Objectives: 1) Study the predominant palatal rugae characteristics in Angles classes of malocclusions. 2) Statistically relate the major palatal rugae characteristics with Angles classes of malocclusions and thereby study the probability of employing it in forecasting malocclusions. Materials and Methods: The data for classifying malocclusion was obtained from the patients’ clinical records. Study casts of the palate of 100 healthy orthodontic patients were included as Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 respectively. Palatal rugae characteristics for all groups were recorded and Class 2 was compared with Classes 2, and 3 according to angles classification and analyzed. Distribution of 100 study casts for the study- 34 Class 1; 34 Class 2 and 32 Class 3. Inclusion Criteria: 1) The casts were categorized into class 1, 2 and 3 based on the ANB angle of 0-4 degrees for class 1, more than 4 degrees for class 2 and less than 0 degrees for class 3. 2) No previous orthodontics treatment. 3) No anomalies. Exclusion Criteria: 1) Study casts of inferior quality. 2) Records of any patient having history of previous anomalies affecting the maxilla rugae. Statistics: Predominant palatal rugae data of groups was entered in SPSS (version 10.0) software and statistically analyzed using ANOVA test to assess the differences between Class 1, 2 and 3 malocclusions study casts for the palatal rugae. Palatal rugae size (length) and number analysis shall be using Krukas-wallis test. The Pattern (Shape) and orientation (Position) of the palatal rugae shall be assessed using chi-square test. Results: Wavy and complex rugae were prevalent in Class 1 and 3 malocclusions and showed statistically significant difference between Class 1, 2 and 3 malocclusions (p=0.00, 0.014 and 0.016 respectively). The wavy pattern was higher in Class 1 and horizontal and complex higher in Class 3. Conclusions: Predominant palatal rugae can be considered on vaticination of malocclusions, still, clinical correlation is must. Further studies could be accepted to develop digital styles to identify predominant palatal rugae and prognosticate malocclusion.

Objectives: 1) To understand the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the dental education system. 2) To determine the preparedness of dental educators/ education systems to face the new challenges. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire study involving dental educators from different countries was conducted. The time of conduct of this survey was from Oct 2021 to March 2022. The google form questionnaire used to collect the responses. With the intention to cover most of the global responses, at least one country from each continent was chosen. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows release 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were generated, and Chi-square test was used to examine differences in responses to the questions. The significance level was stated as p < 0.05. Results: Out of 280 invitations sent, 237 responses were received. Among the respondent’s 68.4% were male, 28.1% were female and the rest (3.5%) preferred not to mention their gender. There were 63.3% between the age of 36-45 and having teaching experience between 10-19 years. Most of the responses were the faculty members with the designation of Assistant and Associate professor. Responses received from a total of 13 countries. India (96) followed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (78). 96.2% of respondents agreed that the Covid- 19 pandemic has influenced the dental education system. Majority (85.7%) believed the pandemic had a negative impact on dental education. Maximum number of respondents cited the social distancing norms (43%), as the reason for such an impact. Conclusion: Majority of the respondents agreed that the pandemic had an adverse effect on the existing dental education practices. Effect was mainly because of reasons like implementation of social distancing norms, socioeconomic impact of the pandemic and changes in the government policies for safe practices. Although half of the respondents agree that they lack the knowledge and skills to adapt to the changing needs of the dental education system, there was an overwhelming interest for upgrading their skills to match the evolving requirements.

The price of crude oil has fluctuated in India over the past few decades which has drawn significant attention because of it impact on all economic sectors. The present study aims to identify how oil price volatility affects the real exchange rate in India from 1st July 2009 to 2nd January 2020. For short-run and long-run analysis, various econometric methods have been applied, including Granger Causality, ARDL Bound test, FEVD, and IRF. The study divided the entire sample into sub-samples based on Breakpoint analysis and then performed the ARDL Bound testing procedure in each sub-sample. Causality results revealed that most samples exhibited strong unidirectional causality from oil prices to exchange rates. However, the long-run and short-run results from the ARDL model failed to detect any cointegration among the underlying variables for the entire sample. The calculated F-statistics is 4.35, which is less than the lower and upper critical bound values provided by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001). The GIRF has been used to calculate the dynamic marginal effect of a one-standard-deviation shock in oil prices on the current and future values of the Rupee-Dollar exchange rate. The exchange rate fell in the first three samples due to one standard deviation shock in oil prices. However, the contribution of oil prices to the exchange rate is positive in the fourth sample period.

