The purpose of this paper on “Al Shabaab and its Violent Extremism in Kenya” aimed at exploring the dynamics of al Shabaab in Somalia as it affected Kenya. This descriptive research adopted judgmental sampling technique and relied mostly on secondary source (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials etc) of data collection which were sourced in Nigerian libraries, subjected to content validity before analyzing qualitatively. Results of the findings revealed that the spillover of al Shabaab’s violent extremism to Kenya was caused by porous borders as well as local forces such as historic marginalization, propaganda technique and the presence of al Hijrah sect in Kenya. Al Shabaab has impacted negatively on Kenya’s security, diplomacy, economy as well as humanitarian services. Kenya has responded through the creation of Operation Linda Nchi and Operation Usalama Watch while United States, Africa Union Mission in Somalia, United Nations and European Union also assisted in fighting the dreaded sect according to findings. The contribution of these findings to the explanation of Rosenau’s linkage theory is excellent thereby deepening the understanding of its basic assumptions. Regrettably, Al Shabaab is still a potential threat to Kenya and the entire Horn of Africa, therefore, the paper recommends inclusive dialogue, national integration and constructive engagement as panacea for al Shabaab violent extremism.

Summary: Introduction: Knowledge of the birth cycle is important in the organization of reproductive health services in a facility. The main objective was to study the determinants of the birth cycle at the Kalaban-Coro health center. However, it seems that there are other determinants of the birth cycle, hence the relevance of this study. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study from October 1 to December 31, 2020. Results: The study included 977 parturients who gave birth in the department. It recorded more night deliveries (59.1%) than day deliveries (40.9%). The average age of the women was 25 years. Non-educated births were the most represented with 39% of cases. Nocturnal admissions were predominant (58.8%); 59% of parturients had a history of nocturnal delivery and 40% preferred to give birth at night, while 30% had no preference. At admission, 57.91% of parturients were in the active phase during the night, compared to 42.59% during the day; 52.6% of parturients had a nocturnal onset of labor, compared to 47.4% during the day. Conclusion: The study showed that childbirth is more frequent at night than during the day. It highlighted the admission nycthemer, the previous nycthemer of deliveries and the preference of the parturient as other determinants of the nycthemer of the delivery.

Orthodontic treatment duration is one of the most challenging factors faced by all orthodontists till date but thanks to the surge in science and technology there are many ways to step up the treatment thereby reducing the overall treatment time. This review article will provide an insight on the various methods of accelerating the orthodontic treatment time duration.

In recent years, Project-Based Learning（PBL）model has been attached more importance to College English teaching in China, many researches focus on the application of PBL, but few touch on evaluation mechanism. This paper aims to analyze four core elements of evaluation mechanism: notion, subject, content, and method. Further discussions about the evaluation mechanism are based on teaching practice and a questionnaire. It is proved that scientific and effective evaluation mechanism can guide and motivate students’ project-based learning and ensure the quality of college English teaching.

Digital media is an important means of effecting change and development within societies in general and considers the strong link between the various interactions that can arise between members of these societies. Media is a concept with multiple meanings and goals, as it deals with studying, downloading and describing the treatment of various social, political, economic, and environmental, health and other phenomena that govern the process of steady development that the world is witnessing in various fields. Digital media in particular - in the modern era - plays important and influential roles in the lives of individuals and societies, as it is entrusted with the responsibility to shed light on the various initiatives and plans that are proposed related to cognitive and behavioral awareness processes that in turn lead to the development of society in general. This study sheds light on digital media technology’s role in achieving sustainable development in the Arab world. Nowadays, digital media has become a vital element, which helps governments and organizations direct their messages to their audiences and create the desired social development and change. Moreover, the study clarifies that many Arab countries still suffer from poverty, illiteracy, backwardness, and environmental issues despite the massive progress of the sustainable development movement in the Arab world right after (RIO)'s declaration. Besides, the study defines the limitations that mostly hinder sustainable development programs. The study also determines the most critical requirements for achieving sustainable development in the Arab world within the digital media framework.

Background: Potash alum mouth rinse has been well studied with appreciable success in protection against carious lesions and periodontal microbiota with no adverse reactions. While oral lichenoid reactions have been documented as complications of various dental materials and drugs none has been reported as a result of alum use. Case Description: An unusual oral lichenoid reaction to potash alum use in an adult patient who presented at the oral medicine and diagnosis clinic of the dental centre of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. He presented with complaints of excessive salivary flow and dark pigmentation of the palate, and a history of potash alum licking for more than a month. On examination a dark pigmentation involving the palatal gingiva related to 24-27, sialometry revealed normal salivary flow Hence a diagnosis of false sialorrhoea was made. The patient was referred to the Periodontology unit of the same institution where an excisional biopsy was carried out, this was diagnosed as a lichenoid reaction by the Oral Pathology unit. The patient was counselled to stop the use of alum and reassured about the normal salivary flow. The patient reported tremendous improvement on review. Conclusion: Many home remedy habits and practices can be harmful, this underscores the role of counseling patients against these unverified remedies.

