 196 Senior High School students in the Nanumba North Municipality of Ghana using the concurrent mixed method design. Structured questionnaire and an interview guide were employed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Stratified random sampling technique was used to enrol 196 respondents for the study. Quantitative data was analysed using independent samples t-test and simple linear regression while the interview data was analysed thematically with verbatim quotes to buttress issues as they emerged. Findings revealed that stress, depression, anxiety, aggression, bullying and hyperactive behaviours, poor self-concept, poor self-esteem and lack of confidence were psychosocial challenges confronting Senior High School students in the said district. No significant gender difference, in terms of psychosocial challenges among students, was found. However, psychosocial challenges significantly affected the academic pursuit of these students. It was recommended that management of Senior High Schools, in collaboration with counsellors in the Municipality, should be proactive in identifying students who are faced with psychosocial challenges and offer them the necessary counselling they need in order to facilitate their maximum adjustment in school.

Classroom questioning is one of the commonly used teaching methods in university mathematics teaching, but many questions have problems such as single format, low student participation, and unreasonable arrangement of the difficulty of the questions. This paper studies the current situation and problems of questioning in the college mathematics classroom. This paper studies the current situation and problems of questioning in the college mathematics classroom. Through the exploration and analysis of the actual classroom phenomenon, this paper gives the improvement measures to improve the effective questioning in the college mathematics classroom, and provides theoretical reflection and practical help for the overall improvement of college classroom teaching level.

This paper aims to analyse Helon Habila’s Oil on Water through the framework of literary pragmatics which deals with the production and interpretation of texts. In order to highlight the inner thoughts and feelings of the writer through the utterances of his characters, the article focuses on the different types of voice in the novel. The corpus under study has been sampled purposively and studied through a qualitative approach. The analyses reveal that categories of voices such as voice mash, voice trash and voice crash are used to project the views of the author, including his perceptions, feelings and beliefs. The study concludes that these linguistic items have made it easy to understand Habila’s perspectives in his literary artifact.

Isolation of fungal species from unused toilet papers is essential, to decipher the public health risk associated with the exposure of these sanitary papers in public toilets, prior to use by students. Unused tissue papers kept at public toilets were sampled from eleven (11) different locations (labelled F1-F11) to cover the various faculties in the University. The fungal counts and characterisation was done following standard microbiological procedures. The result revealed that Total Fungal Count ranged between 3.5±0.4 x 104 cfu/g, (obtained from the Faculty of Humanity toilet rooms) and 1.3±0.2 x 104 cfu/g, obtained from Faculty of Engineering toilet rooms. Phenotypic characterisation of the fungal isolates revealed the isolates obtained from the various samples included; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Candida species and Penicillium species. The percentage occurrence of the isolates showed Aspergillus niger as the dominant species (38%), while Candida species was the least occurring (17.2%). The study has shown that exposure of unused tissue papers, prior to use in toilets may pose severe health risk to the students. Tissue papers should therefore be kept in sterile packs prior to use in public toilets.

From centuries, many incidents happened in the ocean shipping that have mostly condemn the water sear with harmful substances that pollute the marine fauna. And with the coming evolution into the ships size, the challenges that concern the Marpol contamination is constantly increasing. Conventions and legislations in that concern have put many actions for that issue, in order to stop disease of ocean ecology and maintain its sustainability. This paper seeks to review the topic of Sustainable development and its impact on the different phases of moving the Classic logistics into the green logistics within the maritime industry.

Operational cost efficiency in each building in this case multi-storey buildings for offices is highly considered by the building manager. The main equipment used and incur considerable operational costs one of them is an air system or AC system device. In this writing will be explained the comparison of the efficiency of the use of cooled chiller type air with air cooled VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) both in terms of service.

Background: Vision is the primary means of integration between individual and external environment. Childhood visual impairment due to refractive errors is a significant problem in school children. School children constitute a special group as uncorrected refractive errors cause a vulnerable impact on student routine school work, physical, mental, behavioral development as well as day to day activities. This warrants early detection and treatment to prevent permanent disability. Objectives: To study the prevalence of refractive errors in secondary school children and to associate factors affecting reduced vision in school children. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on school children of a Zilla Parishad High School. Visual acuity test was performed using Snellen’s E Chart and, subjects with VA≤6/9 were examined for refractive error by an optometrist using a trial lens set. A Pretested questionnaire was administered. Parental consent was obtained and assent was taken before the examination, children whose parents did not give consent were excluded. A total of 314 students participated. Data were entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results were expressed as proportions for different study variables. Results: Out of 314 students, the majority 161(51.27%) of study participants were girls. The highest number of students (68%) was between 14-15yrs. Among 314 students examined, 40 (12.74%) students were suffering from refractive errors, myopia being the commonest (10.2%), Astigmatism-affected in 8 (2.54%) children. Most of the students (60.5%) were in the lower middle socio-economic class. The percentage of the population with 2-4hrs/day screen exposure duration is 42.35%. But there is no statistical significance of reduced vision was observed with taken study variables, considering a p-value<0.05 was taken as a significant association. Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive errors was 12.74% in this study. Children should be educated regarding ocular hygiene, early correction of refractive errors, limited screen time. Recommended planning appropriate eye care programmes to reduce the burden of visual impairment among the younger population.

Introduction: Development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) worsens prognosis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and can be either isolated precapillary PAH or secondary to interstitial lung disease (ILD). Early diagnosis is of crucial importance. There is scarcity of data on PAH in patients with SSc in Bangladesh. Objectives: To determine the Prevalence and clinical correlates of pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Materials and Methods: The concerned non randomized cross-sectional observational study was conducted at department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka, Bangladesh. Clinical and functional characteristics of 100 patients of systemic sclerosis were studied and they were evaluated by echocardiography to detect pulmonary artery hypertension. Our objective was to study the prevalence and the clinical correlation of PAH in SSc. Results: PAH was found in 29% patients on echocardiography. Prevalence tend to increase with age of onset and duration of disease. However, it did not differ significantly between patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). On binary logistic regression analysis, none of the studied variables had any independent influence on development of PAH. Conclusion: PAH in SSc occurs in a remarkable proportion (29%) of patients without any ominous signs in early stages. Non-invasive screening of patients with SSc for PAH will help in early diagnosis and appropriate timely therapeutic intervention before significant end-organ damage occurs.