Different systems of criminal policy including governmental and social have followed various restorative justice models such as "abolitionist or pure-minded", "separatist or autonomous" and "reformist or maximalist", based on their prevailing political, doctrinal, and ideological values and discourses, and in this regard have focused on various restorative programs such as arbitration councils, mediation, family sessions, as well as healing and sentencing circles. Iranian criminal justice system, unlike other systems, has adopted a different approach to restorative justice, due to its special legal and political structure. This paper analyzes the structure of this system from the perspective of restorative justice models and processes. It explains the prevailing and common model of restorative justice in this system and its limitations and challenges.

Background: Molar pregnancies represent a significant burden of disease on the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Molar pregnancy is one of the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality among women in the reproductive age group. However the magnitude, clinical features and risk factors are not well documented in our country .This study was conducted to describe these aspects of the disease entity in one tertiary level hospital. Objective: to determine the frequency and evaluate the current clinical characteristics of patients with molar pregnancy in Bangladesh. Study design: this was a cross sectional observational study. Study place and period: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in BSMMU, Dhaka. Study period from January 2015 to June 2015. Study population: Patients with molar pregnancy admitted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in BSMMU during the study period. Outcome variables: Varieties of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment modalities. Results: The incidence of molar pregnancy was 7.3 per thousand pregnancies in BSMMU hospital during the study period. The age of the patient ranged from 18-47 years, with maximum 65% between 21-40 years age group. Only 5% patients were above the age of 40. Majority 65% of patients were multigravida while 35% were primigravida. Maximum 85% of all were from low socio-economic group. In 40% patient's blood group was B+ve and A+ve in 25% patients. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the commonest presenting symptoms in 60% patients. Other than that 15% patients came with vaginal bleeding and passage of vesicles, 12.5% with lower abdominal pain, 7.5% patients had no symptom except amenorrhea diagnosed incidentally and other 5% had amenorrhea with exaggerated sign symptom of pregnancy. More than two third (80%) of the patients had uterus more than the period of gestation. USG, serum ß-hCG and CBC was done in all the cases. Chest X- ray was done in 60% cases. Serum ß- hCG level was found above the level of 50000 in 80% cases. Different modalities of treatment such as suction evacuation, D&C and hysterectomy were used for the patients with molar pregnancy. Suction evacuation was the first line treatment in 87.5% patients of molar pregnancy & follow up should be done at least for 6 months. Conclusion: Molar pregnancy is the disease of women in their reproductive years. It was commonly found in young multipara women of below average income group. Most common clinical manifestation was vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography and serum ß-hCG. Patients with molar pregnancy have the risks of developing persistent gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and should be followed up. It is now indispensible to set up a nationwide accepted protocol for the early detection and management of patient with molar pregnancy as well as to initiate a structured follow up programme to observe the prognosis of the disease.