The prevalence of hyperlipidemia among Nigerians is established, while the relationship between it and periodontitis has been studied globally. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between lipid profile and severity of periodontitis among Nigerians. 195 patients were drawn from the family medicine clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife Osun state Nigeria. Sociodemographic data was obtained using a closed-ended questionnaire, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI), periodontal disease index (PDI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) were also estimated. A full mouth mean CAL ≥0.6mm was considered as periodontitis. Lipid profile was carried out at the chemical pathology department of the same institution by spectrophotometry. Appropriate parameters were determined for descriptive variables. A two-way t-test was done for the mean values of the intraoral and the lipid parameters. Data was exposed to logistic regression to eliminate confounders. Male to female ratio was 1:1.6 with a mean age of 37.42±12.95. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglycerides have a statistically significant relationship with CAL and PPD (p<0.05). Logistic regression showed statistical significance for total cholesterol (p<0.05) in females only. Following the trend with other associated chronic diseases, HDL was higher in the periodontally healthy subjects and those with mild chronic periodontitis, while it was lower in those with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis. This relationship was inverse for low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Increase in LDL/HDL had a linear relationship with the severity of chronic periodontitis from mild to severe. This emphasises the need for oral health education in the community and regular lipid investigations.

Background: Parents do experience stress from their family structure and occupation, and these stress can be transferred to their children. Since the stress imposed by the different occupations and the different family structures are different, the stress transferred to the children will depend on the occupation and family structure of their parents. Objective: This study was therefore designed to understand the influence of the stress incurred by parents from their family structure and occupation on the academic/examination stress of their children in Oroke High School Akungba -Akoko, Ondo State, SW Nigeria. Method: The population of the study comprises all the students of Oroke High School, Akungba Akoko (650) out of which a sample of 313 that satisfied our criteria was selected, using purposive sampling technique. Digital sphygmomanometer was used to measure the actual blood pressure readings of the respondents twice, with at least thirty minutes interval in sitting positions. The mean reading was used. The measurements were carried out three times during the study: two weeks after resumption for the second term of the 2017/2018 academic year, two weeks before the second term examination and four weeks after exam. Results: Students were grouped according to their family structure and also according to the occupation of their fathers or their mothers. The study finds that the systolic blood pressure generally increases as students go from the beginning of the term to two weeks before the terminal examination and decreases after the exam for the different types of family structure and occupation of their fathers or their mothers when the academic stress is removed. Conclusion and recommendation: Under whatever stress that parents may be, it is recommended that they should make the home environment congenial and stress less for study so that the children can go to school the next day with little or no transferred stress.

This study examines the relationship between skill acquisition and entrepreneur development. Skill is the ability to acquire practical knowledge in new conditions and on the basis of the abilities and experiences a person had previously. It is an activity which is developed by a person with time and becomes automatic in terms of performing the required skill, while entrepreneurship development is a process of enhancing the skill set and knowledge of entrepreneurs regarding the development, management and organization of a business venture while keeping in mind the risks associated with it. This paper after a critical review of the available literature revealed a significant relationship between skill acquisition and entrepreneur development. The paper however recommend that; prospective entrepreneurs should ensure that necessary skills armed at enhance their businesses are acquired before venturing into their choice businesses; there should be a thorough knowledge of the pros and cons of business by prospective entrepreneurs before committing their financial resources and time on the business this is in order to avoid business failure; government at all levels should endeavour to promote small scale businesses by setting policies aimed at providing soft loans to intending persons this is in order to enhance speedy economic growth and that government should set up policies requesting multinational oil companies to support prospective entrepreneurs financially and materially in their communities of operation as part of their corporate social responsibility.

Background: The rapid growth of COVID-19 infections may result in second wave of infection and an overwhelmed health care providing systems. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir can be a good choice for management of COVID-19 patients. Development of simple, sensitive, and rapid assay for simultaneous determination of ledipasvir / sofosbuvir to investigate their pharmacokinetic parameters in human plasma, and aid in therapeutic drug moitoring in COVID-19 patients seems to be essential. Besides, its application in bioequivalence study of ledipasvir 90mg / sofosbuvir 400mg film coated tablets generic and reference products to ensure bioanalytical method reliability. Methods: After extraction of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir from human plasma, it was chromatographed with mobile phase consisting of ammonium formate pH 2.8 : acetonitrile (10 : 90 V/V) at flow rate 0.55ml/min, ESI positive mode, and m/z 889.8130.1, 530.3243.1, 739.4565.3 for ledipasvir, sofosbuvir and daclatasvir (internal Standard) respectively. The bioequivalence study was conducted in a partial replicated crossover design invovlving 36 volunteers. The criteria used to assess bioequivalence of the two products were AUC 0-t, AUC 0-inf, Cmax, and Tmax for sofosbuvir, and AUC 0-72, Cmax, and Tmax for ledipasvir. Results: The described method of analysis showed that the average recovery of Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir from human plasma was 95.180%, and 94.721%. The limit of quantitation was 0.1ng/ml for both drugs, and the correlation coefficient (r2) was equal to 0.999 for ledpasvir and sofosbuvir. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the measured parameters showed that there was no significant difference between the two products. Conclusion: The LC/MS/MS method presented is direct, simple, reproducible, sensitive, and linear for determination of ledipasvir / sofosbuvir in plasma, and is adequate for its clinical pharmacokinetic studies, and use in therapeutic drug monitoring. Besides the generic product was found to be biologically equivalent to the reference product regarding their kinetic behavior.

