In Ngandajika (Democratic Republic of Congo), farmers still prefer to grow local varieties, accusing improved varieties of being susceptible to disease, demanding nutrients, and requiring excessive labor. They also criticize these varieties for having large rachises and few grains, requiring labor-intensive shelling, without considering several advantages offered by different improved varieties, such as earliness, yield, and the quality of by-products, including flour consistency. Local varieties are less productive (yield less than 1 ton of maize grain/ha) than improved varieties, whose production exceeds 1.9t/ha when manually weeded and hoeed three times, namely 15, 30, and 45 days after sowing. In the strategy to increase the yield of maize cultivation, the Musangana variety, which is one of the most cultivated varieties, was chosen and the impact of the frequency of manual weeding on the growth and dry grain yield of maize during the 2021-2022 growing season was evaluated; the trial was conducted in the open field at the MPOYI group under a Latin square design comprising four complete random blocks and comprising 4 elementary plots representing the experimental treatments. The treatments consisted of (T0) treatment not receiving weeding, (T1) treatment receiving weeding once, (T2) treatment receiving weeding twice and (T3) treatment receiving weeding three times. The results show a higher yield (1.9t/ha) of dry grains of maize with manual weeding having received weeding three times during the entire growing cycle, followed by 1.5t/ha obtained with those of manual weeding having received weeding twice during the entire growing cycle and 1.1t/ha with manual weeding having received weeding once during the growing cycle. The lowest average is 0.3t/ha on the manual weeding not having received weeding during the entire growing cycle.

Mandatory disease reporting by radiologists is a critical yet inefficient component of public health infrastructure. Current manual, disruptive, and unidirectional processes create a significant administrative burden for clinicians and deliver data that is often delayed and fragmented for public health agencies. This manuscript examines these workflow inefficiencies through a business process analysis, which identified key pain points including context switching, manual data entry, and a fundamental lack of systems integration. To address this, we propose a modernized framework based on the adoption of structured SNOMED CT AU coding, HL7® FHIR® standards, and API-driven interoperability. The proposed model automates reporting through event-driven triggers within radiologists’ existing systems, ensuring timely and accurate data transfer. Furthermore, it introduces a critical bi-directional feedback loop, providing clinicians with confirmation and valuable outcome data. The implementation of this integrated framework can transform mandatory reporting from a bureaucratic task into a seamless byproduct of care delivery. This promotes a collaborative partnership between clinical care and public health, ultimately enhancing the timeliness, efficiency, and overall efficacy of population health surveillance.

Background: RC pathology includes tendinopathy, partial- and full-thickness tears, and subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis, are a leading cause of shoulder pain and functional loss in active adults. HR-US is an easily accessible and dynamic imaging modality with the capability of conducting tendon-specific assessment with a high degree of accuracy. Nevertheless, variability in operator performance combined with patient positioning is a clinical limitation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the diagnostic performance of HR-US as a first-line imaging modality in the diagnosis of RC pathologies and compare the accuracy with MRI using a standardized scanning protocol based on ESSR guidelines. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, a total of 283 patients aged between 20 and 65 years with complaints of shoulder pain, stiffness, or trauma were examined in several diagnostic centers in Sudan from 2021 to 2024. Examinations were performed using high-frequency linear transducers (7.5-12 MHz) on a unified HR-US protocol. MRI was used as a reference standard. Statistical analysis was made using SPSS, version 23, and diagnostic indices of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV were calculated; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: HR-US obtained a sensitivity of 90.6%, specificity of 94.6%, for full-thickness tears, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 92.6% and excellent correlation with MRI (r = 0.718, p < 0.001). The modality showed strong diagnostic performance for supraspinatus and infraspinatus lesions and proved superior to MRI in the detection of partial subscapularis tears in many cases. Standardized examination protocols greatly decreased inter-operator variability and improved reproducibility. Demographic analysis yielded strong associations of RC pathology with age and gender. Conclusion: HR-US is a reliable, accurate, and inexpensive first-line modality for diagnosing rotator cuff disorders. If performed in a standardized and tendon-specific protocol, HR-US diagnostic precision is comparable to MRI, while the former offers real-time dynamic assessment and is more accessible. It is worth integrating into routine diagnostic pathways, in particular in resource-constrained settings, for early diagnosis and evidence-based clinical decisions.

