Introduction: Maximum number of fractures often result from high-energy wounds like car accidents in young and mainly often from falls in elderly populations. Locking plates are fracture fixation expedients with threaded screw holes, in which screws allow to strand to the plate and work as a fixed-angle convenience. The study aims to investigate the outcome of locking compression plates in comminuted femoral diaphyseal fractures. Methods: An experimental clinical trial was carried out in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to June 2012. A total number of 9 patients (N=9) following purposive sampling were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0.0. Result: Among the study population (N=9), most of the patients (3,33.3%) were between 20-29 years old, and two patients (2, 22.2) were 60 to69 years old with a mean age of 42.7 years old. Around two-thirds of the study population (6,66.7%) were male. The majority of the study population (6,66.7%) caused the injury due to a motor vehicle accident, one patient (1,11.1%) got injured due to falling from a height, four patients (4,44.4%) right side was involved & left side was involved in rest of the patients (5,55.6%), upper tibial skeletal traction treatment was done in six patients (6,66.7%) previously & kabiraji treatment was done in three patients (3,33.3%) respectively. Based on the outcome after six months, the result was excellent, good in four patients (4,44.4%) and fair in one patient (1,11.1%). Conclusion: Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopaedic injury causing severe trauma in the ageing population. Femoral shaft fractures are often related to other co-morbidities necessitating life support valuation. Among the numerous treatment measures, locking plate and intramedullary nailing are suitable with outstanding ........

Introduction: The lipid profile of a Bangladesh population, which has a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease, compared with others nations, is studied to determine whether lipid-modifying disease prevention programs are necessary. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was find out the Lipid Profile and Its Association with Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study; a total of 172 patients were enrolled and analyzed. The study conducted during January 2020 to December 2020 at the Department of Cardiology in Department of Cardiology, Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh. Result: The study population is shown in more than 30% of patients had hypercholesterolemia, 41(23.84%) patients were at the high borderline (5.17-6.19), and 38(22.09%) patients had high-density lipoprotein. Under low-density lipoprotein, 7(4.07%) patients had high LDL-C, and only 2(1.16%) patients had very high LDL-C. The age distribution of the study; 33.72% of patients were from the age group 40-49 years, and 17.44% of patients were aged more than sixty years. Conclusion: WHR is associated with an increase in TG, TC, and LDL-C and supports the view that abdominal obesity may be an important cardiovascular risk factor. This study emphasizes the role of HDL-C, which may avert the CHD risk in females. Further studies with longitudinal data are needed to assess the risk factors for CHD in high-altitude populations.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a disease typically seen in the elderly, with an established relationship with tobacco and/or alcohol abuse. However, the incidence of OSCC among young adults (defined in this study as ≤ 30 years old) is on the rise. Materials and Methods: With IRB approval, a retrospective search was performed at the University of Florida College of Dentistry Oral Pathology Biopsy Service database from 1994-to 2019 for all cases of OSCC affecting patients aged ≤ 30 years. Demographic data were recorded, and the slides were reviewed for diagnostic consensus. Results: Thirty-one of 3971 OSCC cases (0.76%) were identified. The data show a prominent increase over time. Male patients (54.83%) were more commonly affected. Their ages ranged from 8 to 30 years, with a mean age of 25 years. The lateral border of the tongue is the most frequent site of involvement. A wide spectrum of differential diagnoses were obtained, mostly consisting of reactive lesions. Symptoms were reported in 65.6% of the cases. The histological grades ranged from well to poorly differentiated. Conclusion: This study underscores the rarity of OSCC in children and young adults. This may potentially lead to a low clinical suspicion, misdiagnosis, and delay in treatment. Further longitudinal multicenter studies with detailed medical history, treatment, genotyping, and prognostic data may help to better understand the etiology of OSCC in young patients, aid in prevention, and improve outcomes.

The use of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) in pediatric dentistry has lately been gaining recognition and acceptance among dentists and parents. SDF has shown effectiveness in arresting dental caries in primary teeth in children. This review article states a brief history of the use of SDF in dentistry, advantages, disadvantages, indications, contra indications and clinical application of SDF.

Derecho windstorms are extreme weather events capable of causing catastrophic damage to agricultural systems across the U.S. Midwest. Using methodologies relevant to Indigo Agriculture's precision farming approach, this case study applies advanced remote sensing techniques to examine the significant impacts of the August 2020 Derecho windstorm on agricultural fields in Boone County, Iowa, using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. The research quantifies damage extent across crop types with particular focus on corn and soybean fields, analyzes damage severity patterns, and investigates spatial variability of impacts. SAR imagery acquired 5 days post-windstorm revealed detectable changes in backscatter values attributable to structural damage in crops, allowing for comprehensive damage assessment across the study area. Results demonstrate variable damage patterns both within and between crop types, with corn exhibiting greater susceptibility to wind damage than soybeans due to structural differences. The analysis identified 1-10% backscatter variations in control points, while damaged areas displayed more significant deviations. While multiple factors potentially influence backscatter values, including soil moisture conditions, vegetation maturity, crop growth stage, and environmental changes, the temporal proximity of image acquisition to the windstorm event supports the attribution of observed changes to wind damage. This research demonstrates approaches applicable to Indigo Agriculture's precision agriculture services and contributes valuable insights for agricultural risk assessment and disaster management while showing the efficacy of SAR data for rapid post-windstorm crop damage evaluation. The methodology presented can inform future applications of remote sensing in monitoring agricultural disaster impacts, supporting more targeted response and recovery efforts in affected farming communities, and enhancing agricultural technology companies' damage assessment capabilities.

