Diabetes is a growing health concern worldwide and now emerging as an epidemic world over. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia or increased blood glucose levels, resulting from insufficient or inefficient insulin secretion, with alterations in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Type-2 diabetes is the most prevalent form, of the total diabetics about 90% have type-2 diabetes, which is characterized by post-prandial hyperglycaemia (increase in blood sugar level after a meal). Many medicinal plants are reported to have insulin-mimetic effect, modulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes. The currently available anti diabetic agents include sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones and alpha glucos idase inhibitors and are widely used to control the hyperglycemia. These drugs fail significantly to alter the course of diabetic complications. They have limited use because of undesirable pathological conditions and high rates of secondary failure. This it is essential to look for more effective antidiabetic agents with fewer side effects. Traditional medicinal plants having anti diabetic properties can be a useful source for the development of safer and effective oral hypoglycaemic agents. More than 350 traditional plants are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which have been recorded. Only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. However, plant remedies are the mainstream of treatment in underdeveloped regions. This review focuses on diabetes mellitus and the role of plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Illicit financial flows remain a serious problem to both developed and developing countries with tremendous negative impact on the economy. Although the police is there to investigate offences, certain offences are more sophisticated in nature thereby, necessitating the establishment of specialized agencies to investigate such offences. Nigeria and Cameroon have very common similarities when it comes to corruption and efforts to eliminate it led to the creation of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the National Agency for Financial Investigation (ANIF). These agencies have the mandate to fight against money laundering and terrorist financing but the mandate of the EFCC is more extended with tremendous powers to investigate and directly prosecute offenders. ANIF does not have such powers and only report to the prosecution after investigation. This is attributed to the fact it is Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) whose functions are usually limited to collection, analysis and dissemination of information related to money laundering, associated predicate offences and the financing of terrorism. Cameroon has opted for the administrative model lodged within the Ministry of Finance. The objective of this paper is that it seeks to make a comparative study of the EFCC and ANIF in the fight against financial crimes and to draw a line as to the model that is more efficient. To achieve this, a qualitative research approach was adopted. Accordingly, the doctrinal method was used which enabled us to do an on desk analysis of the available secondary and primary data on the EFCC and ANIF. This paper recommends that more sophisticated means should be given to the EFCC and that the CEMAC sub region should adopt the Nigerian model which has proven to be more successful in combating illicit financial flows.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of audio-visual technology on students’ academic achievement and interest in electrical installation and maintenance works in Technical Colleges in Anambra State. The design of the study was quasi-experimental design involving pretest, posttest non-randomized control groups. The study was carried out in technical colleges in Anambra State. The population of the study was 316 (150 males and 166 females) students purposively sampled from two technical colleges that have male and female students in the state. The instrument for data collection was electrical installation and maintenance works achievement test (EIMWAIT) and interest scale adapted by the researchers from the NABTEB past questions between 2010 and 2020. Due to the fact that the instrument was standardized (past examination questions), no further validation was made. Reliability of the instrument was determined using Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 with a reliability coefficient of 0.77 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using mean scores to answer the research questions and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance and appropriate degree of freedom. The study revealed among others that students in experimental group achieved higher than those in control group. There is a significant difference in the mean achievement scores of students taught electrical installation and maintenance works with audio-visual technology as compared to those taught with conventional method. Thus, it was recommended that there should be a regulatory policy to encourage absorbance of female students into electrical installation and maintenance works trade.

Background: Post-partum hemorrhage is defined as excessive bleeding following a vaginal delivery or cesarean section of more than 500ml and 1000ml respectively. Post-partum hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening complication of vaginal and cesarean delivery. The aim of the study was to identify the causes of PPH cases and find out modalities and maternal outcomes of PPH cases and different presentations of PPH patients, to identify the causes of primary & secondary PPH. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July 2011 to December 2011. The total number of patients in the present study was 200. Patients were selected from those who developed PPH after vaginal delivery or LSCS or instrumental delivery. Patients who were admitted as cases of PPH after home or other institutional delivery. The data were entered into a computer and statistical analysis of the results was obtained by using windows-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 24. Results: During the study period, 407 PPH cases were admitted and the incidence of PPH was 5.72% of the total obstetric cases. Out of 407 cases, 317 (77.89%) were primary PPH cases and 90 (22.11%) were secondary PPH. Among the study people, 89% of patients developed primary PPH, and only 11% developed secondary PPH, 77% of the patients developed no complications other than PPH. 0.5% of patients expired remaining 23% of the patients developed some kind of complication following PPH. Conclusion: Maternal mortality has been used traditionally as a measure of the quality of health care. Recently maternal mortality is being taken into account to assess the burden of the disease. Safe motherhood policies, systematic evaluation, aggressive and appropriate treatment, prompt resuscitation, and volume replacement minimize the potentially serious outcomes associated with PPH. Most of the patients can be managed at the upazilla level by properly trained personnel. Only one-tenth of the patients require surgical management with active management of third-stage labor. So detecting the complications as early as possible and early referred to the tertiary level hospital would be able to reduce the complications and will improve the maternal outcome.

