An analgesic is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain without loss of consciousness. Pain is one of the devastating health problems commonly treated with medicinal plants. Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax (Family Dioscoreaceae) is one of the popular species of yam, usually found in Africa and mostly consumed in West Africa. Tragia benthamii Bak. is an herbaceous twining or trailing plant which belongs to the Euphobiaceae family. The plant is indigenous to Ivory Coast extending wide spread across Africa including Nigeria. This study investigated the analgesic activities of Dioscorea dumetorum and Tragia benthamii leaves’ methanol extract on mice. Acetic acid-induced writhing method was engaged. Thirty-two (32) healthy and energetic mice were grouped into eight (8) of four (4) mice. Indomethacin (25 mg/kg) was administered to the positive control group, negative control group received distilled water (10 ml/kg) while each extract treatment groups received 50, 100, 200 mg/kg respectively. Analgesic activities of the plants’ extract were assessed by counting the number of writhes for 30 minutes after a latency period of 5 minutes. Reduction in the number of writhes as compared to the control groups was considered as evidence for analgesic potential of the plants. In this study, the positive control (Indomethacin), D. dumetorum and T. benthamii significantly decreased the mean number of abdominal constrictions or writhes in a dose dependent manner following the order of 200>100>50 mg/kg. The result showed that the potency of the two plants’ extract was superior to that of Indomethacin but T. benthamii (200 mg/kg) exhibited higher analgesic activity. Values of reduction time in writhing were significantly different (P<0.05) among the treatments. This research revealed effective potential analgesic effects of D. dumetorum and T. benthamii which could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in them. Therefore, further studies to explain their mechanisms of action should be conducted to aid the discovery of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of pains.

Despite barely being a novel concept, EVs have been rising in popularity because of the development of the technology and infrastructure required to support EVs on a large scale, a growing concern for the climate, and a fight to lower carbon emissions. Even though the demand for EVs rising every year, there have been a few major roadblocks that are affecting the growth and development of EVs in developing countries and households with lower incomes, specifically the high initial cost of building the infrastructure of EVs, EVs being more expensive than regular Internal Combustion Engine cars, and a skeptical consumer market. However, making conversions of ICEs into EVs or Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs) might circumvent many of these issues, including combating the problem of replacing every single ICE with a brand-new EV in the span of a few decades. This paper discusses the cost, efficiency, and public perception of converting ICEs to EVs and what a viable business model can look like while paying particular attention to customer needs and public perception.

FDI is one of the important pillar for the development of economic sectors and industries for promoting the high growth of valuable products and improve the quality of useful industrial products. However, as a result of globalization, a country's economic development is no longer completely reliant on its own resources. The foreign direct investment (FDI) made by multinational corporations improves the quality of life for locals by creating employment for them and raising their level of living. FDI may have both positive and negative effects on the expansion of the economy, depending on the factors. South Asia's leading liberal economy is Pakistan. Pakistan permits 100% foreign ownership in its secondary industry due to its open economy and fast-paced private sector. Pakistan's tertiary sector has seen a sharp growth in FDI inflows when compared to other economic sectors. Pakistan's primary sector of the economy is characterised, like other emerging countries, by poor productivity, inefficient labour, energy deficits, and less incentives. However, it seems that the incentives and other variables have only had a modest impact on Pakistan's FDI levels in recent years. The economic development of Pakistan is negatively impacted by foreign direct investment. FDI has a significant influence on Pakistan's short- and long-term economic development.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is a baceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae (daisy) family and is a member of the Carduae clan. Since antiquity, a several diseases has been treated by milk thistle such as to treat liver problems, spleen problems, gallbladder problems, hepatitis, and gallstones. Milk thistle seeds are utilized in herbal remedies, and there are six flavonolignans that make up silymarins: silychristin, silydianin, silybin A& B, isosilybin A & B. Because of its membrane-stabilizing qualities, silymarin is effective in chronic liver disorders. Many disorders, such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertenshaion, and anti- Alzheimer's, are caused by S. Marianum. Milk thistle is now utilized in a diversity of supplements, including oil seed and capsules of soft gel.