The act of forging seals and documents of state agencies and organizations for the purpose of fraudulent appropriation of property constitutes a serious form of crime, simultaneously infringing upon administrative management order and threatening the security of property relations. In Vietnam, this conduct is primarily governed by Article 341 of the Penal Code in conjunction with provisions on the offense of fraud. However, practical challenges remain in delineating the boundary between forgery and fraud, particularly when forged documents are employed as instruments of misappropriation. This article examines the Vietnamese criminal law framework and contrasts it with the experiences of selected jurisdictions such as the United States, China, and Singapore, thereby identifying both commonalities and differences in the constituent elements of offenses and applicable sanctions. On this basis, the study proposes orientations for improving criminal legislation and judicial practice in Vietnam.

Background: Alpha-feto-protein producing gastric adenocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive subtype of gastric cancer, associated with poor prognosis. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 66-year-old female with a history of hypertension and hypothyroidism who presented with severe anemia and abdominal pain. Initial imaging revealed a gastric lesion. Serum Alfa-Fetoprotein (AFP) was requested due to a suspicious lesion seen on initial liver imaging, and it was markedly elevated (>9000 ng/mL), raising suspicion for AFP-producing gastric cancer versus liver infarction due to venous thrombosis. Endoscopic biopsy of the gastric lesion confirmed Enteroblastic gastric adenocarcinoma. Subsequent MRI abdomen demonstrated hypermetabolic activity in the gastric lesion and in the abdominal lymph nodes without distant metastasis. Given her frailty and reluctance to undergo intravenous chemotherapy, she was offered oral chemotherapy (Capecitabine). Conclusion: Here, we present a case of AFP- producing gastric adenocarcinoma, a rare tumor that has not previously been reported from the Middle Eastern region, to the best of our current knowledge.

Background: Lipids are essential in many facets of life, and the ABO system is the paramount system in the transfusion process. This research seeks to correlate serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and ABO blood type in healthy Sudanese adults. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was undertaken in Khartoum State, Sudan, from March 2020 to August 2021. Two hundred healthy people were enlisted, including 50 from blood group A, 50 from blood group O, 50 from blood group B, and 50 from blood type AB. The blood lipid profile was assessed using an auto chemistry analyzer, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: A significantly elevated serum cholesterol level (p value = 0.004) and triglycerides (p value = 0.000) were seen across various blood types, with the AB blood group exhibiting the highest levels of both serum cholesterol and triglycerides. There exists a positive link between serum cholesterol levels and age in blood groups O, B, and AB, with correlation coefficients of r=0.399 (P=0.004), r=0.431 (P=0.002), and r=0.403 (P=0.004), respectively. A positive association exists between serum triglycerides and age in blood groups A and O, with coefficients r=0.463 (P=0.001) and r=0.408 (P=0.003), respectively. There exists a significant association between LDL-C and age in blood groups B and AB (r=0.385, P=0.006; r=0.463, P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Individuals with the AB blood group have elevated serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to other blood groups, with a positive association shown between age and cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C across various blood types.

Manufar wannan takarda ita ce nazartan yadda ‘yan siyasa suke amfani da abubuwa na ɓatanci ga abokan hamayyarsu na siyasa. Tunanin wannan takarda ya taso ne duba da yadda ‘yan siyasa suka mayar da wannan abu tamkar in babu shi to siyasar ma ba za ta yiwu ba. Wannan ya sa aka ga dacewar a shiga cikin ayyukan adabi na rubutaccen zube a gani shin ‘yarfe’ yana da asali ne tun kafuwar siyasar jam’iyyu ko kuwa bai daɗe da samuwa ba? An yi nazarin yarfe a cikin tarihin siyasa da aka kundace a cikin ayyukan rubutaccen zube. An ɗora binciken kan ra’in ‘Tarihanci’ inda ya yi jagorancin zaƙulo tarihin yarfe a harkokin siyasar ƙasar Hausa. Takardar ta gano cewa, yarfe abu ne da ya ginu a cikin siyasar jam’iyyu tun daga farkon lamari. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu ana amfani da shi domin neman ƙarin mabiya da kuma shafa wa abokan hamayyar siyasa kashin kaji, wanda hakan kan taimaka ga samun nasara ko faɗuwa a zaɓe.

