Background: Hypothyroidism is one of the most common forms of hormonal dysfunction resulting from deficiency of thyroid hormone or its impaired activity. Various electrolyte and mineral disturbances have been observed in many studies. The role of thyroid hormones on mineral metabolism and its complications have not been established. Objective: To assess the alterations in the levels of serum magnesium, calcium and phosphorous levels in subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: A descriptive case control study was done with a total 100 subjects in the department of Internal Medicine, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh from January 2008 to December 2008. 25 subclinical hypothyroidism cases, 25 overt hypothyroidism cases and 50 controls were taken. Blood sample for analyzing serum free T3, free T4, TSH, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was taken and estimated in all subjects. Results: In this study the mean age of hypothyroidism (subclinical and overt) cases was 35.46 ± 7.26. A significant hypocalcaemia (P = 0.002) was observed in cases with overt hypothyroidism and a significant (P = 0.01) hyperphosphatemia was observed in cases with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: The present study showed a significant hypocalcaemia in overt hypothyroidism cases than controls and showed significant hyperphosphatemia in subclinical hypothyroidism. It can be concluded that there are various electrolyte disturbances in both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, hence such disturbances need to be monitored prospectively to avoid further complications and needs to be treated accordingly.

Bone marrow fibrosis leading to dry tap aspiration and often associated with blast crisis has previously been reported in both chronic myeloid leukemia and Primary myelofibrosis. The similarities between these two conditions in terms of clinical presentation and morphology can really create a diagnostic dilemma. Here we present a case of chronic myeloid leukemia in fibrosis and blast crisis in a 32 year old lady which closely resembled Primary myelofibrosis in transformation. All myeloproliferative neoplasms can undergo blast transformation. In this case, the detection of Philadelphia chromosome helped to distinguish chronic myeloid leukemia from other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Background and Objective: Hepatitis C virus infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The infection is transmitted by exposure to blood or body fluids. Since dental healthcare professionals have numerous patients and are exposed to blood, they are likely to have the maximum risk. The present study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of Hepatitis C among third year and fourth (final) year dental students of various dental colleges in Bangalore city, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students studying in third year and fourth (final) year in various dental colleges of Bangalore city. A close-ended structured questionnaire was administered which contained 11 questions. The responses were analyzed to evaluate the level of awareness regarding Hepatitis C, its mode of transmission, steps to prevent infection, associated complications and status of availability of vaccine against HCV. Results: The results of our study revealed that most of the students (72.5%) were aware of Hepatitis C vaccine but have less knowledge in terms of its mode of spread of infection, steps to prevent spread of Hepatitis C infection, associated complications and status of availability of vaccine against Hepatitis C virus. Conclusion: The present study shows that the students had poor level of awareness regarding Hepatitis C indicating need for education about HCV infection among dental students.

This study investigates heads of compound verbs in Urhobo. The study classified Urhobo compound verbs using Lexicalist criteria as a theoretical frame work. Lexicalism is a theoretical standpoint in modern generative linguistics, according to which the processes that form complete words (derivation and compounding) are accounted for by a set of lexical rules, independent of and different from the syntactic transformation. Headedness refers to a relationship between the positions of units in a linguistic constituent structure. That is, it is the argument of the compound that projects in the compound verb formed. In this regards the verb is taken as the head of the compound verb assigning its features and the properties to the compound formed. The study reveals three groups of compound verb heads, namely: left headed compound verbs, right headed compound verbs, as well as both left and right headed compound verbs. The study also reveals that, there is no overt morphological head in a V-V compound; all the components being verbs, the result become the same category as the head. it is equally reveals that in the Urhobo language, compound verb heads position is determined by the verbs (V1 or V2) that predominantly convey the meaning of the compound. This means that the heads of compound could be left headed; when the first verb conveys the message in the argument, and head right headed when the second verb conveys the message in the argument structure; and both left and right when the pair of verbs jointly convey the message in the argument structure. It therefore means that compound verb formation in Urhobo could be in prefix position, suffix as well as both initial and final positions.