This study aims to test whether the moderation of regional financial supervision can affect the accountability of regional financial reports and the sensitivity of the budget to SKPD performance. The population and samples selected in this study were regional work units (SKPD) in the DKI Jakarta area, questionnaires which would be distributed to regional work units (SKPD) in the DKI Jakarta area with a total of 246 samples. The software used is SmartPLS (partial least square). The results of hypothesis testing in this study found that regional financial accountability has a positive effect on SKPD performance, budget sentiment has a positive effect on SKPD performance, regional financial supervision has a positive and significant effect, regional financial supervision can strengthen the influence of regional financial accountability on SKPD performance and moderation on regional financial supervision is not able to strengthen the effect of budget transparency on SKPD performance. The results of this fifth hypothesis research are to prevent such a situation, SKPD should be able to improve regional financial supervision so that ASN as government employee can preparing the budget have information about public finances, because ASN as government employee that have information complexity about public finances may have optimal SKPD performance .

Background: Abortion or miscarriage is a common health intervention. Incomplete abortion is a term given to miscarriage where there are retained product of conception still within uterus. Complications of incomplete abortion includes haemorrhage, infection, shock even DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation). Treatment of incomplete abortion has traditionally been surgery like D&C or MVA. Though these treatments are effective but they require specialized equipment, trained person and associated with dangers like uterine trauma, perforation, bleeding to instrumentation, infection & reaction to anaesthesia. For these reasons determining an effective nonsurgical approach for treatment of incomplete abortion is important. Materials & Methodology: During the period of June 2021 to December 2022, 100 women diagnosed as incomplete abortion, were selected in Popular Diagnostic Centre (Badda, Dhaka) and in US-Bangla Medical College Hospital (Narayanganj) as per inclusion criteria and treated with Tablet Misoprostol 6ooµg orally and success to treatment was noted. Results: Treatment was found successful in 94% cases. 6% Cases needed MVA. Among 94% cases 32% was successful after 1st dose of Misoprostol and 62% was after 2nd dose of Misoprostol. Conclusions: Oral Misoprostol is very effective method with high patient satisfaction.

Background: The perioral region plays an important role in facial recognition, gender classification, esthetics, facial expression, speech and eating. Aim: To establish normative perioral data for South-East, Nigerian children Methods: A sample of 120 healthy subjects within the age range of 1 to 5 years were enrolled in this study. Two dimensional photographs of the face were captured non-invasively using a Nikon D 90 camera, ten perioral landmarks were identified and four indices deduced Results: It was observed that vertical mouth height index, upper lip thickness and lip index in the males showed higher values when compared to the females which indicates sexual dimorphism (P≤0.05). Most children in our cohort were classified as having a thick lip index, mouth of intermediate height in relation to the height of the face, thick upper and lower lip thickness index, narrow mouth in relation to the width of the eyes. The mean values of Vermillion height of Lower lip and Lower Lip Thickness Index was also observed to be consistently higher when compared to upper lip in both sexes. Conclusion: The study presents a primary data base for perioral anthropometric indices of children in South-East Nigerian which can aid ethnic specific postoperative evaluation of congenital or post-traumatic orofacial reconstructive surgeries.

In a very rapid economic development, it cannot be denied that the absorption of credit in people's lives is growing rapidly. In this case, in all the use of products or services by consumers, consumers have the right to obtain legal certainty corporate bullying billing financial technology is one of the most publicly highlighted violations of law today. This study has 2 (two) main problems, namely to identify and analyze the weaknesses that result in the implementation of criminal sanctions regulations in financial technology criminal cases in Indonesia that are currently not fair and attempts to reconstruct criminal sanctions regulations in financial technology criminal cases based on Pancasila justice. This research method uses a juridical-empirical approach. Analysis of primary and secondary data is carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research and discussion show that the weaknesses that result in the implementation of criminal sanction regulations in financial technology crime cases in Indonesia are that they do not contain criminal threats for violating the provisions of Article 44 paragraph (1) of the Republic of Indonesia Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 10/Pojk.05/ 2022 Regarding Technology-Based Co-Funding Services. Efforts to reconstruct the regulation of criminal sanctions in financial technology crime cases based on Pancasila justice, namely by adding criminal provisions to the criminal provisions in Article 44 of the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10/Pojk.05/2022 Concerning Information Technology-Based Joint Funding Services by adding one paragraph. So that the provisions in Article 44 of the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10/Pojk.05/2022 Concerning Information Technology-Based Joint Funding Services.