Inappropriate long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) is a public health challenge. It is uncertain if this "implementation gap" is driven by knowledge deficits or other behavioural barriers. This study aimed to quantify systematic de-prescribing protocol (SDP) use and identify barriers to PPI de-prescribing among Internal Medicine (IM) and Gastroenterology (GI) physicians. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 310 physicians (IM, GI) from three Indian states. A validated questionnaire assessed knowledge, self-efficacy, barriers, and use of an SDP (the primary outcome). A multivariable logistic regression model, robust for clustering, identified predictors of SDP use. Physician knowledge was high (mean 3.7/4.0), but a "knowledge–implementation gap" was evident: 85.2% agreed de-prescribing was "crucial," yet only 28.4% used an SDP. Gastroenterologists (40.0%) were twice as likely as IM physicians (20.0%; p=0.0002) to use an SDP. In the adjusted model, GI specialty (aOR 2.59) and higher self-efficacy (aOR 1.82) were the strongest predictors. The highest-rated barriers were 'Patient resistance/anxiety' (78.0%) and 'Consultation time constraints' (69.2%). In this cohort, PPI over-prescription appears driven by implementation failure and clinical inertia, not knowledge deficits. This is associated with low self-efficacy and barriers like patient anxiety and time pressure. The specialty disparity suggests confidence, not just knowledge, is key. Interventions must pivot from education to systemic solutions targeting these behavioural barriers.

Nanotechnology has become the revolutionary movement in terms of promoting the global agenda of sustainable development to make innovations on the frontiers of materials science, environmental engineering, biotechnology and renewable energy. The tunable physicochemical properties, the high surface reactivity, and multifunctionality of nanoparticles are central to the development of sustainable solutions to the complex problems of resource scarcity, energy requirement, environmental degradation and human health. This review is a comprehensive study of multidisciplinary uses of nanoparticles in ensuring sustainability in various fields such as clean energy production, pollution mitigation, precision agriculture, green manufacturing, and biomedical uses. It is devoted to the latest successes of environmentally friendly production routes, in particular, bioinspired and waste-based nanoparticles, in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and the idea of a circular economy. The review also addresses the role of the nanoparticle-enabled technologies towards the United Nations of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by increasing energy efficiency, environmental stability, and sustainable production. Using materials innovation and sustainability science, this paper provides valuable critical reflections on how nanotechnology can make the transition to a more fair, low-carbon, resource-saving future. The discussion has pointed out the necessity of having a cross-disciplinary approach and regulatory vision to ensure a safe and ethical use of nanomaterials in sustainable systems.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in crop science is redefining the agriculture issue by being accurate, scalable, and predictive. It is an overview of the recent developments in AI-based crop modeling in the context of its advancement, management, and sustainability. We criticize the application of machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), reinforcement learning (RL) and computer vision to fields of high-throughput phenotyping, genomic prediction, yield forecasting and stress detection. Convolutional neural networks and vision transformers have assisted in new developments in image-based prediction of characteristics of UAVs, satellites, and ground sensors, and recurrent and graph neural networks to new developments in spatiotemporal modeling of crop-environment interactions. This is possible by combination of predictive modeling and crop simulation systems and enables dynamic decision support of the changing climatic conditions. Moreover, explainable AI (XAI) technique is also in progressive use to increase transparency of models and make them acceptable to breeders and farmers. However, there are still serious obstacles like the heterogeneity of the data, models transferability is not applicable across the regions, annotation bottlenecks, and the failure to incorporate the biological knowledge into the AI structures. The other fact, which we highlight, is the unavailability of AI to smallholder systems and the uniformity of standard and open-source datasets. Future directions It concentrates on the use of multi-omics, remote sensing, and on-farm data in individual AI systems, and physics-informed and hybrid modelling. Such integrative practices are necessary to make AI tools more powerful, decipherable and scalable. Ultimately, the strategic application of next generation AI models will be in sustainable increment, resultant reduction in environmental footprints, and crop production systems in a manner that will be resilient to the changing climatic conditions in order to feed the ever-growing world population which is increasing at an accelerated rate.

Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains are associated with causing a wide range of infections such as urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. Over the past two decades, the levels of antimicrobial resistance of ExPEC strains have increasingly been reported worldwide, and this is attributed to the global emergence and dissemination of a single ExPEC lineage, known as E. coli ST131. This review explored the current knowledge of E. coli ST131 in Saudi Arabia, focusing on its antimicrobial resistance, virulence capacity and metabolic potential. Many local reports have shown that the antimicrobial resistance levels of E. coli ST131 were higher than non-ST131, particularly to front-line agents used for the empirical treatment of infections caused by ExPEC. Furthermore, E. coli ST131 strains have been associated with high virulence capacity, which could drive the current success of this clone locally. The metabolic activity of ST131 was also found to be slightly higher than non-ST131 strains that obtained from blood population. Taken together, the future studies should focus on elucidating the factors that drive the success of ST131.

