Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of iron deficiency anemia (IDA)in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A thorough search of pertinent databases was done in order to find studies that satisfied the requirements for inclusion. A thorough search of PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Science Direct was conducted to find pertinent literature. Results: Nineteen studies, including a total of 20,929 participants and 18,236 (87.1%) of them were females, were included in our data. The prevalence of IDA in the total population ranged from 9.8% in preschool children and 75.3% in pregnant women, and the pooled prevalence was 7043 (33.7%). Regarding pregnant women and women in the childbearing period, the incidence of IDA was significantly correlated with increased gravidity, parity, use of tea and coffee, primiparas, younger moms, those without prenatal care or iron supplements, menorrhagia, antacid or nonsteroidal antidepressant use histories, family and personal history of IDA, occasional meat consumption, and inadequate iron and vitamin C intakes. The improved socioeconomic position of Saudi Arabian children did not affect the prevalence of IDA. Obesity, supplement consumption, and a positive family history of IDA were significantly associated with the increased prevalence of IDA. Conclusion: The prevalence among pregnant women, women in the childbearing period, children, and adolescents in Saudi Arabia is still high. The study's conclusions emphasize the need to increase public knowledge of the value of a balanced diet and the regular inclusion of foods high in iron in daily meals. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the risk variables that raise the prevalence of IDA in the study area and serve as a roadmap for future research endeavors addressing IDA.

Trans-border insecurity remains a major preoccupation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and particularly in the Far North Region of Cameroon. The porous borders of states in the Lake Chad region has enhance trans-border insecurity stemming from the illicit movement of people, goods and arms leading to the displacement of persons across borders. This is the case of the Far North Region of Cameron hosting displaced persons in two of its six divisions (Mayo Sava and Mayo Tsanaga) due to the nefarious activities of Boko Haram terrorist sect. The study employed a mixed research design made up of the descriptive and quantitative designs in accordance with the stated objectives. This design permitted the collection of pertinent data from both secondary and primary sources. Secondary information was obtained from libraries, archives of institutions such as end of year reports of local NGOs and other international institutions working with displaced persons. From the libraries of ENS and National Polytechnic Maroua, information on trans-border insecurity and the management of displaced persons were obtained from text books and already defended dissertations. Results revealed that, the categories of displaced persons in area include; IDP (50%), refugees (36.4%) and returnees (13.6%). The numbers of attacks reached its peak in 2014 and Mayo Sava and Mayo Tsanaga recorded over 250 attacks. Results also show fluctuating trend of displacements between 2012 and 2022. The years 2012 to 2015 was marked by increasing wave of displaced persons with IDPs recording 77,695, out of Camp refugees 6870 and returnees 10,316. Between 2017 and 2018, there was relative calm as the number of displaced (IDPs) dropped rapidly to 21,312 persons while the number of returnees increased to 4,397. Out of Camp refugees also recorded a drop in numbers that is 32,669 people. Between 2019 and 2020, a 7.8% increase in displaced persons was witnessed in Mayo Sava while Mayo Tsanaga registered an increase of 3.9%. Between April 2019 and March 2021, the numbers of attacks increased with IDPs surging to 341,000 while returnees in 2021 also rose to 124,300 persons. Therefore, the number of attacks greatly affects displacements and response strategies must engaged local leaders.

This paper examines the role of property valuation in enhancing the financial stability of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Drawing on an integrative review of secondary literature, the study highlights how accurate collateral valuation reduces default risks, secures loan portfolios, and supports institutional sustainability. The analysis reveals that preventive and transparent valuation practices not only safeguard financial assets but also foster trust among borrowers, investors, and regulators. Governance and organizational culture emerge as decisive factors shaping valuation effectiveness, with leadership commitment and accountability identified as central drivers of institutional credibility. Knowledge gaps and resource constraints, particularly in developing economies, are noted as persistent barriers to effective valuation practices. The study concludes that embedding transparency, governance, and professional capacity into valuation processes is crucial for MFIs to achieve financial stability, foster societal trust, and make meaningful contributions to sustainable development.