The spectrum of substrates for textual reading is being broadened as a result of digitisation to include a variety of screen-based technologies and reading devices, such as e-readers (e.g. kindle) and tablets (e.g. iPad). These technologies differ significantly from paper in terms of their capabilities. Given that textual reading is both likely to remain important as a cultural practice and is undergoing massive change as digital screens supplement paper – with the potential to replace it as the dominant substrate – there is an urgent need to investigate the effects of this change on the reading of various types of texts for various purposes. The necessity for an integrated, transdisciplinary paradigm of embodied, textual reading that takes into consideration its psychological, ergonomic, technical, social, cultural, and evolutionary components is discussed in this essay. The suggested model aims to be somewhat explanatory in the sense that it connects and integrates the available data. It is also partially exploratory in the sense that it highlights knowledge gaps that require further research. As a result, the model will be utilized to direct the planning of future research as well as to increase the compatibility and applicability of research.

The study investigated the changes in soil properties as a function bagasse ash proportion during soil stabilization. Addition of bagasse ash in soil during stabilization is carried out to improve the properties of soil susceptible to deformation under load effect. The bagasse ash was obtained from Costus cupreifolius mass. The experimental values obtained from maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), consistency limits, California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were fitted to a linear model to ascertain the degree of correlation between the properties and the percentage of bagasse ash. Experimental results showed that bagasse ash improved the properties of the soil positively. Thus, the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and the consistency limits of the stabilized soil reduced with addition of bagasse ash, while the California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength of the soil were increased. The model also interpreted the fitted experimental observations with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.7501 to 0.9792. Therefore, using a mathematical model will be useful to predict the properties of soil for a given mix design without direct measurement, especially in the case where the instrument is prone to error. Application of model would also be useful for design and analysis.

The aim of this study is to revisit the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. The motivation behind this study is that there is ambiguous evidence across countries on FDI and economic growth. However, there have been many studies conducted across countries but there is a scanty literature available on FDI and economic growth in India. The relation between FDI and economic growth is vague. Therefore, this study is an addition to all previous studies, try to posit the relationship between economic growth and FDI. Energy consumption has been taken as a control variable into consideration. The study has covered time-series data from 1990 to 2019. The ARDL bound test approach has been employed to confirm the cointegration among the variables. The bound test confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between FDI and economic growth. The error-correction term negative sign indicates that there is a divergence between dependant and independent variables in the short-run. The empirical results state that FDI has a significant impact on economic growth

Introduction: The garment industry is a crucial contributor to the economy of Bangladesh and employs a large number of women of reproductive age. However, contraceptive use among these women is low, which can lead to unintended pregnancies and adverse health outcomes. The present study aimed to assess the contraceptive practices and associated factors among female garment workers in Bangladesh. Methods: This prospective observational cross- sectional study was conducted at Islami Bank Hospital, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year, from November 2021 to October 2022. During this period, a total of 300 garment workers were enrolled in the study following the inclusion and exclusion criteria from those employed at any of the various garments of Mirpur region, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Result: The study found that a majority of participants were aged 21-25 years (44.33%), Muslim (77.67%), had a primary level of education (44.33%), and had 1-2 children (69.33%). Almost half of the participants had good knowledge of contraception (48.33%), 66.67% had a positive attitude and 66.00% reported using contraception regularly. The most commonly used method of contraception was oral contraceptive pills (43.04%), followed by condoms (29.13%), and injections (22.17%). A considerable number of participants (14.35%) reported an unknown source of contraception. Among the 70 participants who did not use contraceptives, the most commonly reported reasons were an expectation that the patient will not get pregnant (45.71%) and partner refusal (41.43%). Only 25.33% of participants had access to family planning services. The accessibility of family planning services was significantly associated with the knowledge of contraception, the attitude toward contraception, and the use of contraception. The use of contraception was higher among participants who reported access to family planning services (84.93%) compared to those who did not have access (59.91%). Conclusion: The study highlights the low prevalence of contraceptive use among female garment workers in Bangladesh and the need for increased access to family planning services. Partner involvement and education on contraceptive methods and their side effects may also contribute to increased contraceptive use.