Background: Diabetes remains a global public health concern in the world. Much is known about the burden of type 2 diabetes as opposed to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) hence underdiagnosis is evident. Diabetes type 1 is often associated with multiple symptoms and patients with type 1 diabetes are left with regular insulin injection as remedy despite odds of the fact that it is sprout by multiple challenges ranging from hypoglycemia, expensive nature and inconveniences. The use of probiotic bacteria appears today as one of safer alternative to alleviate diabetes and symptoms. Aim of the study: This study aims at characterizing potential hypoglycemic probiotic lactic acid bacterium from fermented cow milk and to evaluate its effects on anthropometric parameters of type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in an alloxan-induced mice model. Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were isolated from samples of Fulani cow milk using pour plating technique on de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. The isolates were then further characterized phenotypically and molecularly using the 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Type-1 diabetes mellitus was induced in Balb-c mice by administration of 150mg/Kg B.w of alloxan intraperitoneally, twice consecutively. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups after induction with 150mg/kg of alloxan per body weight except Group I (normal control). Animals were treated with different probiotic doses of concentration: 9x108 CFU/mL, 1.8x109 CFU/mL and 2.7x109CFU/mL respectively and insulin as positive control. MDA, NO levels as well as anti-oxidant levels (SOD, CAT, GSH) were measured from pancreatic homogenate. Results: One isolate (PRI 29) was selected based on its functional properties like resistance to simulated gastro-intestinal stress environment (acid and bile salt tolerance) and absence of hemolytic activity. This probiotic isolate was identified as a strain of Lactobacillus fermentum. The isolate was sensitive to 10 tested antibiotics including vancomycin, Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin. The isolate resisted acid and bile salts since there was no significant difference (p >0.05) between viable count before and after incubation pH 2.5 and bile salts concentration of 0.3 and 0.6%. Administration of probiotic LAB significantly (p<0.001) ameliorated polydipsia and polyphagia. The glucose and oral glucose tolerance levels were ameliorated in probiotics treated groups p<0.05 as compared to the untreated group. Administration of Lactobacillus fermentum strain was capable of significantly ameliorating oxidative stress in LAB treated mice compared to untreated group (p<0.001) demonstrated by decrease in pro-oxidant NO and MDA. The administration of probiotics led to increase in anti-oxidants (SOD, GSH & CAT) to scavenge oxidative stress biomarkers within the mice treated group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The selected Probiotic lactic acid bacterium isolated from cow milk possess antidiabetic and anti -oxidant properties.

This article explores the changes in the Emirati school system from Arabic to bilingual curriculum (English and Arabic) as well as the influence of English in Emirati Arabic: English loanwords and verbs in Emirati Arabic; as well as their occurrences in light of age and gender, two important social variables related to linguistic behavior. To do so, we administered questionnaires and recorded Emirati high school students (aged 17-18), Emirati alumni from 38 to 50 years old, as well as elderly Emiratis aged 64 to 66, which means a generation gap of over 40 years from the youngest to the eldest group. We will analyze which English loanwords and verbs are present in Emirati Arabic due to historical reasons and the most recent incorporations due to modernization factors.

ABO blood group system was the 1st human blood group system to be discovered. Blood group is an integral part of clinical diagnosis using various hematological techniques to understand hematological disorders. Blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substance on the surface of red blood cells. It is important to have clear information on blood groups in case of blood transfusion and related matters. It is also mandatory to have complete history of patient including the blood grouping and for the establishment and maintenance of blood banks.The present study was carried out among the students of Govt.Degree College Doda, Jammu and Kashmir from 10th of May to 20th of June 2022 in which 950 students participated .The collected data was statistically analysed in the form of Pie charts and bar diagrams by using Microsoft Excel software.

The present paper focuses on the business value or more specifically return on investment of adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction industry in developing countries. The research area forms a gap in the knowledge of the research as well as practicing communities. Hence, there is a genuine need to fill the missing knowledge. It is a valid question why such concern about the ROI of adoption has not been raised as far as other tools which represented a paradigm shift in the construction industry such as AutoCAD, by which a complete and rapid switch from manual drawing to digital drawing, still in 2D format but with attributes. Such attributes have been used for material take-off and vendor lists among others. However, BIM was introduced as a revolutionary technology at least thirty years ago, the concern or doubts regarding its overall business value still hanging over, and not a single research paper or report out of the voluminous corpus of literature, has managed to resolve this issue. If we add the element of most studies talk about developed countries, while the situation and numbers are completely different in developing countries which are still struggling with the awareness or adoption of BIM in the construction industry. Among the factors commonly mentioned to adversely affect the diffusion of BIM in developing countries, lack of government support, and more closely related to the present study, concern over the business value of BIM adoption. Research methodology in the present paper has been set after reviewing the voluminous corpus of literature and finding that there exist a large number of questionnaires and/or workshops dealing with the same question in different approaches. Such existent studies processed respondents’ answers to reach some conclusions depicted statistically or graphically. Based on this, the author has decided to review such extant studies rather than perform an independent questionnaire which at the end of the day will add to questions rather than to answers. The main finding of the study is no quantitative formulation of ROI can be adopted and the only way to deal with such a question is to rely on qualitative studies asserting there exists a high potential of adopting BIM to generate direct as well as indirect revenues. All attempts found in the literature to quantify the ROI of BIM cannot be generalized due to disputed involved assumptions.