This article examines the nexus between the extractive sector laws and energy development in Cameroon with focus on renewable energy in order to promote sustainable national livelihoods for the benefit of all and sundry. It should immediately be pointed out that, traditional energy sources like mining, oil and gas, or betterstill fossil fuels; are environmentally disastrous. These traditional energy sources contribute enormously in the emission of Green House Gases that are major threats to climate change to which the globe is confronted to nowadays. This article therefore articulates on how the extractive sector laws can serve as a pivot in making the use of renewable energy sources important in the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. More still, it is regrettable that the current extractive laws in the country do not sufficiently take into cognizance the need to explore renewable energy sources. In consequence to the shortcomings noticed in the extractive sector laws in Cameroon in enhancing energy development with focus on renewable energy, the key recommendation to this legislative quagmire in the extractive sector laws is that, there is urgent need to review some provisons of the extractive sector laws so that, it should henceforth take into keen consideration the relevance of energy development by paying attention on the imoportance of reneawable energy.

Background: Acute drug exposure in children is a common and preventable cause of pediatric morbidity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Children are especially vulnerable due to exploratory behavior, unsafe medication storage, and delayed access to healthcare. Data focusing specifically on drug-related exposures and outcomes in Bangladeshi children remain limited. Aim of the study: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, exposure patterns, management strategies, and short-term outcomes of acute drug exposure in children admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Medical records of 80 children aged <18 years admitted with acute drug exposure were reviewed. Data on demographics, type and route of exposure, drug categories, clinical presentation, severity, interventions, and outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings. Result: Most patients were aged 1–5 years (52.5%), with a male predominance (56.25%). Accidental exposure accounted for 87.5% of cases, predominantly via oral ingestion (95%) and occurring at home (93.75%). Analgesics/antipyretics (22.5%) and antibiotics (20.0%) were the most common drugs involved. The majority had mild toxicity (70%) and presented within two hours. Complete recovery was observed in 87.5% of cases, while mortality was 5%. Conclusion: Acute drug exposure in children is largely accidental, home-based, and associated with favorable outcomes when managed promptly. Strengthening preventive strategies, caregiver education, and early medical intervention is essential to reduce adverse outcomes.

This article explores in an explicit manner the interface between human rights and international mining disputes in Cameroon’s extractive law in order to spotlight or identify the causes, stakes, challenges and possible ways forward in curbing human right violations in the extractive sector. This article focuses on the various pieces of extractive legislation in Cameroon and makes a comprehensive legal appraisal on how such extractive texts protect human rights either directlt or tacitly, arguing that the present extractive texts in force falls short of guaranteeing the rights of individuals engaged in the extractive industry. In consequence to this half-bake protection accorded by the mining, oil and gas laws with respect to human rights exigencies, it is a settled fact that human righs are increasingly violated in the extractive sector and this does not showcase a good image of the country at the international arena. This is because mining disputes are becoming rife and rampant. A fundamental recommendation to this legislative pitfall in the extractive sector is that, there is urgent need to revise some provisons of the extractive sector laws so that, it should integrate human rights issues in a holistic manner thereby significantly curbing mining disputes.

Background: Retinoblastoma is a common malignant intraocular tumor of early childhood that is potentially vision- and life-threatening, with outcomes strongly influenced by timeliness of diagnosis and access to appropriate multimodal treatment. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, treatment modalities, and therapeutic outcomes in pediatric patients with retinoblastoma. Methods: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, National Institute of Ophthalmology and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from April 2011 to March 2013, and included 46 pediatric patients with retinoblastoma. Clinical presentation, diagnostic features, disease staging, treatment modalities, therapeutic response, and complications were evaluated using comprehensive ophthalmic examination and imaging. Treatment was individualized according to disease severity, and patients were followed to assess outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Among 46 children, most were ≤3 years at diagnosis (73.9%; mean age 2.5 ± 1.6 years), with male predominance (56.5%). Unilateral disease occurred in 71.7%, and leukocoria was the commonest presentation (69.6%). Nearly half had delayed presentation (45.7%). Most presented with Stage II disease (60.9%). Enucleation with radiotherapy was the most frequent treatment (26.1%). Disease control was achieved in 89.1%, with metastasis in 6.5% and mortality in 4.3%. Neutropenia was the commonest complication (17.4%). Conclusion: Early recognition and timely, multimodal treatment of pediatric retinoblastoma are crucial for effective disease control and favorable therapeutic outcomes.

