The ongoing use of chatbots in healthcare, education, customer service, and mental health has made more apparent the weaknesses of entirely task-focused conversational systems that are non-emotional. Emotion detection has become an essential process of improving human-computer interaction that allows the chatbots to detect the affective states of users and react in a more human-centric and situational behalf. This paper gives a synthesis of the research on emotion-aware chatbot systems and how emotion detection methods, data modalities, and architecture can be used to enhance the quality of interaction. Fifty chosen studies were systematically analyzed to study the trends of publications, prevalent emotion detecting techniques, effectiveness of modality, and system design method. The results show that there is an increasing concentration of quality research in traditional human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence outlets, and there is a growing global concern in the last few years. The use of text-based emotion detection is the most popular in that it is more scalable, whereas the speech, visual, and multimodal detection use more emotion expressiveness and resilience in real life. Multimodal architectures can capture more complex emotional cues better than other electric stimuli, but face difficulties in terms of complexity, privacy and evaluation of the system. The review also shows that most of the current chatbot frameworks are more focused on the technical measures of performance rather than long-term, human-focused evaluation outcomes. In general, the present study provides an insight into the achievements and limitations of the existing research on emotion-sensitive chatbots and emphasizes the necessity to create ethically oriented, culturally sensitive and systematically tested conversational agents in order to promote the development of emotionally intelligent human-computer interaction.

Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) plays a crucial role in minimizing operational downtime and lifecycle costs in petrochemical industries. However, conventional RCM approaches often lack dynamic failure diagnosis and prioritization capabilities under uncertain operating conditions. This study proposes an enhanced framework integrating Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) with data-driven linguistic rule extraction to improve maintenance decision-making for centrifugal pumps. The proposed methodology utilizes OREDA-based failure classification to identify critical failure modes and introduces a weighted severity–occurrence model to overcome limitations of traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) ranking. The framework establishes relationships between failure causes and key operational parameters such as flow rate, discharge pressure, vibration, temperature, and efficiency using linguistic variables. A rule-based diagnostic system is developed to enable real-time fault identification and maintenance scheduling. The framework is validated through a case study of centrifugal pumps in a petrochemical aromatic plant. Results demonstrate improved fault detection accuracy, reduced maintenance time, and enhanced system reliability. The proposed approach provides a scalable and intelligent decision-support tool for predictive maintenance and industrial asset management.

Nickel sulphate (NiSO4) is a common industrial substance employed in various applications such as electroplating, battery production, and metal coating. However, its continuous occupational and environmental exposure has elicited toxicological issues. This review is a critical assessment of the histopathological, biochemical and molecular alterations of the liver in mice exposed to nickel sulphate, correlating the findings from both animal and mechanistic tests. Studies evidently show that NiSO4 leads to dose-related liver cell damage, necrosis, steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and degeneration in animals, closely linked to the increase of serum transaminases and oxidative-stress biomarkers. From a mechanistic perspective, nickel exposure affects redox homeostasis, mitochondrial integrity, and lipid metabolism leading to ferroptosis, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling. Additionally, comparative data analysis between hepatic injuries induced by soluble and particulate nickel salts shows that the former is more fatal, highlighting the relevance of compound bioavailability and exposure pathway. The hepatoprotective effects of antioxidants and flavonoid supplements (e.g. selenium, silymamarin, hesperidin, etc.) against hepatic injury are seen in preclinical models. Cross-species researchers also show that there are conserved oxidative and inflammatory systems of damage, suggesting it may be applicable in human risk assessment. According to the review, early biomarkers, multi-omics, and mechanistically directed interventions are needed to enhance toxicological assessment. Overall, long-term exposure to nickel sulphate is a realistic risk for hepatic damage; therefore, increased occupational preventive and mechanistic research should be used to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) most often metastasizes to the liver, lung, lymph nodes, and peritoneum; involvement of the gallbladder or extrahepatic biliary region is distinctly uncommon and can create diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty. We report a 67-year-old woman with a history of treated left breast cancer who presented in April 2025 with hematochezia and anemia. Colonoscopy demonstrated a large obstructing ascending colon mass; biopsy confirmed adenocarcinoma. Staging PET-CT (June 2025) showed an FDG-avid right colonic mass with FDG-avid peri colonic and porta hepatis/portacaval nodal disease and no definite visceral organ uptake. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was markedly elevated (2690). She underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with partial omentectomy (July 2025). Histopathology revealed an 8.5-cm moderately-to-poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma invading the visceral peritoneum (pT4a) with extensive nodal involvement (12/13 nodes; pN2b) and omental metastasis, consistent with stage IV disease. Multidisciplinary tumor board recommended systemic therapy; however, the patient initially declined chemotherapy. By late December 2025, rising symptoms and imaging demonstrated progressive retroperitoneal/mesenteric nodal and peritoneal disease and a new lytic C7 lesion. Before planned palliative chemotherapy, she developed obstructive jaundice with right upper quadrant pain (January 2026). CT and MRCP showed progressive intra-and-extrahepatic biliary dilatation and new marked diffuse duodenal wall thickening with mass effect at the ampulla, causing secondary biliary and pancreatic duct obstruction. She was managed with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and subsequent endoscopic duodenal stenting to re-establish enteral intake. This case highlights the need to consider metastatic CRC in atypical biliary/duodenal obstruction patterns, to distinguish secondary involvement from a new primary periampullary process, and to use multidisciplinary palliation to enable systemic therapy when appropriate.