Introduction: The placenta is an organ that is attached to the uterine wall and connects the fetus with the mother through the umbilical cord. The placenta is said to be retained when it is not expelled out even half an hour after the birth of the baby. The study aimed to evaluate the retention of the placenta. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur from June 2016 to November 2016. The sample was taken purposively and the sample size was 110. Patients were diagnosed with a case of 'retained placenta' through proper history, and clinical examination. Written informed consent was taken from every patient or their relatives. The information was collected in a preformed data collection sheet. Observation and results of the study and statistical analysis were presented in tables. Data were analyzed by using the computer-based program Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for windows. Result: Out of 110 study subjects about 58.18% were found in the age group of 21-30 years and 20% were found in the age group of 20 years. The age of the patients ranges from 18 to 40 years. Among 110 study subjects, 64.55% were from lower socioeconomic status, 27.27% were from middle socioeconomic status and only 8.18% belonged to affluent socioeconomic status. The majority (74.54%) of cases were delivered at home and 25.46% of cases were delivered at different levels of hospitals (among them 1.82% of cases occurred in the institute where the study was done). Among them 20% were para- 1, 54.54% were para-2-4 and 25.46% of respondents were para ≥ 5. The majority (60%) of study subjects were admitted between 3 to 8 hours after developing retained placenta, followed by 18.19% who came within 2 hours. Regarding the clinical presentation, 69.09% of study subjects presented with anemia of varying degrees, 24.53% presented with shock, 5.45% presented with sepsis, and only 0.93% (one patient) presented with acute renal failure. Concerning predisposing factors of retained placenta, 25.46% of study subjects were grand multipara, 11.82% had H/O MR or D & C, 10.90% with prolonged labor, 10.90% respondents had IUD, 10% with past H/O retained placenta, 8.20% had preterm labor, 2.72% had H/O LUCS/ other uterine surgery and 20% were without any predisposing factors. Among the respondents, 27.27% of study subjects presented with genital tract trauma, 5.45% with sepsis, 5.45% with acute renal failure, 0.91% with DIC, 0.91% with uterine prolapse 64.55% with no associated conditions/complications. Among the total study population, 58.18% of retained placenta cases required manual removal under G/A, and 41.82% were managed by manual removal of the placenta under deep sedation. Out of 110 respondents, 21.82% of cases of retained placenta did not require any blood transfusion, 58.18% received 1-2 units and 20% received 3 or more units of blood transfusion. During management, 13.63% of study subjects developed uterine atony, 0.91% developed uterine inversion, 2.73% were complicated by uterine perforation, 0.91% were complicated by anesthetic hazard; 81.82% had no complication during management. Out of 110, 18.18% of study subjects experienced various complications. Among them 9.10% were managed by intrauterine balloon tamponade,2.73% required hysterectomy, and 6.37% were managed by other measures. 70% of respondents stayed in the hospital for 1-3 days, 26.36% for 4 to 7 days, and 3.64% stayed more than 7 days before discharge. Regarding the outcome of retained placenta among study subjects, 80.91% improved and discharged, 10% had severe anemia and required subsequent blood transfusion, 6.36% developed an infection, 0.91% developed acute renal failure and 2 patients died (one due to DIC and another patient due to irreversible shock). Conclusion: The retained placenta is an obstetric emergency. Rapid recognition and treatments are essential because heavy blood loss with coagulation problems remains the lethal factor in this disease. Rapid control of hemorrhage should be the first initiative. Active management of the third stage of labor lowers the danger by a significant percentage.