Introduction: Smoking is the single most preventable health risk and important cause of premature death worldwide. According to WHOM about one third of entire population of the world are smokers. Objective: To determine the risk factors of influencing smoking among schoolchildren in Dhaka city. Material & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in high schools of Dhaka city during June 2006 to December 2006. Students of class VIII, IX, X and 12 schools were selected by random table selection. A total of 2474 participants were included for the study. The collected data were analyzed by using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS-24) programme for windows version 10.0. Results: Age of the study children was between 12 to 18 years. Male and female students were 1876 (75.8%), 598 (24.2%) respectively. Among 1950 male students 702 (36.0%) were smoker and 524 female students 90 (17.0%) were smoker. Five hundred and four (63.6%) started their smoking due to curiosity, 184 (23.2%) stared smoking because their friends also do smoke, 40 (5%) smokers smoke because their father smoke. Friends know about smoking in 545(68.2%) cases, near relatives in 33 (4.2%) cases, mothers in 47 (6.0%) cases and father in 15 (2%) case. Eighty-one (10.4%) students smoke to get friends cooperation and 183 (23%) students smoke to be more acceptable to his or her friends. 573 (72.8%) were willing to leave smoking because smoking was injurious for health. Conclusion: It has been identified that friends influence, curiosity and a belief that ‘smoking relieves anxiety’ played a major contributory role in initiation of smoking. Adolescents should be careful in selecting friends, as friends influence is the prime initiator of smoking behavior.

Lycium Barbarum (wolfberry, goji berry, gouqizi, 枸杞) is a Chinese herbal drug located in Asia and South east Europe. The fruits of Lycium Barbarum are 1 to 2 cm long and are bright orange red in color. The speedy increase in the occurrence diseases has led to more research which contributes in the prevention and treatment. Goji berries contain many nutrients and bioactive compounds which allowed classifying them as superfruits. A short description of the fruits is presented together with cultivation requirements. The chemical composition of the berries and their health-promoting properties are described later in this literature review. There are potentially, very beneficial in dietary prevention of diseases, and affluence, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Lycium Barbarum is beneficial in all aspects including hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-aging, immunological, neuroprotection, and ant fatigue, control of glucose, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant properties. Lycium Barbarum juice is beneficial in many aspects including cardiovascular effects, blood pressure and pulse rate, neurological and psychological effects and musculoskeletal complaints. Goji ingredients that is potentially beneficial, and harmful for the human health, show allergic reactions and the interactions with other substances. High dietary fat intake has been shown to be associated with the development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and other physically degenerative disease.

Introduction: The burden of managing malaria is lowering worldwide but it is still a threat in the African region. Understanding the current practices for malaria management can help to determine the gaps that need to be filled in order to achieve effective malaria management in Africa. This systematic review focuses on the actions implemented for malaria management in Africa. These include identification of the current malaria management practices, availability of antimalarial drugs, and evaluation of the affordability and quality of the available drugs. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was undertaken on online scientific databases such as PubMed and Cochrane. The following search terms were utilised - ‘malaria’, ‘management’, ‘Africa’, ‘antimalarial drugs’, ‘antimalarial’, and ‘quality’. The studies were limited by years of publication (2015-2020), and stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were pre-specified to screen for and select the most relevant research articles. The quality of the data available was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. The PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for this systematic review. Results: The findings of this systematic review address four main themes - the quality of management of malaria in the African region, the management of malaria in pregnancy in the African region, the assessment of diagnostic tests for malaria in the African region, the effectiveness of specific interventions as regards the incidence and management of malaria, and the availability of, and adherence to anti-malarial drugs in the African region. Conclusion: There is a lack of standardisation and harmonization of the indicators and metrics of health quality where the management of malaria is concerned. There are variations in what is construed to be the full malaria case management pathway, the importance of counselling during the prescription process is inappropriately understated. There is a lack of knowledge when it comes to managing malaria in pregnancy, and pregnant patients are not acknowledged as high-risk patients. There is also inconsistency regarding the intermittent preventive treatment policy for malaria in pregnancy; only 39 out of 47 African countries have such a policy. Although RDTs have a moderate performance vis-à-vis the gold standard microscopy test, their cost-effectiveness has not yet been definitively determined. While antimalarials are widely available in both public and private sectors, their price mark-up remains a financial barrier to the community, especially in hard-to-reach rural areas. Finally, an increasing mobile phone penetration throughout the African region suggests that mobile health solutions could address the top reasons for non-adherence to anti-malarial therapy; namely, forgetfulness and a lack of health literacy.