Smartphone applications have significant benefits in various specialties. The medical field is no exception to this trend, but more research is needed on the use of smartphone medical imaging apps among Saudi Arabian students. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness of mobile radiology applications (Apps), and the effectiveness of mobile applications. The findings of the study are important to enhance the integration of mobile technological resources in the teaching-learning process of radiology which is still an unexplored issue. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted during January and February 2025. four hundred ninety participants, including undergraduate medical imaging students from governmental and private institutions across Saudi Arabia, participated in the study. Most of the undergraduate students agreed (40.7%) and strongly agreed (28.6%) that the mobile medical imaging Apps were easy, quick, well organized, and gained the confidence of the users. 50.5% of the participants used mobile apps during their daily clinical practice, and 42.9% agreed that mobile apps improved their practical skills. 33% of the participants reported that mobile medical imaging Apps were more effective than logbooks or pocketbooks, while 40.7% showed supplement logbooks or pocketbooks were more effective. The study found that participants who installed medical imaging apps had better knowledge and skills, particularly in practical skills (p-value = .017), radiographic positioning (p-value = .030), x-ray collimation (p-value < .001), radiographic anatomy (p-value < .001), and evaluating x-ray image criteria (p-value < .001), compared to those who did not install the apps. The findings of this study indicate that mobile medical imaging apps can enhance the practical skills and knowledge of radiology students. The positive outcomes observed suggest that these applications should be integrated into radiology curricula to provide students with accessible, efficient learning tools. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of mobile apps on clinical practice, as well as explore how their integration can be optimized across different educational settings.

This paper will provide a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) of the ways in which both Iran and Israel used Visual and Linguistic Weaponization Strategies to engage each other throughout the Digital Conflict in 2025 and 2024. A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis will be conducted in order to understand how both sides of the conflict were able to utilize the combination of Visual Imagery, Textual Narratives, and Symbolic Representations to create Disinformation, Manipulate Public Perception, and to further Strategic Communication Objectives. Utilizing theoretical constructs from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Multimodal Discourse Analysis, and Visual Rhetoric; this research will illustrate the various types of Visual and Linguistic manipulation that took place through Official State Media Channels, Social Media Platforms, and Strategic Communication Outlets. The results will indicate that both Iranian and Israeli Actors were able to successfully deploy Sophisticated Multimodal Disinformation Campaigns that included Mislabeled Images, Out-Of-Context Video Footage, Fabricated Claims, and Emotionally Charged Visual Rhetoric. These findings will contribute to the ever-growing body of literature on Information Warfare in the Digital Age and will also demonstrate the Urgent Need for Developing Enhanced Media Literacy Frameworks capable of Addressing the Complex Semiotic Landscape of Contemporary Conflict Zones.