Based on the interpersonal function of Systemic-functional Grammar, this paper analyzes the construction of interpersonal functions in the political discourse of the year 2022 New Year Address in China from the perspectives of personal pronoun, mood and modality. The main objective of this study is to investigate the language features and conventions of the political speech. Therefore, a study of it in the light of Systemic-functional Grammar will help to gain an in-depth understanding of the interpersonal meaning and the thoughts of national leaders in political speeches.

Medicinal plants are considered more accessible, affordable and also associated with minimal side effects compared to orthodox medicines in most developing countries. These factors in addition to multiple cultural and long term historical relevance have contributed to its increasing popularity around the world. This study was carried out to assess the antioxidative and serum lipid effects of leaf extract of Rhizophora mangle on male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. Group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Group two (2) and group three (3) were treated with 200mg/kg bw and 400mg/kg bw of the ethanolic extract of Rhizophora mangle respectively. Group four (4) was treated with 600mg/kg of the extract. Extract administration lasted for 30 days. The results obtained showed that the extract did not cause significant changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthathione reductase enzyme activities but decreased gluthathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The level of malondialdehyde was not altered. The lipid parameters including low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were not significantly affected. This study showed that, extracts of Rhizophora mangle did not alter the level of lipid peroxidation and may not confer any benefits against development of lipid induced-cardiovascular disorders.

Introduction: Spontaneous onsets of labour within expected date of delivery not always occur. Some pregnancies cross the expected date of delivery, and need induction of labour. Induction of Labor means initiation of uterine contraction that can be done by pharmacological or non-pharmacological method. Induction of labor is not risk- free. The present study aimed to investigate initiation of uterine contractions beyond the expected date of delivery. Methods: This Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Hospital, from January 2008 to June 2008. A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. Result: Among the study population (N=50), one-fifth of the mothers’ (10,20.0%) age was under twenty. The majority of mothers were (34,68.0%) between 20-30 years old with a mean age of 25.4 ± 4.32 years. In seventeen patients (17,34.0%) labour induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, in ten patients labour induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip & in twenty-three patients (23,46.0%) with unfavorable cervix prostaglandin was used and then followed by oxytocin drip and ARM. The total number of induction failures (who needed a caesarian section) was twenty (20,40.0%). Among the total number of caesarian sections, eleven (11,55.0%) were done due to fetal distress, nine (9,45.0%) were done due to abnormal uterine action, one (1,5.0%) was done due to cervical dystocia. Conclusion: Labor induction should be applied to improve birth consequences and when the potential aids outweigh the potential dangers. Researches point out that inducing labour lessens the risk of having a stillbirth, macrosomia and developing high blood pressure as the pregnancy advances.

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872) was an outstanding delegate, following the tradition of Renaissance philosophers, the French Enlightenment of movement and the eighteenth – century French materialism with humane pages about people. In the process of the exploring new experience, along with the impact of contemporary German society. Ludwig Feuerbach has made significant “ahead” contributions to the history of philosophy in general and the history of classical German philosophy in particularly. In his studies, Ludwig Feuerbach has left a great legacy to be a meaningful end to researcher not only of German classical philosophy. Accordingly, the works of Thoughs on death and immortality (German: Gedanken zu Tod und Unsterblichkeit) he emphasized that it is necessary to reform philosophy in the relationship between matter and consciousness, thinking and being, spirit and nature.

Background: Background: To evaluate and compare the hardness and tensile bond strength of a silicone soft lining material, after short term immersion in two different denture cleansing solutions and water over varying time periods. Materials & Methods: The study comprised of 3 groups followed by 3 subgroups under each groups of 10 specimens for evaluation of tensile bond strength with heat cure denture base acrylic resin, and 3 groups followed by 3 subgroups under each groups of 10 specimens each for the hardness test of soft liners. Group A: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in denture cleansing solution secure with 700mg of sodium perborate monohydrate, Group B: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in denture cleansing solution clinsodent with 480mg of sodium perborate monohydrate and Group C: Heat polymerized silicone based resilient liner immersed in water. Results: At day 1 and 1 week, Group B showed highest tensile bond strength (1.500.015) and (1.12  0.012) respectively whereas at 1 month, Group C showed highest tensile bond strength (0.96  0.016). Conclusion: A significant difference exists in the tensile bond strength and the hardness values of the soft liner specimen when immersed in water and two different denture cleansing solutions between the periods of immersion.