Background: The liver is the largest gland that plays a role in the plant metabolism and the removal of toxins from the body. Achillea millefolium is familiar herb in traditional medicine. Objective: to investigation the effect of achillea millefolium extract in experiment rats those exposed to hepatic damage by carbon tetrachloride. Methods: Achillea millefolium was collected in the province of Ibb, Yemen, and extracted by maceration method, then physical and phytochemical evaluation were performed for the extract. Finally, evaluation the effect of extract on liver function tests were done on twenty-one female rats were divided into seventh groups, two extract doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were used, CCl4 was used for inducer liver toxicity, and liv52 drug used as positive control. Results: the extract has worthy hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 and the groups treated only Achillea millefolium extract as 100mg and 200mg the histological sections no showed any histopathological changes exaggerated from the normal in liver. Also, GPT, GOT, and ALP levels increased with CCl4 treatment but these liver enzyme levels were reduced when treated the rats by concentration 200mg/kg of extract more than by concentration 100mg/kg. Conclusion: the extract of Achillea millefolium has good hepatoprotective activity, may due to presence of flavonoids.

Introduction: This study aimed to understand the perception of providers of the Mama Mosalisi health and maternity center perceive the rights of parturients and to explore their expectations. Method: We conducted a descriptive qualitative exploratory phenomenological study, the data collection was done through individual face-to-face interviews with 10 providers of the Maman Mosalisi Health Center (nurses, laboratory technicians, doctors, midwives), worker in the maternity ward. Results: Providers generally have a positive perception, characterized by the recognition of the rights of parturients. They affirm that it is important to respect the rights of the parturients because this respect makes it possible to avoid the bad course of the childbirth; to gain the confidence of parturients; to increase the clientele and the receipts in the structure; leads to conscientious work; and contributes to the reduction of mortality. In their experiences, service providers encounter several difficulties in the exercise of their profession; but they also recognize their failure to respect the rights of parturients, they feel this in the form of guilt. Finally, they expect managers to improve working conditions in their structure, provide for self-assessment sessions, that the State take charge of them in everything, that the organizations involved strengthen their capacities through continuous training, that researchers sensitize the public in general and parturients in particular on their rights which they are unaware of, in order to be able to claim them and reframe the practices of providers. Conclusion: These results plead in favor of concerted interventions between political and health decision-makers, the partners involved and the providers for the promotion of respectful maternity care in order to contribute to the reduction of maternal and infant mortality.

Libraries are competing with all the departments in their universities for resource allocation, even as universities continue to experience reduction of funding from the government every year. In addition, many public university libraries in Kenya lack strategic plans to offer direction as they are said to be difficult to develop, expensive exercise for the organizations and time consuming. The purpose of the study was to investigate the existence of strategic plans in public university libraries in Kenya. The study used descriptive survey research design and mixed method approach. The study population comprised 277 participants drawn from public universities in Kenya. A sample of 134 respondents was picked. Simple random sampling was used to select 124 library staff while purposive sampling was used to select 10 respondents comprising Deputy Vice Chancellors and Finance Officers. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. The findings revealed that most university libraries do not have strategic plans. They rely on those of their parent institutions. It was established that official emails and meetings were the most used channels of informing staff and stakeholders about the existence of strategic plans in their institutions. The study will be significant in establishing models for strategic planning in pubic university libraries in the country.

Background: The Education system has taken a 180-degree paradigm shift since Covid-19 wrapped up the prevailing global system. Now educational system used made electronic communication devices the prerequisite. Not only were the students, parents, and teachers dragged out of their comfort zone to learn and stretch their expertise in the digitalization of education and work. The endeavor has brought us to set standards and meet the needs of new standers. This study aimed to discover the suggestions of students and faculty to deal with the resentment that is being experienced with this online facade. Methodology: Cross-sectional study from March to May 2020, total participants was 523 including male and female medical students and faculty. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical committee CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry (CMH LMC & IOD). Verbal informed consent was obtained. Self-administered questionnaires were given to the participants. Results: E-Learning opportunities need to be taught explicitly. Modern tools are the need of time. The faculty needs to understand student psychology as well as the application of modern tools and gadgets. Conclusions: E-learning posed a technological divide among the faculty members and students. The pandemic allowed us an opportunity to explore the realms of the digital world and expand our horizons to challenge the already existing medical education system, curriculum, and mode of its execution.

The present study gives a literature overview of banking regulation with special reference to Basel III in Saudi Banking industry. Further the present study gives a view of SAMA and the number of banks in Saudi Banking Industry. The current study focused on presenting a theoretical framework of banking regulation with highlighting the importance of Basel III.