Moringa oleifera is a fast growing well-known cultivated species of plant belonging to the family Moringaceae, genus Moringa, common name of Moringa oleifera (MO) is (also known as “drumstick”) horseradish and ben oil tree. Moringa products have a wide range of applications in agricultural, nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical processes. Moringa leaves have a relatively high crude protein content which varies from 25% to 32%. A high proportion of this protein ,amino acids is potentially available for digestion due to a high proportion of pepsin soluble nitrogen (82-91 %) and low proportion (1-2%) of acid detergent insoluble protein. chemical composition was evaluated in Moringa Leaves then Five iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental broiler diets were formulated as MOL0%, MOL5%, MOL10%, MOL15% and MOL20%, chemical analysis of lipid profile(triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and vLDL), and haematological analysis(Hb, RBC, PCV, MCV, MCHC, Plt, MPV, PCT, PDW, WBC, LYM) were recorded. There was a high correlation between body weight and some blood parameters of the broiler chicken. Age and body weight effect on blood parameters PCV, WBC, RBC, Hb, MCV and MCH. Decrease in the triglycerides level, plasma cholesterol, blood glucose, platelets count, plasma proteins and albumin. There was a significant increase in the body weight. White blood cells (WBCs) and packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly, but the changes in Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin level. The seed extracts of moringa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid. M. oleifera is an antibiotic that can improve the performance and health status, blood chemistry, increase cholesterol level (HDL, and decrease LDL, VLDL) of chickens.

Purpose: This work was aimed at documenting the anthropometric variations of the lengths of digits in the left and right hands of string players. Materials and methods: A total of 100 subjects were randomly selected on voluntary consent (50 string players and 50 non-string players used as control) irrespective of ethnicity. Vernier caliper was used in measuring the medial four fingers of their left and right hands and documented. Findings: Data was analyzed using statistical package for social science ( SPSS) software version 20.0 and the differences compared using student’s t-test at 95% confidence level, at 0.05 level of significance(P< 0.05). The results showed a difference in the mean digit lengths of the right hand with the control group being greater, this was however only statistically significant (P< 0.05) in the Right Middle Finger (8.13±0.53) as against the string players (7.99±0.69). The mean digits lengths of the left hand was greater in string players with the average difference of 0.32cm, this was however only significant (P<0.05) in the Left Middle Finger (8.14±0.70) when compared to that of the control (8.04±0.49). The mean digits length of the left hand is statistically significantly greater than the right hand in string players (P<0.05). However, the mean digits lengths of the right fingers in every humans are greater as seen in the control though not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Length of digits is greater in the right hand in non-strings players but greater in the left in spring players and could be a useful tool in forensic science especially in identification of individuals in relation to their skills during investigation.

A wood decay fungus is any species of fungus that digest moist wood causing it to rot. The decomposition of coarse woody debris like fallen trunks, branches, stumps, etc was done by wood decaying fungi and releasers of important elements from wood into soils of forest ecosystem. The wood decay fungal samples are collected in the Darapalli and Kondapalli reserve forest of Central Eastern Ghats, during May 2018 to February 2019. Based on the phenotypical or morphological characters the fungal specimen was identified as Artolenzites acuta (Berk) Mossebo & Ambit comb., Cubamyces flavidus (Lév.) Lücking, Cubamyces lactineus (Berk.) Lücking, Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Cesati & De Notaris, Daldinia childiae J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju,. Funalia aspera (Jungh.) Zmitr. & V. Malysheva, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat, Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch) G.F. Atk., Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. Lenzites eximia Ber. and Curt, Phellinus badius (Cooke) Cunn, Phellinus gilvus (Schw., Fr.) Pat., Phylloporia pectinata (Klotzsch) Ryvarden, Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr., Epicrisis. All the fungal specimens are new records to Darapalli Reserve forest, and Kondapalli reserve forest of Andhra Pradesh, Eastern Ghat, India except G. applanatum and D. concentrica. For the first time Cubamyces flavidus (Lév.) Lücking, is reported from India.