“Laugh” verbs rank almost first when people express their emotions. There are many “laugh” verbs in English, for learners with a relatively low proficiency level, it is quite difficult to choose the appropriate one to describe their states of mind. Due to their subtle differences, it is more difficult for learners to grasp their usage and meanings. This present paper aims to analyze the differences of some widely used “laugh” verbs through componential analysis.

PT SILO executed a smelter project on Sebuku Island, South Kalimantan, worth US$ 51.5 million to process 4,725,000 WMT/year of iron laterite ore into 1,701,325 DMT/year of Sponge Ferro Alloy. The Smelter was built to increase the added value of minerals in accordance with UU No. 4/2009 on mineral and coal mining. Financial analysis is carried out to determine the feasibility of the project and its investment capability in providing benefits. Furthermore, fast tracking analysis is carried out to determine the opportunities for accelerating the project completion schedule and its effect on project feasibility. The results showed that the project was financially feasible with an NPV of US$ 86,209,478; IRR of 16.18%; PBP for 12.76 Years; BCR of 1.0520; and BEP at US$ 253.51/ton for the production of 1,617,000 DMT/year. Projects can be fast tracked to accelerate the duration of up to 4 months while maintaining financial feasibility.

The purpose of this study is to find out and understand the problems of overcoming the increase in Cyber Crime during the Covid-19 pandemic. The existence of Internet media that is so large and easy if not used wisely will give birth to crime in cyberspace or known as Cyber Crime. The problems that will be discussed in this study are how are the problems of overcoming the increase in Cyber Crime during the Covid-19 pandemic and what is the role of the Prosecutor in providing legal policies against Cyber Crime perpetrators, especially children. The findings of this study are that during the Covid-19 outbreak, it is certain that the number of Cyber Attacks that haunt the community will spike sharply and require immediate anticipation. This is because technological developments that are increasing demand the role of the government to carry out reforms to deal with Cyber Crime problems. Therefore, this problem can be done with the politics of criminal law in the scope of penal policy and non-penal policy.

Fruits are useful food substances that provide unique and essential nutrients for the body. This present study is aimed at evaluation the toxic effect on the Biochemical indices of the second filial generation pup from the Wistar rats fed with Calcium Carbide forced ripened orange fruits. Mature unripe oranges were plucked off from the orange plant in Ogu, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state. They were forced to ripe with 10g calcium carbide which was placed in a bowl containing 5ml of water apparently used to dissolved it in a closed metal bucket containing 1kg of the matured orange rapped with black nylon and was kept two days [48 hours] to ripe. After ripening, sampled fruits were washed and juiced. 600g of calcium carbide forced ripened orange was peeled and blended in an electric blender with 350ml/L of distilled water to form the orange juice. The orange juice was filtered with a clean fine sieve and was poured into clean bottles labeled [CaC2 forced ripened orange juice] which was then stored in a refrigerator for further usage. 21 adult Wister rats [10 males and 11 females] weighing between 126.9- 213.3g were used for this study. The experimental Wistar rats were cohort into two and was allowed to acclimatize for two weeks (fed with grower mash with clean water ) at libitum then, different dosage of the fruit juice were administered orally based on their body weight. Group 1: Normal control group of 6 rats [3 males and 3 females] receive normal water and feeds only as placebo. Group 2: Treatment Group [2] of 6 rats [3 males and 3 females] received Calcium Carbide ripened orange juice. The treatment lasted for four weeks. The adult Wistar rats were allowed to copulate freely during and after the acclimatization and treatment period. Wistar rats birthed and the Pups of the different groups were collected according to the treatment protocols. The parent Wistar rats was still kept in their distinctive cages without treatment but was allowed free access to feed on the growers mash, clean water and copulation at libitum. They birthed again for the second time [Second Filial Generation] and the Pups were weighed at birth, at one week and two weeks, then they were sacrificed at the end of the second week and blood samples were collected from the two distinctive cohorts for Biochemical assay. Biochemical assay was done and results indicates reduction all the tested indices; AST, ALT, ALP, Creatinine, Urea, Albumin, Tottal protein, Total Cholesterol, Bilirubin, Lactate Dehydrogenase[LDH] in the Second Filial Generation Pups of the Calcium Carbide treated Wistar rat. Nutrients from the fruit induced with Calcium Carbide consumed during pregnancy permanently impact on the developing fetus of the Wistar rats which is expressed later in life.