Background: Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynaecological malignancy with over 240,000 new cases and 190,000 deaths annually worldwide. Breastfeeding has been proposed as a protective factor through ovulation suppression and hormonal modulation, but the specific impact of breastfeeding duration on ovarian cancer risk requires updated synthesis of recent evidence. Objective: To systematically review and synthesise evidence from the last five years on the association between breastfeeding duration and the risk of ovarian cancer. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched from January 2021 to January 2026 for studies reporting quantitative measures of association (hazard ratios, odds ratios, relative risks) between breastfeeding duration and ovarian cancer incidence. Two independent reviewers performed screening using Rayyan. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Due to potential sample overlap, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Of 137 records screened, two large nationwide Korean cohort studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing 2,285,774 women (Kim JH et al., 2026) and 3,754,906 postmenopausal women (Kim LY et al., 2026). Both studies defined prolonged breastfeeding as ≥12 months. Kim JH et al., reported a significant risk reduction among premenopausal women (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77–0.96), while no significant association was observed in postmenopausal women within that study. Kim LY et al., stated a reduced risk for postmenopausal women with ≥12 months of breastfeeding, though the exact hazard ratio was not provided in the abstract. Risk of bias was moderate for both studies, primarily due to potential residual confounding and recall bias. Conclusions: Breastfeeding for 12 months or longer is associated with a clinically meaningful reduction in ovarian cancer risk, particularly among premenopausal women. These findings support breastfeeding promotion as a low-cost, effective primary prevention strategy. Future research should include diverse populations and detailed duration categories to refine dose-response estimates.

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires intensive self-management, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may impair the executive functions necessary for optimal glycemic control. Emerging evidence suggests that ADHD is more prevalent among individuals with T1D, but the association with clinical outcomes, complications, and educational attainment has not been systematically synthesised in recent years. Objective: To systematically review the association between ADHD and T1D across all age groups, focusing on glycemic control, diabetes-related complications, educational outcomes, mental health, and potential moderators such as ADHD treatment status, sex, and family structure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched. Studies were eligible if they included individuals with T1D, assessed ADHD diagnosis or symptoms, compared with T1D without ADHD, reported original quantitative data, and were published as peer-reviewed articles. Study selection was performed using Rayyan. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria (two cohort, four cross sectional), encompassing over 1.48 million participants across Israel, Sweden, the United States, Norway, and Germany. Comorbid ADHD was associated with significantly higher HbA1c (mean differences +0.6% to +0.7%, p<0.01) and lower time in range (48±17% vs 59±14%, p=0.006). Adults with T1D+ADHD had higher rates of neuropathy (22.7% vs 5.8%), chronic renal failure (10.6% vs 2.5%), and limb amputation (5.3% vs 0.9%). Children with both diagnoses had 76% lower odds of finishing upper secondary school (aOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.17–0.35). Untreated ADHD was associated with worse outcomes than treated ADHD. Family structure (living with one parent and partner) increased odds of ADHD (OR 2.17, 95% CI 0.98–4.84), and sex differences favoured worse outcomes in males. Risk of bias was low in three studies and moderate in three. Conclusions: ADHD is associated with poorer glycemic control, higher complication rates, lower educational attainment, and greater depression severity in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Untreated ADHD confers the greatest risk. Systematic screening for ADHD in T1D populations, particularly those with suboptimal glycemic control or recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis, is urgently needed. Integrated, multidisciplinary care and prompt pharmacological treatment of ADHD may improve both medical and psychosocial outcomes.

The north –east region of Nigeria is considered educationally less advantage region with seventy percent of its school children considered out of school due to poverty .The remaining thirty percent though in school are still grappling with literacy in English language , The students performance and competence in the English language is far from optimum thus a growing concern not just to the students , parents but policy makers and the government as well . It is also a known fact that the region is mainly agrarian state and thus a lot of people from different ethnicity converge to eke a living and by so doing a variety of English language domesticated within the social realities of the state is spoken and accepted as the unofficial lingua franca. This variety of Nigerian English is not the acceptable mode of instruction in a formal setting like the classroom. Thus this research examines the impact of Nigerian English on the students’ performance and competence in the use of English language. To achieve this, respondents were drawn from five tertiary institutions in the region, questionnaires were distributed and analysed. It was discovered that there is the existence of a variety of Nigerian English spoken both in informal setting s as well as used in the classroom. The research recommends a synergy between the varieties of the English language as the students tend to understand concepts when presented in Nigerian English. There is also a call for standardization the Nigerian English.

This study synthesizes results from a final sample of 85 high-impact Scopus-indexed articles published between 2015 and 2026 to present a thorough secondary research review of artificial intelligence (AI) in marketing and management. The study methodically evaluates previous research to investigate how AI capabilities affect consumer engagement, decision-making, and company performance. It is based on the Resource Based View (RBV) and dynamic capabilities theory, and it complies with PRISMA 2020 requirements. The study uses a theme synthesis technique to identify four main research streams: ethical governance, data-driven decision making, AI as a strategic capability, and customer centricity enabled by AI. These ideas are combined into a cohesive conceptual framework that emphasizes the moderating impacts of ethical governance and the regulatory environment as well as the mediating function of organizational processes. The paper contributes by addressing theoretical fragmentation and proposing a future research agenda, particularly for emerging markets such as Saudi Arabia under Vision 2030.

