Introduction: Exercise induced Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterised by disintegration of the skeletal muscles and release of toxic intracellular contents into the plasma. It can be precipitated by strenuous exercise and its diagnosis can easily be missed by physicians. Soft tissue ultrasonography is an invaluable tool for evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis especially in sub Saharan Africa where sophisticated imaging modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic scanners are not readily available. Ultrasonography in this case is the commonly available modality. It is cheap and easier to use. It can aid in the diagnosis of suspected cases, help to determine extent of the disease, identify associated complications and also for monitoring disease progression. Spontaneous rhabdomyolysis following exercise has not been previously reported in our environment. Objectives: To report a case of exercise induced rhabdomyolysis in a 24 year old male patient. To highlight the importance of ultrasound in evaluating patients with rhabdomyolysis, describe the notable ultrasound findings and review relevant existing literature on this condition. Case Report: A 24 year old male with spontaneous rhabdomyolysis of the infra-umbilical segment of both recti abdominis muscles, who presented to a private ultrasound facility in Agbor, Delta state, Nigeria. His symptoms were; lower abdominal pain made worse with movements, and passage of dark red urine which developed spontaneously following a week history of intense physical exercise at a gymnasium. An ultrasound scanner of the Toshiba Medical systems Corp Model 2016 (Xario 100) with a 7 to 12 MHz linear array transducer was used to scan both recti abdominis muscles in different planes. Abnormal findings were noted involving the infra umbilical segment of both abdominal recti muscle belly. Notable findings were thickening of the muscle fascia, blurring of the fat planes, fat stranding, disorganization of the normal architectural pattern of the fibres as well as presence of hypoechoic lesions within the affected muscle segment. The images were frozen and the sonograms were acquired and saved. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an indispensable tool for evaluating patients with exercise induced spontaneous rhabdomyolysis. This case study is of immense significance in developing affordable methods of image based diagnosis and investigation of rhabdomyolysis that also aids in standard clinical, laboratory and histopathological studies of the condition.

Health never goes out of trend. There is increased interest in alternative medicines particularly those obtained from plants. Functional foods have the ability to prevent or lessen the severity of symptoms of disease. The world is gaining its interest in treatment through natural sources like foods and medicinal plants. Herbal medicines have already been utilized by various cultures around the world for several therapies including chronic pain, malaria, heart conditions, warts, skin diseases and bowel disorders. The need for functional foods is anticipated to increase as a result of three factors: changing laws, increased health care expenses, and scientific discoveries. Mint is a member of the Lamiaceae family. Mint is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, dietary fiber and antioxidants. Mint is a mysterious herb because of its many unknown aspects through which it promotes good health that should be revealed. Mint is a rich source of Iron. Alkaloids, steroids, and tannins are among phytoconstituents found in mint essential oils that prevent the absorption of sugars and flavonoids.

Introduction: The clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome are not specific. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It is usually a lifelong problem. The diagnosis is retained after elimination of an organic cause at colonoscopy. The main objective of this study is to determine the frequency of these disorders and to study the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. Patients and Methods: From January 2016 to January 2022, were included all patients with symptoms of IBS (abdominal pain, transit disorder, abdominal bloating) referred to our department for ileocolonoscopy. Patients with warning signs (rectal bleeding, melena, anemia, altered deteroriation of the general condition) or with incomplete colonoscopy were excluded. The diagnosis of IBS was retained in patients with a normal total ileo-colonoscopy All colonoscopies were done under propofol sedation and all patients were prepared with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Results: Of 4530 ileo-colonoscopies performed, 1132 (25%) were indicated for symptoms of IBS without warning signs. The average age of the patients was 47 years (16-89 years), the age group of 40-65 years predominated in 41%. 66.7% were female. The frequency of symptoms was as follows: abdominal pain in 64.3% of cases, chronic diarrhea: 33%, and constipation: 30.7%, alternating diarrhea-constipation: 18.1% and abdominal bloating in 10.75%. 569 patients (50.2%) had a normal ileo-colonoscopy. Ileo-colonoscopy was abnormal in 49.8% of cases: polyps: 47%, diverticula: 19%, congestive or ulcerative colonic and/or ileal mucosa: 18.8%, tumour: 7%, lipoma: 4.7% and colonic melanosis: 3.5%. Tumors were primarily in patients > 40 years old (9%), and IBD lesions in patients < 40 years old (11%). Conclusion: Ileo-colonoscopy remains essential to eliminate an organic cause even in the presence of typical symptoms of IBS. Indeed, half of our patients with symptoms of IBS without warning signs have an organic lesion dominated by tumors primarily in those > 40 years old and IBD lesions in those < 40 years old.