The objectives of this study are to analyze the weaknesses of the absentee land registration arrangements through Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) that are not yet fair, and how to reconstruct the law based on justice value. The research method used is socio-legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used in this research is social legal research, concept approach, and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and literature studies. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The legal theory used as an analysis tool is the grand theory of Pancasila justice and the rule of law theory, the middle theory of legal system theory, and the applied theory of development law theory and progressive law theory. The results of the study found that the Weaknesses in legal substance namely Article 5, Article 7, Article 25 paragraph 1, Article 30 paragraph 2, and Article 32 of Minister of Agrarian Regulation Number 6 of 2018 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL), Weaknesses in the legal substance of absentee land registration arrangements in the Minister of Agrarian Regulation Number 6 of 2018 concerning Registration Complete Systematic Land (PTSL), while the legal structural weaknesses in absentee land registration are limited land management, limited number and capacity of human resources, limited quantity and quality of measurement facilities and infrastructure, and weaknesses in the legal culture of society, namely economic and social factors. Therefore the Reconstruction of absentee land registration arrangements through the Complete Systematic Land Registration based on Pancasila values of justice in the arrangement of absentee land registration must not contradict religious values and beliefs, protect the rights of citizens, and uphold the values of unity and equality, and able to protect the wider community, and the rules are clear and do not cause conflicts with higher rules as contained in the Minister of Agrarian Regulation Number 6 of 2018 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL).

Land registration is a series of activities, carried out by the State/Government continuously and regularly, in the form of collecting certain information or data regarding certain lands in certain areas, processing, storing, and presenting them for the benefit of the people, to provide guarantees legal certainty in the field of land including the evidence and its maintenance. This research focuses on 2 (two) problems, namely the weaknesses of customary land registration regulations based on the value of dignified justice and efforts to reconstruct customary land registration regulations based on dignified justice. This research approach method uses a juridical-empirical approach with research specifications that use analytical descriptive. The results of the research and discussion state that (1) Weaknesses in the regulation of customary land registration are based on the value of dignified justice. Land registration of parcels has weaknesses from the regulatory aspect, weaknesses from the legal structural aspect, weaknesses from the legal cultural aspect, then in reality there is growing dissatisfaction with the negative publicity system (positive elements in the bureaucratic system and public services of the National Land Agency. (2) Reconstruction regulations on customary land registration based on dignified justice Article 97 Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2021 Concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flats Units, and Land Registration states that land certificates, compensation certificates, village certificates, and others of the same type intended as information on land tenure and ownership issued by the village head/sub-district head may be used as a guide in the context of land registration.

Aim: This study was conducted to gather data on the normal measurements of facial features in healthy children from South-East Nigeria. The aim was to measure the distance between the pupils (IPD), the distance between the inner corners of the eyes (ICD), and the distance between the outer corners of the eyes (OCD) in order to establish a reference for ophthalmological assessments and diagnoses. The study was based on the understanding that these orbitofacial measurements and canthal indices are important tools for anatomists and craniofacial surgeons in evaluating systemic syndromes, craniofacial abnormalities, and post-traumatic telecanthus. Method: A sample of 120 healthy subjects within the age range of 1 to 5 years was enrolled in this study. The photographs of the face were captured non- invasively using a Nikon D 90 camera, orbitofacial landmarks were identified and measured using Image J Software. The data was then analyzed to determine the normal measurements for these facial features in healthy children from South- East Nigeria. Results: showed that all parameters measured (IPD, ICD, OCD) were higher in females than in males, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study presents a primary data base for orbitofacial anthropometric indices of children in South-East Nigerian which can be used as a reference for ophthalmological assessments and diagnoses. This data can be used to aid in the diagnosis of craniofacial abnormalities and post-traumatic telecanthus, as well as to evaluate systemic syndromes. Additionally, this study can be used as a benchmark for future studies on this topic in the same population or other population as well.