Prediabetes is an intermediate glycemic state defined by impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or mildly elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c 5.7–6.4%) and affects an estimated 374 million people worldwide. Growing evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between prediabetes and periodontitis in adults. Individuals with prediabetes face a significantly higher risk of periodontitis, with disease severity correlating with the advancing stages of clinical attachment loss. Inflamed periodontal tissues generate advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), upregulate matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and sustain a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu that exacerbates insulin resistance. Non-surgical periodontal therapy reduces active MMP-8 and HbA1c levels in prediabetic patients, potentially delaying the progression to overt type 2 diabetes. Dentists are ideally positioned to identify undiagnosed prediabetes through periodontal assessment and chairside glycemic screening, enabling timely interdisciplinary referrals.

This paper investigates media framing and its impact on the postcolonial identity construction of Half of a Yellow Sun, a novel set in the Nigerian civil war of 1967 1970, by the author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, which prefigures conflicting narratives based on local propaganda, foreign journalism, and political discourse. Using the Media Framing Theory and Postcolonial Theory, this paper questions the ways in which information propagation, selective reporting, and ideological bias constitute divergent perceptions of Biafra, nationhood and identity. This study will claim that by revealing the politics of representation in the media discourse related to war time, Adichie reclaims narrative authority. The textual analysis of this paper shows that literature is a counter-frame to misconstrued media histories, thus re-creating postcolonial Nigerian identity internally.

In this work, effort has made to identify images related to the sounds made by animals and birds using a Vocal Circle Technique. This technique has already been used successfully, to derive sounds of Indus Valley Scripts and Oracle Bone script. Thus establishing the existence of healthy relationship between- (1) image, (2) image identifier / differentiator and (3) sound generated by movement of tongue delineating image differentiator. In different vernaculars, an image is related to different varieties of sounds, based on the image differentiator selected in the vernacular.

The Israel–Palestine conflict remains one of the most complex and contested issues in contemporary international politics. A central question in this debate concerns whether Israel’s actions in Palestinian territories and neighbouring regions are primarily motivated by legitimate security concerns or reflect broader patterns of territorial expansion. This article examines the historical development of the conflict, focusing on the emergence of competing nationalist movements and the impact of colonial and postcolonial dynamics. It analyses how security has been constructed as a guiding principle in Israeli policy, while also exploring critiques that interpret these actions as forms of occupation and territorial consolidation. The study further considers the role of settlement expansion, military strategies, and administrative control in shaping the political and geographic landscape of the region. In addition to political analysis, the article incorporates the human dimension of the conflict, emphasizing how lived experiences influence perceptions of security, identity, and belonging among both Israelis and Palestinians. By bringing together these perspectives, the article highlights the complexity of the issue and the limitations of binary interpretations. The findings suggest that the distinction between security and expansion is not always clear-cut, as policies often reflect overlapping motivations and consequences. The article concludes that a nuanced and multidimensional approach is essential for understanding the conflict and for informing more balanced academic and policy discussions.

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is the rupture of fetal membranes before labour. When it occurs before 37 weeks, it is termed preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), which is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The early identification of at-risk cases is crucial. The platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) from routine blood counts has emerged as a low-cost inflammatory biomarker for obstetric conditions. This study evaluated the association between maternal PLR and PPROM and explored its predictive value. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, from June 2022 to May 2023. Sixty pregnant women between 28 and 36+6 weeks of gestation were included: 30 with PPROM (Group A) and 30 healthy controls (Group B). Complete blood counts were performed and the PLR was calculated as the ratio of the platelet to lymphocyte count. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The mean age did not differ significantly between the groups (27.57±5.14 vs. 28.33±5.02 years; p=0.56). The platelet count was significantly higher in the PPROM group (269.63±63.4 vs. 207.43±46.5 ×10³/mm³; p<0.001), whereas the lymphocyte counts were comparable (p>0.05). The mean PLR was significantly higher in PPROM cases than in those with intact membranes (123.15±27.73 vs. 104.48±26.09; p=0.009). Conclusion: Elevated maternal PLR is significantly associated with PPROM and may serve as a simple, cost-effective inflammatory marker for risk identification in pregnancies. Larger multicenter studies are needed to confirm its clinical utility.