Today, foreign direct investments (FDI) have become indispensable tools for countries for reasons such as technology transfer, employment creation, promotion of international trade, economic development and support for development, as well as the capital they provide to the economy. Countries that want to benefit from the blessings of foreign capital aim to attract FDI to their countries by using different instruments. One of the tools frequently used for this purpose is tax policies. In this study, we have examined the relationship between foreign direct investments and taxation at the theoretical and empirical level. FDI flows in the recent years and corporate tax rates of OECD countries, which hold a significant portion of global capital, have been compared. It has been observed that OECD countries have made significant taxation regulations to attract foreign investment.

Background: Antimicrobial Resistance is a major concern because a resistant infection may kill, and can spread to others, and imposes huge costs to individuals and society. The prevalence of MCR-1 resistance gene in Sudan possesses potential threat for treatment of patient especially when hospitalized. This study was implemented to determine the prevalence of MCR-1 Resistance gene in Khartoum state Hospitals in K. pneumoniae, isolates from clinical specimens using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Methods: In this study, one hundred Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from clinical specimens the study was (31%) were males, while (69 %) were females. There were aged from (17 to 40) years with (Mean = 27.4 and SD = 6.598). The isolated organisms were stored in 20% Glycerol Peptone Media. Samples were cultured and Re-identified using conventional methods. And tested to antimicrobial susceptibility test using Kirby baur disk diffusion Method. Results: 11% were Resistance for AST to colistin. then presence of MCR-1 gene was investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 100 of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates, 4(4%) show positive MCR-1 Three of them from these 11% Resistance and only one from other 89 sensitive the data computerized and analyzed through SPSS 23. All statistical tests have done using chi-Square and the association of Colistin Resistance with MCR-1 gene were significant p-value (<0.05). The Colistin Resistance is an alarm from staff holders because it is considered as main treatment for ICU infections.

Background: Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major gastric infection worldwide and has been associated with many hematologic disorders. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of H. pylori infection on Sudanese people. Method: Blood samples are collected from 60 persons; 30 patient (as sample) and 30 patients (as control sample). Vitamin B12 and complete blood count (CBC) tests are performed. Results: The results revealed that Vitamin B 12 level mean was significantly lower among H. pylori patients than the controls (p-value 0.013). The results also revealed that there are no significant differences between gander in vitamin B12 level among patients. The correlation between vitamin B12 and age was found to be negative (R=0.444 & P=0.014). Conclusion & Recommendations: Vitamin B12 level, HB and RBC are lower in H. pylori infected Sudanese individuals compared to the normal people. Thus, we highly recommend for further research and case-control studies in discovering the causal factors related to reduction of vitamin B12 among H. pylori infected Sudanese individuals.

This paper provides an overview of the development of Lu Shuyuan’s spiritual ecology theory and explains the key concepts of the theory.