Infertility affects approximately 10% of the world’s population and has been termed the 5th highest serious global disability by the World Health Organization WHO, (2018). It is defined as the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse of at least thrice a week or after an achieved pregnancy. Fertility declines with age in both men and women, but the effects of age are greatly pronounced in women due to multifactorial causes in women. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is the radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes and is regarded as the gold standard for assessing the fallopian tubes, providing accurate information on their patency and shape. Limitations to hysterosalpingography are seen in identifying uterine factors affecting fertility in most findings. Other radiographic examinations such as the ultrasound scans should be used alongside in evaluating findings of infertility as it gives precise description of the outline of the uterus and can capture intramural myoma which isn't easily seen on hysterosalpingogram scans hence the importance of combining these radiographic evaluations. The result showed that the commonest pathological tubal finding on infertility using Hysterosalpingography evaluations is Bilateral Tubal Occlusion (27.8%) while the commonest pathological uterine findings seen using ultrasound evaluation is Uterine Myoma (24.1%). Predominant age group was 32-37 years. This also showed that there is positive correlation between Age and Infertility type.

Introduction: One of the most common causes of hospitalisation during pregnancy is preterm labour. Nearly one-fifth of women hospitalised for preterm labour. The frequency of preterm births is about 12%–13% in the USA and 5%–9% in many other developed countries. One of the main causes of preterm delivery is preterm premature rupture of membranes, while pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction (FGR) can be identified as other common causes that could lead to such complications. Objective: to assess the value of uterine artery doppler ultrasound measured of preterm labor in pregnant women with threatened preterm labor. Methods: We performed a single-center cohort study was carried out at Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital & Jalalabad Clinic, Modhushohid, Sylhet, Bangladesh from January to December 2020. Total 141 women were selected for the present study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. All participating women signed informed written consent. The study included singleton pregnant women who present to the casualty at gestations between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation with symptoms and signs of threatened preterm labor (defined as presence of at least one uterine contraction per 10 minutes, lasting at least 30 seconds, with a cervical dilatation ≤ 3 cm, and a cervical effacement < 80%). On admission, during obstetric ultrasound scanning, bilateral uterine artery Doppler ultrasound velocimetry was performed using the transabdominal technique. Uterine artery Doppler scans were both conducted at the peak of uterine contraction and in between contractions when the uterus is fully relaxed. Results: Total 141 women presenting with threatened preterm labor were included in the study. The mean gestational age at presentation was 30.86 ± 1.71 weeks (range: 28 – 33.86 weeks). Among 45 (31.9%) delivered within 7 days, while 96 (68.1%) delivered after 7 days of presentation. The mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UA-PI) measured both basally and at the peak contraction were significantly higher among women who delivered within 7 days. ROC curves showed that both basal and contraction UA-PI were significant predictors of delivery within 7 days. There was a significant negative correlation between contraction UA-PI and birth weight. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler ultrasound velocimetry measured in women with threatened preterm labor, seems to be a significant predictor of actual preterm labor within 7 days of admission.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the weaknesses in land dispute resolution regulations, as well as to reconstruct land dispute settlement regulations based on the value of justice. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical method with data analysis based on a qualitative approach. The results of the research show that the settlement of cases through courts in Indonesia costs high, not to mention the long completion times and complicated court bureaucracy. Through the reconstruction of land settlement regulations based on the value of justice, the author offers a solution in the settlement of land disputes, namely being required to mediate before land disputes are brought to court. 21 of 2020 article 2 point e. In addition, a National Land Commission (KPN) must be formed in accordance with the Agrarian Government Regulation/Head of the Republic of Indonesia's National Land Agency No. 21 of 2020 article 3, this can facilitate the process of regulation of land dispute resolution based on the value of justice that benefits various parties in the field of financing, time and accelerates the resolution of cases of land dispute settlement which has long since piling up in court.