Background: Making appropriate decisions and drawing valid conclusions from the data requires the use of statistics in both scientific and non-scientific contexts. But errors are usually made during the formation of the result of the collected data which are obtained from a diverse and big population. Allowing errors is harmful and unavoidable, therefore, we need to control or limit the maximum level of error using statistics. Aim: Therefore, in the present review we aimed to provide brief information about the statistical test, the type of errors, and how to minimize the type of errors. Method: A unstructured literature survey was done from different online data resources such as Pubmed (NCBI), Elsevier, Springer, and Web of science. Result: In statistical interference, we expect two types of errors (Type I Error and Type II Error) which forces the results of quantitative analysis into the mold of a decision, which is whether to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. In statistics, the statistical test will give the “p-value”. Discussion & Conclusion: In conclusion, type I error and Type II errors can be minimized by describing the level of significance and power of the study respectively.

Background: This study investigated the correlates of risky sexual behaviours of adolescents in Rivers State. Six objectives with corresponding research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised of all 93,076 in- School Senior Secondary School adolescents in Rivers State. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 880 from six LGAs in the three senatorial zones of the State. The instrument for data collection was a validated self-structured questionnaire with reliability coefficients of 0.852 for peer pressure and 0.733 for media using Cronbach alpha. Data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), percentages were used to answer research questions, and binary logistic regression was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. Results and Discussions: The result of the study showed 14.6% prevalence of sexual behaviours. Also, the findings revealed that 73.2% did not used condoms at sexual debut, 7.3% had sexual intercourse with more than one person, 2.6% had paid sexual intercourse, 2.2% have had sexual intercourse with sex worker and 11.3% have had oral sex. Conclusions: The result of the study established a significant relationship between peer pressure and sexual behaviours (p < 0.05) and result revealed a significant association between social media influence and sexual behaviours (p <0.05). The study recommended that sexual health education be taught early right from the home by parents/ guardians and in school by teachers and school health officers with emphasis on the identified correlates peer pressure and media influence. Parents should not purchase high tech android phones for their children and should monitor what they do with phones provided.

This paper examines the time-varying conditional correlations among Crude oil. EUR/USD and major ETS markets. We apply a trivariate dynamic conditional correlation (cDCC) GARCH models in order to capture potential contagion effects between the markets for the period 2013-2017. Empirical results reveal contagion during the under investigation period regarding the trivariate models, showing potential volatility transmission channels among the markets. Findings have crucial implications for policymakers who provide regulations for the above derivative markets.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), one of the most widely used food-additives in commercial foods gives a special aroma (umami) to processed foods. It’s vital to brain metabolism and function. Adverse effects of MSG have been widely reported. However, there is scarcity of literature on the action of MSG on spatial memory and cognition. Hence, there is need to assess the effect of MSG ingestion on spatial memory and cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. 25 Wistar rats were randomly selected into five groups and treated for three weeks thus: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (0.7 mL MSG), Group 3 (1 mL MSG), Group 4 (1.5 mL MSG) Group 5 (0.1 mL Epinephrine). Neurobehavioral (Barnes, navigation, and handgrip) activities exhibited by the various groups were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA. In the Barnes maze test, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in escape time in group 4 when compared to the control for weeks 1 and 3. In week 1 of the Navigation maze test, group 4 animals spent less time (p<0.05) to navigate the maze when compared to the control. In week 1 and 3 of the handgrip test, animals in groups 2, 3 and 5 had a significant decline (p<0.05) in grip strength when compared to the control group; However, in week 2, only the animals in group 5 had a decline in grip strength (p<0.05) when compared to control. MSG did not cause any form of neurotoxicity, cognitive or motor decline in rats.

The Schiff base ligand has been synthesized by the reaction of ethanolic solution of benzaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The corresponding metal complexes were obtained by refluxing the chlorides of Co(II) and Ni(II) with the prepared Schiff base in an ethanolic medium. The Schiff base and its metal complexes were established and analyzed by FT-IR, solubility test, melting point/decomposition temperature and conductivity measurement. The melting point of the Schiff base was found to be 157C and decomposition temperature of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes were found to be 167°C and 174°C respectively. Molar conductance values of Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes are 1.31 and 2.04 µS/cm respectively. The solubility test carried out showed that the complexes are soluble in most organic solvents and insoluble in water. The antibacterial activity test of the ligand and metal complexes showed that the metal complexes were found to be active against the organism tested while the ligand was inactive.