Introduction: Majority of the deaths during child birth are due to complication after delivery. C-section which is a measure to reduce death rate of the mother and fetus comes with many complications. Proper knowledge should be provided to the child bearing mother to choose the right method of delivery. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare the post-operative complications among patients undergoing cesarean section vs normal vaginal delivery. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in department of obstetrics & gynaecology, Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Ramdaiya Bhawadi, Janakpurdham, Nepal, during the period from January 2020 to December 2022. Total 500 women who have given birth through vaginal delivery or cesarean section were included in this study. Result: Mean age of the study people in vaginal delivery group and cesarean section was 29.3 years (SD±7.5 years) and 30.9 years (SD±8.5 years) respectively. Maternal mortality was higher in cesarian section. Muscular pain was the commonest maternal complications in both vaginal delivery group and cesarean section group; 35.6% and 44.4% respectively. There was significant difference (p<0.05) between groups in muscular pain, problem in digestion, urinary trac infection, wound infection and SUI and other values were not statistically significant. In vaginal delivery group, 7.6% new born were admitted to NICU and in cesarean section group it was 11.6%. Delivery injury was commonest complication of neonatal in vaginal delivery group and RDS was commonest complication of neonatal in cesarean section group. Conclusion: For both maternal and neonatal cases, cesarean section has more complication than vaginal delivery. Muscular pain and headache were present in majority of the study people. Mortality rate in cesarean section is also slightly higher in this study.

Physical therapy is one of the healthcare professions concerned with human function and movement. According to Higher Education Commission "Physical Therapy is an essential segment of modern health care system. This study was conducted to identify the knowledge of physiotherapy as a profession and the level of awareness amongst intermediate pass students. A cross-sectional study with 348 college students were selected by using convenience sampling technique and a self-designed questionnaire was circulated to them for data collection and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, conducted by SPSS. Results show that knew 50% about the sub-specialties, 70% & 60% have knowledge of treatment modalities and their uses in physiotherapy practice. This study concluded that high school students are having good awareness about physiotherapy as a profession. Further education to the schools is needed to enrich the knowledge about the physiotherapy profession to the school students.

Background: In nursing education, a variety of small group teaching approaches are employed to improve students learning and motivate them to actively participate in the teaching and learning process. Peer Assisted Learning has recently grown in popularity and gained substantial interest. This study aimed to explore the perception of nursing students about Peer Assisted Learning and Seminar method in paediatric nursing. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. All The ninety students in semester seven paediatric nursing course were enrolled. A semi- structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data which then expressed in frequencies and percentages, mean, weighted mean, and SD. qualitative data were analyzed, and key themes were identified. Results: the findings showed that all students reported a greater positive perception in Peer Assisted Learning than Seminar in development of learning - teaching skills with mean score of 4.30, 3.66 respectively. Collaboration and interaction, the repose mean score of 4.27 and 3.43 respectively, learning environment the repose mean score of 4.40, 3.61 respectively. Students perceived Peer Assisted Learning as a more effective and favourable method for paediatric nursing in their comments in terms of improving their learning–teaching skills. Self-confidence, self-reflection, communication and demonstration skills, and motivating, enjoyable learning environment. Conclusion: Peer Assisted Learning had remarkable benefits as teaching / learning method comparing to Seminar among nursing students. It could be incorporated in the nursing curriculum.