Background and Objective: Wilms’ tumor has been recognized as the most common primary malignant tumor of kidney at childhood. It comprises 5-6% of tumors in the childhood period, and manifests with various clinical symptoms. Since there have been no sufficient studies in this field in Bangladesh, therefore, this study was conducted to investigate its histopathology and different clinical symptoms. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on existing data from 70 children with a diagnosis of Wilms’ tumor at Bangladesh Shishu Hospital during the years 2015-2020. In this regard, personal and disease-related characteristics of patients including age, sex, tumor stage, histopathology, and involved kidney were evaluated and SPSS software and other statistical tests were used for data analysis. Results: The most common age of disease incidence was 2-4 years. In this regard, male and female ratio was 1.5. Meanwhile, the prevalence of an abdominal mass as the most common symptom was 85.0%. Left kidney was involved in 50% of cases and 58 (82.86%) of patients had a favorable histology. In addition, there was a significant correlation between site of kidney involvement and tumor histology (p<0.005). Conclusion: Considering the achieved advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms’ tumor, early diagnosis with regard to clinical symptoms can have a valuable role in its effective management.

Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is a recurrent corneal disease that remains a significant cause of ocular morbidity due to its variable clinical presentation and potential for progressive corneal damage. Understanding the clinical spectrum and recurrence patterns of HSV keratitis is essential for effective long-term management, particularly in tertiary eye care settings. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the National Institute of Ophthalmology and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from April 2012 to March 2013. A total of 40 patients with recurrent HSV corneal infections were included, with disease duration ranging from 1 to 22 years. Only patients with more than one documented recurrence were enrolled. Patients with incomplete records, uncertain diagnosis, or stromal keratitis at initial presentation were excluded. Clinical data were analyzed to assess age distribution, initial disease pattern and recurrence behavior. Results: The majority of patients were middle-aged, with 52.5% between 31 and 50 years and the highest prevalence in the 41–50 age group (27.5%). Disciform keratitis was the most common initial presentation (62.5%), followed by epithelial keratitis (27.5%) and uveitis (10%). Among patients initially presenting with disciform keratitis, 84% experienced recurrence with the same pattern, while 8% developed neurotrophic keratitis. Patients initially presenting with epithelial keratitis predominantly showed epithelial recurrences (72.7%), though 27.3% progressed to disciform keratitis. Conclusion: Recurrent HSV keratitis predominantly affects middle-aged adults and most commonly presents as disciform keratitis in tertiary care settings. Recurrences tend to follow the initial disease pattern, although progression from epithelial to stromal involvement occurs in a notable proportion of cases, emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up.

Background: The chest radiograph provides excellent contrast between the air-filled, cardiac, and aortic outlines. Deviations from normal measurements suggest pathology. This study was aimed at measuring the selected normal chest morphometry of Nigerians residing in Port Harcourt to establish a baseline for people in a normal condition. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study carried out in the Radiology Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State. The study duration was 8 months (January–September, 2021), which involved four hundred and forty-eight (216 males and 232 females) normal chest radiographs of adult Rivers aged between 18 and above. The radiographs were found to be normal by a qualified radiologist in the department. Random sampling was used to determine the sample size for the study. Results and Discussions: For adult males aged 18 and up, the mean values of all measured parameters were: TAD (cm): 4.15 ±21.54; TCD (cm): 10.88 ±1.55; WITD (cm): 26.06 ±3.25; and mean age (yrs): 44.15 ±21.54. TAD (cm) was 5.11±0.69 in females, TCD (cm) was 10.8±21.50, WITD (cm) was 26.05±2.98 and the mean age (yrs) was 40.93±20.22. In the two variables (TCD and WITD), the males had slightly higher values than the females, although not significantly higher, while the females had a higher TAD, also not significantly higher. Conclusions: The correlation between the transverse aortic diameter and the transverse cardiac diameter for female subjects; the correlation between the transverse aortic diameter and the transverse cardiac diameter for male subjects; and the correlation between the transverse cardiac diameter and the widest internal thoracic diameter were all positively correlated (r = 0.611, r = 0.566, r = 0.822, P 0.05).