Introduction: Ileo-colonoscopy is considered the method of choice for exploring the terminal ileum. However, the diagnostic value of terminal ileal intubation (IBD) during colonoscopy remains controversial. The objective is to evaluate the frequency, the interest and the results of systematic catheterization of the IBD with biopsies during a total colonoscopy. Patients and Methods: Were included all patients referred to the service for a colonoscopy whatever the indication from July 2006 to July 2022; in whom IBD catheterization was performed whenever possible regardless of the indication for colonoscopy. All colonoscopies were performed under Propofol sedation and all patients were prepared with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Results: Out of a total of 5224 colonoscopies, the IBD was catheterized in 2371 patients, i.e. a frequency of 45%. 62% were men and 37% women. The average age was 46 years old. The most common indications were diarrhea in 35% patients and rectal bleeding in 30% patients. IBD was abnormal in 249 patients (11%): congestive ileitis in 88 patients (3.7%), nodular ileitis in 75 patients (3.1%), ulcerated ileitis in 72 patients (3%), stenosis in 10 patients (0.5%), an ulcero-budding tumor in 2 patients (0.1%) and angiodysplasia in 2 patients (0.1%).The histological study of ileal biopsies was pathological in 116 patients (47%): Crohn's disease in 110 patients (94.8%), tuberculosis in 4 patients (3.4%), radiation ileitis in 1 patient (0.8%) and neuroendocrine carcinoma in 1 patient (0.8%). Conclusion: The diagnostic yield of catheterization of the last ileal loop varies according to the indications for colonoscopy. It should be done as often as possible during each colonoscopy to objectify terminal ileitis most often referred to Crohn's disease and therefore requiring adequate medical care.

Background: This review evaluates the possible cardiac side effects of general anesthetic agents upon usage. Cardiac as well as non-cardiac surgery may precipitate adverse events including ischaemia, diverse arrhythmias and reperfusion injury. Volatile and non-volatile anesthetic agents possess cardiovascular effects that can lead to depression of cardiac contractility, arterial pressure, ventricular resistance and reflex tachycardia. However, as not all studies have demonstrated improved outcomes, the risk for undesirable haemodynamic effects must be weighed against the possible benefits of using anaesthetic agents either pre-operatively, intra-operatively or post-operatively during both cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries as well as in patients with coronary artery disease. The halogenated agents all have similar circulatory effects as seen in young, healthy volunteers during maintenance anesthesia (Cahalan MK et al., 1991; Eis S & Kramer J, 2022). The effects of anesthetics on the cardiovascular system have a complicated character, and almost all the anesthetic agents have a dose-related myocardial depression and decreases in heart rate and arterial pressure. During anesthesia, individual responses of patients against procedures such as induction, intubation, and surgical stimulation are influenced by many factors, including preoperatively used drugs, anesthesia type, preferred anesthetic agents, and the autonomic nervous system (Fee JPH et al., 1997, Pagel PS et al., 1991; Smith G et al., 2022).

In recent times, different plant extracts have been reported to exert fertility enhancing effects. Carica papaya fruit is known for its use in preparation of herbal remedies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Carica papaya on the reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Sixteen (16) female Wistar rats with regular oestrous cycle were used for this study. Animals were grouped into four (4) groups (control, low dose, middle dose, and high dose) of 4 animals each. Carica papaya fruit extract was administered for 14 days while monitoring the oestrous cycle. Twenty hours after the last administration, animals were sacrificed, and blood samples taken. Blood samples were collected for hormonal assay. Data obtained was expressed as Mean ± standard deviation, values were considered statistically significant when P ≤ 0.05. Phytochemical analysis of premature Carica papaya fruit revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, sterols and terpenoids were heavily present. Estrous cycle was not altered. Serum FSH and LH increased. The extract is likely to possess fertility enhancing properties.

The purpose of this research is to find out whether the pretrial institution has realized the due process of law as aspired by the criminal procedural law and what about the pretrial reform institution in the RKUHAP, namely the Preliminary Examination Judge, whether it has been able to reflect the due process of law. The type of research in this study is normative. The data source used is secondary data which contains primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The data was collected by using library techniques and analyzed by qualitative methods and will be described systematically or prescriptively. From the Research It was found that the current pretrial does not reflect the due process of law, so it is necessary to immediately approve the reform of the pre-trial institution. Then the pretrial substitute institution, namely the Preliminary Examination Judge has greater authority than pretrial regarding the rights of the suspect, so that the establishment of this pretrial substitute institution is expected to have the purpose of criminal procedural law: due process of law or behoorlijk procesrecht in order to seek material truth or objective truth and the purpose to protecting the human rights of suspects and defendants can be achieved.