Introduction: Peripartum hysterectomy has to be done repeatedly as the last resort in saving a woman's existence. Currently, several drugs and surgical techniques have been established for the management of postpartum haemorrhages. The foremost indication for peripartum hysterectomy is severe uterine haemorrhage that cannot be controlled by conservative methods. Objectives: This study intended to find out the indication and frequency of peripartum hysterectomy in MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study on 100 cases of peripartum hysterectomy was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Sylhet M.A.G Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet from January 2004 to June 2005. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Data was compiled and analysed manually. Result: The commonest age group involved in peripartum hysterectomy was 31-35 years (38,38.0%). The incidence of peripartum hysterectomy was 0.70%. Rupture uterus (76%) was the most common cause. Other causes are uterine atony (12%), Placenta praevia (2%), placenta accreta (2%) & sepsis in 6% of cases. Maximum patients (82,82.0%) did not get any antenatal care. Of those who got antenatal care, eighteen patients (18,18.0%) were irregularly booked. Conclusion: Emergency peripartum hysterectomy is a vital lifesaving technique and remains to have a high incidence in our community. The choice to implement an emergency peripartum hysterectomy is usually obscure as the obstetrician's paramount wish is to preserve the uterus for future childbearing.

In order to treat Hyperlipidaemia, Rosuvastatin, a Dyslipidaemia drug, inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. However, the calcium form of Rosuvastatin (RST) has low bioavailability, undesirable dissolving characteristics, and issues with absorption. Thus objective of the study is to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of Rosuvastatin calcium a poorly water-soluble 3-hydroxy 3-methyl glutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) Reductase inhibitor through inclusion Complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Therefore, the goal of the current study was to create a Rosuvastatin tablet formulation for oral dissolution. Rosuvastatin immediate tablets were developed using the direct compression showed good results, the prepared inclusion complex with β-CD by kneading method exhibited greatest enhancement in solubility and fastest dissolution (97.363) % RST release in 15 min. The inclusion complex contains RST: β-CD (1:1) and (1:2) was formulated into tablets using super disintegrants like Sodium starch glycolate, Cross povidone and Croscarmellose. All the mentioned batches were prepared and granules were evaluated for pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tapped density and compressibility index. Tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability; disintegration time and were found to be within the limits. In vitro dissolutions were carried out in 0.05M phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8. The prepared tablet was evaluated for various post compression parameters like hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, and in-vitro dissolution.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's system. AIDS could be a chronic potentially life threatening condition caused by HIV. This article provides a summary of studies assessing the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drug Darunavir. Darunavir is a BCS class II drug which inhibits the HIV protease enzyme by forming an inhibitor-enzyme complex there by preventing cleavage of the polyproteins. This research work aims to increase the penetration of Darunavir into deeper layers of skin by formulating cubosomes of Darunavir into a genital Gel that helps in enhancing the Bioavailablity by providing first pass metabolism. Cubosomes were prepared by the Top- down approach (Emulsification method) employing GMO as a lipid phase vehicle, poloxamer 407 as a stabilizer and distill water as an aqueous phase. Darunavir is an antiretro viral drug with good bioavailablity. The prepared cubosomes were characterized by Visual examination, Entrapment efficiency, Particle size, Zeta potential, In-vitro drug release studies. Optimised formulation (F4) showed good response among all the opposite cubosomal preparation. This (F4) cubosomal prepration was made as Gel using Carbopol 974 BP,and are studied for pH, Drug content,and Diffusion studies. Among all the prepration DARf6 was found for example the utmost drug release. This novel cubosomal genital gel would be promising system for effective drug delivery.