In this study, a mathematical model on the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis was formulated and analyzed. The basic reproduction number ( ) for each model is calculated and determined using the next generation method and condition for elimination (disease free equilibrium) or persistence (endemic equilibrium) in a population. Stability analysis shows that disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable whenever the reproduction is less than unity. Furthermore, tuberculosis case detection continued to persist whenever the reproduction number exceeds unity. However, the models consisting of system of first order nonlinear differential equations.

Background: Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a relatively uncommon germ cell tumor and affecting neonates, infants as well as children with a female preponderance. Age is an important predictor of malignancy in SCT. Early diagnosis and management can provide better outcome. Histologically most of the cases are benign in nature. Aim: Since there have been paucity of sufficient studies in this field in Bangladesh. The present study was carried out to describe in various clinicopathological features and histopathological findings of SCT patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 66 patients of SCT operated from 2015 to 2021. A retrospective review of different clinical information and histopathological findings was done from the radiological and pathological records available in the Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & institute, Dhaka. Result: There were 44 females and 22 males with age ranging from newborn to 08 years. Forty two children (63%) presented in the neonatal age group. Most of the cases (39) have a size of 5-10cm in diameter. There were 66.66% cases of benign (mature), 10.60% immature and 22.72 malignant teratomas. Conclusion: Predominant cases of SCT are benign in nature histologically and have an excellent outcome after early diagnosis and surgery as well as reducing morbidity and mortality. Delayed presentation and the presence of malignant changes continue to be poor prognostic factors.

Proliferating trichilemmal tumor (PTT) is an uncommon lesion that typically occurs on the scalp of older women. The risk factors which have been incriminated in the appearance of tumors of the scalp are: chronic sun exposure, the presence of sebaceous nevi, a history of ionizing radiation, burns, trauma or surgery of the scalp. CT can confirm the cystic and tissue nature of the lesion with the presence of calcifications, signs of locoregional invasion. The diagnosis of certainty is based on the anatomopathological study. The principle of treatment of TTP without the metastasis is a wide surgical excision with a margin of 1 cm in normal tissue. Endocranial extension and distant metastases are obstacles to surgical treatment. We report a rare case of scalp tumors in a hospital setting in a 75-year-old woman.

When you want to start a business idea, it will always be of vital importance to put financial viability first, since starting without having an idea of the initial investment, the investment recovery period and other financial indicators, can make a profitable business in a very short time bottomless pit. The main idea of this research is to define which are the most important points of the Business Plans in terms of finances; For this, to detect which are the points that require more emphasis in terms of attention and focus, with this it is intended to facilitate the tasks and training required in said topics, this due to the fact that the financial aspect is the most relevant issue and that to the it gets more and more complicated. This will allow any venture to be on the right track in search of the desired success in any type of venture. It was found that the order of difficulty in the development of a Business Plan is the following: the Financial Analysis of a Business Plan is the item that is most difficult, understanding that 397 students representing 55.14% put it as the main topic in degree of difficulty, followed by Procedures and Compliance with Legal Requirements, which is considered the most complicated item by 202 people, which represent 28.26%; being the Market with a choice of 65 students as the most difficult topic to cover, while 56 people indicated the other items, Strategic, Organizational and Processes as the most complicated. Emphasis will be placed on financial aspects and their respective topics.

This study investigates the relationship between cultural identity and academic stress coping strategies of African students studying in Nigerian institutions (a case of university of Lagos). The study employed a qualitative grounded theory methodology using semi-structured interviews with twenty students from varied ethnic backgrounds. The findings indicated that cultural identity was a potent psychological resource that increases motivation, resilience, and the generation of meaning in challenging academic environments. Also, it revealed that informal communal networks such as peer groups, ethnic student associations and religious communities were a critical source of emotional and academic support, often filling the void left by underused campus mental health resources. Furthermore, spirituality, in particular, became an important resource for coping as it provided a re-conceptualisation for Hausa and minority ethnic students. Moreover, the most noteworthy finding of the study was that the students from an ethnic majority reported significantly greater communal coping resources than their minority peers, thanks to the differences in support systems available. These findings emphasize the importance of culturally appropriate treatments and call for identity-based, community and spiritual coping mechanisms to be integrated into student support frameworks. By integrating coping and culture within a culturally ingrained process, the study contributes to the understanding of the literature. It also offers practical recommendations for the development of culturally sensitive mental health policy in Nigerian colleges.