As virtual technology develops, it holds greater potential of application in different educational sectors, and computer-assisted interpreter training is no exception. While the last decade has witnessed development and implementation of VR-mediated interpreter education projects, more empirical evidence is still lacking and therefore warrants the academia’s attention. This pilot study intends to find out users’ experience, opinions about the affordances and challenges of a desktop VR training platform in the context of business interpreting. A mixed-methods approach was used integrating data from both close-ended and open-ended questions. Results showed that users held largely positive and converging views about the VR interpreting experience, in terms of the ingenuity, sense of presence, and the effectiveness of the platform in improving a variety of interpreters’ competence. Users also pointed out several challenges, such as equipment, design, physiological effects but the opinions were quite diverging.

Introduction: This study was conducted to identify the current status of research on the relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents, and to provide a reference for further research. A systematic evaluation method was used to find out the current status of research on the correlation between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents, based on two Chinese databases, CNKI and WANFANG DATA, and Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search Premier (ASP), MEDLINE, Education Source, Education Resource Information Center (ERIC), and APA. Center (ERIC), APA PsycInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and other English databases, we collected studies on the relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical activity of children and adolescents published in China and abroad between 2016 and 2022. Results: A total of 17 studies were included, of which 13 studies were conducted on normal children and 4 studies were conducted on children with disabilities. Conclusions: (1) There is a positive relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity, and longitudinal studies are needed to further prove the relationship; (2) Basic motor skills have a facilitating effect on the physical activity of children and adolescents, especially those with disabilities, and can increase their physical activity time by improving their basic motor skills, and the relationship between the dimensions of basic motor skills and physical activity from (3) The relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents are influenced by gender factors, and other factors have not been explored in current domestic and international studies.

According to the WHO, anemia affects 64.6% of children under the age of 5 on the African continent, representing more than 90 million children. In Mali, 82% of children aged 6 to 59 months have anemia. Objective: This work aimed to study anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months hospitalized in the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro FOMBA hospital in Ségou. Materials and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in children aged 6 to 59 months from January 1 to December 31, 2019 at the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Results: We collected a sample of 316 cases of anemia out of a total of 1,316 hospitalized children, an overall frequency of 24%. The most affected age group was 25-59 months with an average age of 32 months. The sex ratio was 1.2. Farming fathers and out-of-school mothers were the most common at 72.5% and 97.5%, respectively. Most cases of anemia occurred during the winter period with a peak in October of 35.12%. The most talked about reason for consultation was fever. Severe anemia was the most common at 74% with 81% hypochrome anemia. The use of transfusion was 90.8%. The mortality rate was 11.4% with a cure rate of 85.4%. Deaths were strongly related to severe anemia. Conclusion: Anemia has multifactorial cause. Strong parental involvement in integrated activities to combat malaria, malnutrition and parasitosis will help reverse the trend.

Introduction: Bacterial urinary tract infection is the microbial invasion of symptomatic urine and inflammation of the structures of the urinary tree. The aim of our work was to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of bacterial urinary tract infections in children aged 2 to 15 years at the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Material and Method: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of bacterial urinary tract infections in 2 to 15 year olds at Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou from September 2018 to August 2019. Results: During our study period on 2111 children between 2 and 15 years old admitted to the ward, we collected 71 cases of bacterial urinary tract infections, a hospital frequency of 3.36%. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.33. The age group of 2 to 5 years predominated with 52.11%. Urine strips were used in all patients with a positivity rate of 98.4%. On cytobacteriological examination of urine there was leukocyturia in 86% and hematuria in 85.6% of cases, at culture there was a predominance of Escherichia coli in 54.7%. The most common diagnosis was pyelonephritis with 53.5%, the most frequently used antibiotics were amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in 50.70%. The cure rate was 97.05% of cases; however two patients or 2.65% had acute complications to kidney abscess type. Conclusion: Bacterial urinary tract infection is a common pathology in pediatrics. Our study made it possible to approach this pathology in a global way, which mainly affects infants and young children in whom diagnosis remains difficult given the non-specificity of clinical signs. The cure is almost total however complications can occur requiring multidisciplinary management.

The development of computer technology and the internet provide implications-the implications are significant in the settings and the establishment of regulations in cyber space and cyber laws as well as to the development of crime in cyberspace or often referred to as cybercrimes. Of the various things that need to be emphasized that the internet was not initially designed for tracking and tracinguser behavior, but it is designed for the needs of the military in the face of war the world at that time. Normatively, with the establishment of Law Number 11 Year 2008 On Information and Electronic Transactions as new rules that apply, and all the population is considered to have been knowing. Adoption of the Law on Information and electronic transactions against cybercrime. In the era of industrial Revolution 4.0 is the current utilization of the technology, the more massive the better government agencies, private companies, national banking, center for research and society. Sociological research empirical, then studied at first is secondary data, to then proceeds with the research on primary data lapangam or to the community. The author will give an overview first the definition and the classification of crime is cybercrime, the perpetrators and victims of form and modus operandi as well as how the public reacts to kejehatan cybercrime such. Cybercrime is a criminal activity in the virtual world with a network utilizing the computer as a tool and a network of the internet as a medium. In a broader sense, cybercrime is all the illegal actions committed through a computer network and the internet to get advantage by harming the other party. Then in the narrow sense, cybercrime are all illegal actions that are intended to attack computer security systems and the data processed by a computer system.