Many plant species have their own toxicity, direct or indirect. On this point, the perfect knowledge of the metabolite constituents of the plants as well as the toxicity related to them is necessary for an adequate use in the formulation of the Improved Traditional Medicines and all other products related to the plants. Our study aims to carry out the quantitave screening and the study of the subchronic toxicity of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii. Harvested in Bamendjou in the West Cameroon region, the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii was extracted with ethanol at 700. The estimation of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids has been evaluated by different methods described in the literature. The subchronic toxicity assessment was performed over a 90-day period, with 4 batches of 10 rats (5 males and 5 female’s albino Wistar rats) following OECD 408 guidelines. The determination of biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters was done in serum and histological sections on organ. Among the quantified compounds, saponins were the most abundant followed by polyphenols, alkaloids, then flavonoids and finally tannins. On repeated dosing for 90 days, the extract contributed to non-significant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in both male and female rats. Analysis of biochemical, hematological and histological parameters and histological sections did not show any serious signs of toxicity in the treated groups. Finally, the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii even rich in secondary metabolites appears to conserve an acceptable safety for the formulation of improved traditional medicines.

Protection of agricultural land, especially sustainable food agricultural land has become an obligation for the government to make various policies, both in the form of laws and other regulations. However, if the efforts to control food agricultural land do not receive adequate support or are not integrated into the integrated development of the agricultural sector, these efforts will not succeed. This research uses a descriptive method is a method that examines the status of human groups, an object and a condition, a system of thought or an event in the present. It was conducted in North Sulawesi Province as a research location based on the reality of the many spatial problems in this area. The results showed that the implementation of LP2B in North Sulawesi Province is only in planning and has not been implemented properly by the local government or the Land Office in the implementation of land conversion because there is no regional regulation that stipulates LP2B and there is no map available as a reference in controlling the conversion of agricultural land in North Sulawesi Province. Efforts that can be made in optimizing the implementation of control over land use change through LP2B are the effectiveness of communication, socialization, coordination between agencies, formation of the LP2B team, capacity building of resources that are implementing policies, and financial resources. The government of North Sulawesi Provincial needs to form a Regional Regulation on sustainable agricultural food land accompanied by a map attachment so that it does not create uncertainty in its implementation.

The purpose of this research is to analyze and find weaknesses in the regulation of parking management in public spaces that are unable to fulfill justice value and how to reconstruct the law. The method used by researchers is a sociological juridical approach, research conducted on the real situation of society or in this case, the Medan City in Indonesia to find facts, and then identify which ultimately leads to problem-solving of the problem regarding Parking Land Management. The results of the study show that based on the weaknesses found by the author, the Reconstruction of Regulations for Parking Management in Public Spaces Based on the Value of Justice can be done by revising the regional spatial layout as requested, reducing access to spatial planning information, Mitigating sanctions for spatial violations, improving planning synchronization, and, lastly, evaluating the planning budget.

Any evaluation model plays a backwash effect on teaching. English Test for International Communication (ETIC) is a new evaluation method which focuses on examining students’ comprehensive English application ability and helps selecting talents. Through interviews and questionnaires, this paper studies the backwash effect of ETIC on college English teaching. The survey results indicate that ETIC has a positive backwash effect on college English teaching. Its effects are shown in the following three aspects: it helps optimize teaching content; it promotes the innovation of teaching methods; and it improves evaluation models. The results of this research can be used as reference for college English teaching reform.