Inflammation plays a very important role in the development of non-communicable diseases in the general population, while it remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive patients treated with HAART. We aimed to investigate the association between IL-6 and hs-CRP with the components of metabolic syndrome among HIV-positive patients on HAART. We conducted a prospective study among HIV-positive HAART naïve patients. Eighty-six HIV-positive HAART naïve patients and eighty-six HIV-negative subjects to serve as controls at baseline were recruited. The baseline data was taken and recorded before commencing the patients on HAART. Then, the patients were placed on lamivudine, tenofovir and dolutegravir (DTG) HAART regiment and followed up for 24 months. Both serum IL-6 and hs-CRP are higher among HIV-positive patients than healthy control and among patients with and without MetS. Both age, gender, anthropometric and blood pressure FBC and LDL-c show an inverse correlation with the development of MetS at baseline, but not IL-6 and hs-CRP. However, 24 months post-HAART hs-CRP shows a significant correlation with MetS (P= 0.010) but IL-6 has a weak positive correlation with MetS (P= 0.055). In regression model, IL-6 has a strong negative correlation with the development of MetS (r –0.085 p= 0.042), while hs-CRP have a strong positive correlation with the development of MetS (r 0.117 p= 0.008). Interleukin-6 and hs-CRP are found to be highly elevated among patients with HIV than healthy controls, as well as in patients with MetS than those without MetS. Both IL-6 and hs-CRC are associated with the development of MetS among HIV patients on HAART than HAART naïve.

Driven by the dual forces of the digital economy and the rural revitalization strategy, China's agricultural live-stream e-commerce has become the core engine for reconfiguring the agricultural value chain. This article takes the tilapia industry in Maoming City, Guangdong Province as the research object. By analyzing its "live-streaming + industry" integration model, it reveals how the digitalized scenario reconstruction promotes the transformation of characteristic agricultural products from traditional sales to branding and globalization. The research finds that the Maoming tilapia industry achieved an average annual output value growth of 21% from 2020 to 2024 and an export volume exceeding 300 million US dollars in 2024 through three innovative strategies: "dual-scenario linked live-streaming", "full-chain data monitoring", and "geographical indication brand building". The research proposes a "technology-scenario-ecology" tripartite development framework, providing a Chinese solution for the digital transformation of the global tropical aquaculture industry.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing industrial process automation by introducing intelligent decision-making and adaptive control to traditionally deterministic systems. In the petrochemical and oil & gas industries where safety, efficiency, and reliability are paramount, AI technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and digital twins enhance plant operations through predictive maintenance, process optimization, and asset integrity management. Despite challenges in certification, data quality, and cybersecurity, AI continues to evolve as an indispensable enabler of smart and self-optimizing industrial plants. This research examines the integration of AI within programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) frameworks, the improvements it brings in efficiency, energy management, and maintenance scheduling as well as examines the real-world implementations from major automation vendors such as Honeywell, Emerson, Yokogawa and Siemens.

Rotator cuff (RC) tears, both partial and full-thickness lesions, are a common source of pain and disability in the adult’s shoulder. Methods: In this study a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 129 patients with shoulder pain, stiffness, restricted motion and trauma. Their age were between 20–65 years those attended into the clinical centers in Sudan (2021–2024). High-resolution ultrasonography (HR-US) was used in a uniform tendon-specific protocol in order to increase the diagnostic precision, reproducibility, then to study the Specificity and Sensitivity of HR-US clinical orientation on a partial and full- thickness tear on Rotator Cuff muscles. The examinations were performed with a 7.5-/12-MHzlinear-array transducer following ESSR guidelines. SPSS v23 was used for statistical analysis and level of significant at p < 0.05. Results: HR-US was over 90% sensitive and over 94% specific in identifying full-thickness tears and had excellent agreement with MRI. Supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons had optimal diagnostic accuracy, with HR-US superior to MRI in the identification of some partial subscapularis tears. Standardized protocols improved inter-operator variability elimination and diagnostic consistency. Conclusion: HR-US is a highly precise, cost-effective, and interactive first-line imaging modality for evaluating rotator cuff disease. Its real-time imaging can provide functional information beyond MRI, leading to early and precise diagnosis. If performed under formalized protocol, HR-US reduces operator reliance and enables wide acceptance, particularly in resource-poor health care settings.