Background: Free and informed consent (FIC) is, first and foremost, a privileged process of exchange between the researcher and the participant, from the beginning to the end of the research and even beyond. The participant will confirm his or her willingness to participate, after having been informed of all aspects of the study. The ELC takes the form of a written, signed and dated form. It must contain 21 items and be placed in the appendices of the brief. Our study has two objectives: to analyze the perception of the ELC among students; and to propose solutions to facilitate the conduct and respect of the participant's dignity. This qualitative study took place from May 19, 2021 to March 10, 2022. Data collection was conducted through focus groups (FGs) and individual interviews in neutral locations based on an evolving interview guide. Transcription was manual and data analysis was performed by grounded theory, after the realization of context of enunciation. Triangulation of data and researchers was respected. Eight GD and two individual interviews (46 subjects) were carried out to reach data saturation. Low interest in respecting the elements of the ELC, different definitions and negative views of the ELC were noted in the statements of the respondents. The majority of the ELC process (70%) does not respect GCP. The understanding and production of the form raises several ethical issues. It is appropriate to train supervisors and students in research ethics, evaluation and monitoring of research protocols.

Dengue may be a spectrum of disease caused by 5 serotypes of the foremost current arthropod- borne virus touching humans nowadays. The term dengue came into general use solely once 1828. Dengue viruses (DV) belong to family Flaviviridae and there are 5 serotypes of the virus observed as DV-1, DV-2, DV-3, DV-4 and DV5. DV could be a positive-stranded encapsulated polymer virus and consists of 3 structural macromolecule genes that write in code the nucleocapsid or core (C) macromolecule, a membrane-associated (M) macromolecule, associate degree enclosed (E) conjugated protein and 7 non-structural (NS) proteins. It is transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquito and also by Ae. Albopictus. The present strategy of bioinformatics analysis is to exploit the current data available both on gene and genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of dengue to integrate these at novel levels of understanding of gene network interactions and expression levels. The study revealed 2 studies of dengue from GWAS with a total of 2 unique genes, namely MICB and PLCE1 that were mapped to discrete genomic locations of human genome which represented 15 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with MICB gene and 5 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with PLCE1 gene. The consensus results of the online tools like SIFT ,SNP & GO, PANTHER , Ployphen2.0 and I- mutant for structure and functional studies depicted rs1051788, rs1051788, rs41293883 and rs45583740 of MICB gene to be deleterious/ diseased and effecting the structure and function of MICB gene which may the reason for occurrence of dengue in human counterpart. The DAVID bioinformatics functional enrichment analysis reported 234 genes and 468 GO terms for biological processes (BP).In this study a total of 307 genes pertaining to dengue and its associated diseases were mined from various databases like GWAS, GEO & Jeans lab disease database. Out of 307 genes only 22 genes were consider for interaction study with different drug molecules as they are treated as the key factors that play a vital role in dengue.

Background: The pathological events during diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) could induce hyper-vascular injuries and coagulopathies in affected patients. Thus, this prospective comparative study aims to assess the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) and international normalized ratio (INR) as biomarkers of potential coagulopathies in diabetics with hypertension (test group) and those without hypertension (control group) at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, North-western Nigeria. Materials and methods: Whole blood samples were obtained from 74 diabetic patients with hypertensive and 37 diabetic patients without hypertension and analysed for the PT, PTTK and INR values using commercially available kits. The sociodemographic variables of the enrolled participants were collated and statistically analysed against the coagulometric values using suitable tests. Results: Participants between 50-59 years (39.2%) were the most frequently enrolled participants, followed by 40-49 years (29.73%). Females comprised 56.8% while males were 43.2% of the participants. The PT, PTTK and INR were not statistically significant between diabetes with hypertension and diabetes without hypertension which were (9.22 ± 1.78, 30.27 ± 18.18 and 0.70 ± 0.15) and (9.51 ± 1.85, 36.57 ± 17.17 and 0.72 ± 0.14) respectively (p = 0.532, p = 0.061 and p= 0.575). The age group of the subjects showed a significant increase in PTTK when compared with PT and INR (p = 0.392, p = 0.002 and p = 0.467). There were increases but statistically non-significant in PTTK when compared with PT and INR based on occupation (p =0.833, p = 0.000 and p = 0.779) respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed no significant variation in PT, PTTK and INR of diabetics and diabetics with hypertension. However, future studies could be done to focus on platelet factors and other highly sensitive biomarkers of the coagulation system of these populations. Nevertheless, monitoring the PTTK in older diabetic patients with diabetes mellitus is important to prevent hypercoagulation.