Postoperative pain management of cesarean patients has become a major medical and nursing challenge in all over the world. Due to the various constraints postoperative pain management of cesarean patient in Bangladesh got greater attention from the scientific community and policy makers. An observational study was conducted to assess the strategy, effectiveness, and safety of postoperative pain management in patients undergoing cesarean section in the obstetric unit in a district hospital, Hobigonj, Bangladesh during the period from February 2022 to August 2022. We recorded patient’s demographics, postoperative pain orders, and analgesia regime on the day of surgery. Anesthesia team, which included one of the investigators, assessed the overall pain since the time of surgery by visual analogue scale (VAS) and also recorded any complications since the time of surgery and patients’ satisfaction with the pain management. A total of 150 patients were reviewed during the study period. The common modality of pain management was intravenous opioid infusion (94%) and co-analgesia was used in 99% of patients. The analysis of pain at rest by VAS was between 1 and 3 in 89.7%, 4 and 6 in 9.5%, and 7 and 10 in 0.8% of patients. The VAS on movement was 1–3 in 60.1%, 4–6 in 33.1%, and 7–10 in 6.8% of patients. Patients’ opinion regarding postoperative pain management was satisfactory in 76.60% of patients and unsatisfactory in 23.40% of patients. In the conclusion, we can say, the regime for postoperative pain management was mostly started and followed by both the teams at the hospital and was not adequately satisfied.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a condition brought on by a virus (Nairovirus) that is spread by ticks and is a member of the Bunyaviridae family and the genus Hayalomma. This virus could travel across the Hayaloma genus. This species maintains two host-life cycles, changing from a larva to a nymph on its first host, which can be a tiny animal like a bird, and then from adult stages to humans, which serve as the second host. Currently, 27 distinct Hyalomma species are recognized. Geographically, CCHFV is spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, Southern Europe, and Africa, all of which have large tick populations. This virus is capable of spreading both horizontally and vertically. Animals like sheep, goats, cattle, and hares may act as hosts or reservoirs for the virus. Humans can contract this virus by coming into touch with infected ticks or animal blood. Due to contact with bodily fluids or infectious blood, medical personnel are most vulnerable in endemic areas. This virus can cause symptoms such as high fever, joint discomfort, headache, back pain, vomiting, and stomach pain in infected individuals. To identify this virus, scientists employ the ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The medicine ribavirin and some readily available vaccinations can also be used to treat this virus. The effectiveness of using the vaccines and medications that are now available to treat this virus cannot be proven. The effectiveness of the vaccine to protect against this virus was investigated using a small animal model, such as a knockout mouse.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, and hematological abnormalities are a typical complication (SLE). There are some that are immediately life-threatening and need immediate attention, and then there are those that require more careful thought. Objective: The purpose of this research was to better understand the hematological symptoms experienced by people with SLE. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out at tertiary hospital, Bangladesh from January 2021 to October 2022. Where a total of 100 Patients of SLE as diagnosed according to American college of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were included in the study and patients with hematological problems for due to other diseases were excluded. Results: During the study, 21-25 years age group, 30% and 90% were female. Most common presenting complaints were arthralgia (82%) followed by malar rash(70%) and myalgia (66%). 25% had hypertension, 16% had autoimmune thyroids, 5% had DM, 40% had no history of previous. 80%were taken sterios, followed by 30% were taken Mycophenolate Mofetil, 25% were taken Cyclophosphamide, 9% were taken Methotrexate. In addition to that, Anemia was the most common hematological abnormality detected in 70% patients. Normocytic normochromic anemia (NNA) was the most common peripheral blood film (PBF) findings found in 36% of the patients followed by microcytic hypochromicanemia (MHA) 30%. A positive direct Coomb’s test was found in 40% of the patients and antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) was positive in 20% of the patients. Conclusion: Patients with SLE often have haematological abnormalities. Differentiating haematological abnormalities as a symptom of SLE, a side effect of SLE therapy, or part of another blood dyscrasia is essential.

الحمد لله القائل{ ليميز الله الخبيث من الطيب} والقائل: {إن الحسنات يذهبن السيئات} والصلاة والصلام على أفصح العرب نطقًا بالضاد القائل: "إن نقدت الناس نقدوك فإن تركتهم تركوك" وعلى آله وأصحابه غر الميامين ومن نهج نهجهم إلى يوم الدين،

Objectives: Competency based clinical training in most of the dental schools in Saudi Arabia incorporates a clear rubrics for evaluation of clinical procedure where use of rubber dam is one of the criteria to be effectively fulfilled by the students. The present study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice towards the use of rubber dam by dental students and interns of various dental schools in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the dental students of various Saudi university through google form during January 2022 to March 2022. A pretested questionnaire in a 5 point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (score 5) to strongly disagree (score 1) containing three sections (each containing 10 questions) to measure knowledge, attitude and practice towards use of rubber dam was used. The questionnaire for barriers for rubber dam use included 5 items. The Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc was used to compare the responses between the male and female students and dental students of difference academic levels. Results: Total of 273 valid responses were received (189 (69.23%) male and 84 (30.77%) female). The overall average Likert score for knowledge about rubber dam among dental students was 3.45 (± 1.2). The overall average Likert score for questionnaire items assessing attitude of dental students about rubber dam was 3.81 (± 0.9). The respective overall average score for male and female dental students for their attitude towards rubber dam was 3.32 (±0.8) and 4.30 (±0.11) with p = 0.04. The overall average Likert score for practice items was 3.73 (±0.8)(Table 4,Fig-2). The respective overall average score for male and female dental students for practice of rubber dam was 3.13 (±1.1) and 4.33 (±0.8) with p = 0.03. For the questionnaire items assessing the barriers for using rubber dam, the average score for unavailability of suitable rubber dam clamp and patient refuse both scored 4.3. Conclusion: The finding suggest that the dental students have adequate knowledge and training for rubber dam use. The attitude and practice towards consistent use of rubber dam should be reinforced through proper motivation. A future research with a larger sample size and patients feedback on rubber dam will be helpful.

Aim: To compare and contrast the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index scores of different Self ligating brackets. Materials and methods: A total of 75 extracted human first premolars were selected and divided into 3 groups of 25 for each bracket system. Each sample was then embedded in an acrylic block, till the coronal portion. Instron testing machine model LR LOYD 50 K was used for testing the shear bond strength. SBS values and adhesive failure rates were recorded. Results: All the bracket systems considered in the study demonstrated and clinically adequate Shear bond strength. Among the three groups, Damon Q gave the least remnant index score followed by SmartClip and BioQuick. Conclusion: The highest bond strength and the least remnant index score were obtained from Damon Q system, followed by Smartclip and BioQuick in the same order.