Identifying the most influential factors affecting the student’s performance plays a vital role in improvising student’s academic results. The conventional counseling is a time consuming process to understand students’ performance. Machine Learning techniques play a major role in educational institutions to estimate the students, performance leading to better performance in placements. The major objective is to find behavior patterns of students in a timely and accurate manner. We find out the groups of students who need to be counseled in time. The system uses parameters such as attendance status, extra circular activities, grade, technical skills, previous semester results, grasping capability, aptitude grade, interaction with lecturers etc. This also helps faculty members to identify the most influential factors affecting the students’ performance. Analyzing student mental issues for low academic performances is a complex task in the current education sector. The system uses data science technique called as "Association Learning" to find the patterns. The Eclat algorithm is used to find patterns. The proposed system builds as real time application useful to educational institutions to understand students’ behavioral patterns. The system helps faculty to identify the most influential factors affecting the students’ performance. A web browser in the future can be developed and used as an application. More number of parameters can be added to predict the students’ performance.

Introduction: Congenital anomalies are structural, behavioral, functional, or metabolic defects that occur before the birth of a baby, and their nature and type are highly dependent on the causative agent. It refers to changes in embryonic or fetal development caused by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors that result in physical and/or mental impairment. This study aims to evaluate the various types of abnormalities in newborns with congenital anomalies. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Pediatric Medicine and Pediatric Surgery departments of Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eighty (80) newborns were included in the study using a purposive sampling method. The study was conducted during the time from April 2012 to September 2012. The aim of the study was to evaluate the various types of abnormalities in newborns with congenital anomalies. A pre-designed questionnaire was completed for every neonate including H/O regular maternal antenatal care with the taking of TT and MMR vaccine, any maternal disease or fever with rash, taking any offending drug, use of abortifacient, exposure to radiation or industrial hazards, feeding habit including smoking or use of alcohol and clinical and anthropological examination. Results: Eighty neonates were presented with congenital anomalies. Male infants were 52(65.0%) and female infants were 28(35.0%). Among congenital heart diseases TGA found in 4(5.0%), TOF 2(2.5%), VSD 4(5.0%), PDA 5(6.3) cases. According to the patient’s abnormalities, hydrocephalus was found in 14(17.5%), encephalocele in 4(5.0%) & meningocele, myelomeningocele was found in 13(16.3%) cases. Club foot in 8(10.0%) syndactyly, polydactyly was in 6(7.5%) and cleft lip and palate were in 16(20.0%) cases. Anorectal malformations were observed in 11(13.8%) cases. Ambiguous genitalia were 11(13.8%) cases. Previous maternal history of abnormal delivery shows Encephalocele, meningocele, myelomeningocele, club foot was 9(11.4%), IUGR 3(3.8%), preterm birth 7(8.8%), stillbirth 3(3.8%) and infants death was 3(3.8%). Conclusion: Most frequent birth defect was cleft lip and/or palate followed by congenital heart diseases, hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, ambiguous genitalia, and anorectal malformations. The study of birth defects in underdeveloped countries should continue.

Sporting performance is dependent upon the athlete’s readiness to act, which facilitates the strengthening of the bond between stimulus and response. Thus, an athlete is highly motivated and eager to exhibit the best performance in the modern sporting world under tremendous load. For elevating the performance in the main competition it is extremely necessary to prepare the physical, physiological, and psychological condition of an athlete before the mega- events. That is the core concept of warming up. At the end of any sporting event, it is highly recommended to maintain homeostasis by lowering the intensity and volume of the work stimulus. This is termed as cool-down in sports training. The present research article discussed various research-based scientific innovations for promoting better warming up and cool-down protocols of sports training. The means and methods of warming up and cool-down are critically discussed for the promotion of modern sports training.

The wind turbine is a device that is used to harness one of the most abundant renewable energy sources on the planet: wind. It works on the concept of converting wind kinetic energy to electrical energy. Wind turbines are becoming increasingly popular in today's globe since they provide numerous environmental benefits as well as the ability to create enough power for users. A wind turbine's main functioning principle is that it creates electricity when the wind blows. The wind turbine creates more power when the wind velocity is higher. However, regardless of wind speed variations, the goal of this article is to achieve a consistent or controlled output. The goal is to have a controlled output regardless of how quickly the wind blows. This idea is made possible with the help of a converter that is installed within the wind turbine and converts whatever input it receives into a steady, constant, or controlled output. Numerous tests and simulations back up the methods used for this project. The final results that meet the design specifications are compiled and displayed in figures throughout this publication.