The aims of this study are to analyze and find weaknesses in the regulation of legal protection for wives who have been talak divorced by their husbands due to their husband's mistakes and to find a reconstruction of legal protection regulations for wives who are talak divorced by their husbands due to the husband's mistakes based on the value of justice in a research that uses constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is empirical juridical, namely the application of normative legal provisions in action on divorce legal events, especially divorce divorces. The data used are primary data, secondary data, and tertiary data which were analyzed descriptively. The legal theory used is the theory of Islamic justice, the theory of the legal system and the theory of legal protection. The results of the study show that the weakness of the regulation of legal protection for wives who got talak divorced by their husbands due to the husband's fault lies in the unclear article on the type of reason for the divorce and its consequences, especially when the husband who handed down the divorce was the perpetrator of the affair, and the wife as the victim did not receive compensation. therefore, the legal reconstruction can be done by adding new norms to Article 41 of Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, and also Article 149 of the Presidential Instruction (INPRES) No. 1 of 1991 concerning the KHI, namely: "The ex-husband is obliged to provide compensation in the form of a year's income to the ex-wife if the divorce is due to the husband's fault, but if the husband is unable to fulfill it then he must make a statement of incapacity and apologize to the wife for not being able to do so able to pay for it.”

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are common in patients with Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Lack of exercise and obesity in the population; the main causes of T2D prevalence. Therefore there is a need for joint treatment of diabetes and CVDs. Calcium-channel-blocking drugs and angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are considered very effective. Angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are thought to be very efficient in reducing the risk of death and hospitalization in patients with HF (heart failure). These inhibitors act as potential regulators of insulin and cardiac failure. This review article focused on the mechanism of action of two the action of drugs, Enalapril (angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors) and nifedipine (Calcium-channel-blocker), and their clinical effect on reducing the CVDs and heart failure in T2DM patients. Furthermore, novel immuno targets are needed to discover in future that may lower the risk of deaths among diabetes patients.

Transdermal patches are a cutting-edge drug delivery technology that is essential in the management of many disorders. As first-pass metabolism is avoided, TDDS can effectively increase bioavailability and aid in the delivery of drug molecules into the systemic circulation at a planned and controlled rate. This study's goal was to create matrix-type simvastatin transdermal patches utilising the solvent evaporation method and various polymer ratios, including HPMC 15 cps, HPMC E5, and Eudragit S 100. Plasticizers like glycerine, propylene glycol, and PEG 200 are utilised, along with solvents like methanol and chloroform. According to FTIR studies, pure drugs and excipients are compatible with each other. The tested patches are assessed for thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture content, drug content, surface pH, and in vitro diffusion studies. The results indicated that the formulation F5 showed better characteristic properties and in vitro drug diffusion.

Transdermal patches are cutting-edge drug delivery methods that are essential to the management of many diseases. Due to the avoidance of first pass metabolism the drug molecules are delivered into the systemic circulation at a controlled and predefined pace with the help of TDDS, which also helps to achieve efficient bioavailability. This study's goal was to create matrix-type Olmesartan medoxomil transdermal patches utilizing the solvent evaporation method and various polymer ratios, including HPMC 15 cps, HPMC 5 cps, and Eudragit S 100. Plasticizers like glycerin, propylene glycol, and PEG 200 are used, along with solvents like methanol and chloroform. According to FT-IR studies, pure drugs and excipients are compatible with each other. The generated patches are assessed for their thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture content, drug content, surface pH, and in vitro diffusion studies. Among all the formulations, F6 showed the best characteristic properties and in vitro drug diffusion.

Verapamil Hydrochloride, an antihypertensive agent which is used as a calcium channel blocker. The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Verapamil HCL sustained release pellets. The work is to obtain Verapamil HCL sustained release pellets by using HPMC based polymers i.e., HPMC AN6, HPMC E5, HPMC E15 in the sustained release layer. The verapamil Hydrochloride has pH-dependent solubility. To overcome the pH dependent solubility Fumaric acid was used that which provides micro-acidic environment. Different Ratios of Ethyl-cellulose and HPMC polymers were used to optimise and evaluate the formulation for the sustained release of the drug. It uses the Pelletization technology. This technique is practised to produce pellets of uniform size with high drug loading capacity and also to prevent the segregation and dust.