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Central Asian countries as well as validates or invalidates the consistency of the different estimation results, using data, over the period 1992 to 2020. The study achieved this objective by employing various econometrics techniques such as Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) and Fixed-Effects Regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, Panel Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) Cointegrating Regression, Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) with Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation, and Dynamic Panel-data estimation, One-Step system GMM. An empirical analysis uses the panel Unit Root tests to test the basics of the data unit based on this information. Following the best econometric practices, the descriptive statistics, Correlation matrix were computed to understand the characteristics of the variables and countries under analysis and to ensure that the necessary conditions for the estimation were fulfilled. The PVAR specification was based on the results of the Lag-order selection criteria, and the stability of the PVAR model was checked through the observation of the Instrumental variables GMM regression. The results of this study indicate that the GMM score supports the EKC hypothesis. This confirms the validity of the assumptions in the two inverse U-shaped EKC models between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Central Asian countries and cereal production and agricultural land use. The results of this study show that the GMM assessment. That suggests that governments in Central Asia need to take the necessary initiatives to conserve agricultural land and encourage farmers to increase their arable land to meet the food needs of a growing population.

In the Implementation of the principle of restorative justice in cases of criminal acts or violations involving children, the Government of Indonesia has issued Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. The problems in this study are what are the current weaknesses of restorative justice policies in criminal cases with juvenile perpetrators and how is the reconstruction is based on justice. The research method uses the constructivism paradigm, the approach method uses sociological juridical, descriptive-analytical research type, with primary and secondary data types and sources in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Methods of data collection by observation, interviews, and literature study, and analyzed using a Qualitative analysis method. The results of this study are 1) The Weaknesses of restorative justice policies in cases of criminal acts with juvenile perpetrators are: a. Weaknesses of the Legal Substance are the unclear regulation of criminal acts under 7 years of age based on Article 7 paragraph 2 letter a, can only be carried out against criminal acts that are threatened with imprisonment for less than 7 years. The modus operandi which is increasingly widespread is also increasingly varied so that it becomes a challenge for law enforcement, especially if the crime is committed by a child. b. The weakness of the legal structure is that the peace between the victim and the child perpetrator is very different when it comes to the principle of the best interests of the child. If the diversion agreement is not reached, there will be great opportunities for imprisonment for the child. c. The weakness of the legal culture is the weakness of the principle of the best interests of the child, which must obtain the consent of the victim and or the victim's family as well as the willingness of the child and or his family. 2) The Reconstruction of restorative justice policies in cases of criminal acts with juvenile perpetrators based on justice are: Reconstruction in Article 10 by adding a sentence in the second paragraph letter d of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and diabetic mellitus (DM) are two public health issues that have a significant financial impact on health-care systems. Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer are all symptoms of HCV infections. They've also been linked to the pathogenesis of extrahepatic symptoms, such as metabolic illnesses like diabetes mellitus. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have found that people with chronic HCV infections had a greater incidence and prevalence of diabetes than those of HBV sufferers. Chronic HCV infections are accelerated histologically and clinically and lead to Diabetes mellitus. With the development of novel treatments like as direct-acting antiviral agents that enhance glycemic control in these individuals, therapy has recently progressed.

The future trends from high technology to automobile components industry are analyzed in detail. Put forward to the implementation of their products and put their possibilities into practice. Specific response measures are pointed out in two respects, indicating that they are urgently needed to run the factory products. In additional the products shall be established in Africa in order to promote new and innovation. It can be acquired through train in and between factories besides the school. Due to its low labour and undeveloped industry many opportunity will await us to mine its countless chance and profit. Like in Africa they can loan with urgent and above two because of their development demand. So if endeavor is imported many new project will be found by us together. Let us continue to pay attention to Africa for better benefit and common development. In this paper the development of technology and innovation in Africa has been discussed trying to find their intrinsic relationship from respects of the urgent, high technology & automobile in bank loan. The privilege to these field capital will benefit their development in advance and rapidly which can create many innovations in the course of making goods. We should exploit more wide field for high technological product to give convenience to make them to proceed more innovation technology for Africa and world human being.

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage(PPH) represents one of the main cause of maternal mortality worldwide, most of which occur in low- and middle- income countries. Easy use of uterotonics, uterine compression sutures, and arterial ligation may be used to control haemorrhage. The aim of the study was to evaluate different types of surgical methods of controlling post-partum haemorrhage in tertiary care hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective cohort study. Total number of deliveries from past 5 years conducted in dept of OBGY, smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General hospital Pune, Maharashtra, India were included in this study. Patients records were retrieved. Data regarding type of delivery need of surgical managment of PPH and method used were recorded. Data collected on proforma and the same was analysed using suitable statistical analysis. Results: Out of total conducted deliveries 19673, 163 cases needed surgical intervention to control PPH and achieve homeostasis.