Comparative economic analysis using present net worth method was carried for 1 km of rigid and flexible pavement of Isieke Road, Ebonyi State. Information on the initial construction cost of the given length of the road, the maintenance cost, the rehabilitation cost, the salvage cost and the user cost which were obtained from the Ministry of Works, Ebonyi State, were used to assess the life cycle cost of the each alternative using the present net worth method. Comparisons between the various costs used to determine the life cycle cost for both rigid and flexible pavement showed that except the initial cost of construction where the rigid pavement is considerably higher than the flexible pavement, the other costs show the flexible pavement being on the high side. The summary cost showed that the for the period of 40 years which was the period of study in this work, the life cycle cost (LCC) of rigid pavement is 8.52% lower than that of the flexible pavement. Considering economy, this savings in LCC makes it a more viable alternative to flexible pavement.

Epigenetics is a very active field of research today. This is a mechanism by which environmental factors can influence gene expression. Indeed, epigenetics has been defined as a new science aimed at studying the mechanisms by which the genotype generates the phenotype, without there being any modifications in the DNA sequence. In this context, we conducted a prospective study on the records of 523 patients hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of the CHU Mohamed VI in Marrakech, over a period of 6 months, from July 01, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Main results obtained were as follows: A high MRB carriage rate affecting 45.5% of hospitalized patients during the study period. Late MRB infections are an important part of this. The analysis of the risk factors of these infections had demonstrated the major role of invasive procedures, in particular mechanical ventilation and KTVO, as well as the high duration of hospitalization which was on average 17.47 days in our study. The bacteriological profile was dominated by enterobacteriaceae, particularly K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. Of all the MRBs sent to the Kremlin Bicêtre hospital, 55 strains were analyzed by MLST; including 36 strains of K. pneumonia and 19 strains of E. cloacae. The Enterobacteriaceae strains analyzed in our study were mainly carbapenemase producers, of the NDM and OXA-48 type, and ESBL type CTX-15M. Of all the bacterial clones identified, a high rate of resistance to antibiotics, in particular carbapenems, was noted in the following clones: ST 1805, ST 1158 and ST 307. The ST 1805 clone was exclusively found in our series.

Background: Despite noteworthy socio-economic development and advances in medical science, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem. Although it is a curable disease, still millions of people suffer and a large number of patients die from this infectious disease. Now a day, the prevalence and nature of tuberculosis are not in a consistent stage. So we need more current information regarding this issue. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile of tuberculosis patients attended in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study which was conducted in the department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Sirajgonj, Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to June 2022. In total 87 diagnosed patients with tuberculosis, treated in the mentioned hospital were selected as the study subjects. Before data collection, proper written consents were taken from all the participants. For data collection a predesigned questionnaire was used in data collection. Collected data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 23.0 program as per necessity. Results: In this study, the male-female ratio of the participants was 1.7:1. The highest number of participants were from the 41-50 years’ age group which was 27.59%. BMI (Kg/m2) was found ≥18.5 in 61% and < 18.5 was found in 39% of patients. Majority (56%) of the cases were ‘non- smoker’. As the types of TB, pulmonary Koch’s, CNS tuberculosis, abdominal Koch’s, and TB lymphadenitis were found in 43% 21%, 14%, and 13% of participants respectively which was noticeable. In this study, among all the participants, cough and fever were found as two most frequent symptoms which were found in 93% and 84% of patients respectively. Conclusion: Fever and cough are the two most frequent symptoms in tuberculosis patients. Although the death rate among TB patients is not alarming, the treatment success rate of the first treatment attempt is not satisfactory among tuberculosis patients.

This study primarily aimed to analyze the effect of the human development, Information, Communication, and Technology development index, and creative economy export value on the gross domestic product of the creative economy. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with Eviews 12. Study samples were time series data of creative economy GDP, Human Development Index, ICT development index, and creative economy product export values between 2007 and 2020. This study found that: (1) HDI significantly and partially affects the creative economy GDP, (2) the ICT development index significantly and partially affects the creative economy GDP, (3) creative economy product export values significantly and partially affect the creative economy GDP, and (4) HDI, ICT development index, and creative economy export values significantly and simultaneously affect the creative economy GDP. The result of this study suggests the need for the government to improve education quality, build sufficient, equal ICT infrastructure, and make regulations that facilitate creative economy actors. The creative economy actors are recommended to develop more creative products, while educators are suggested to develop more innovative learning methods.

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the performance of local governments through the developmental achievements of unemployment, inflation, poverty, inequality, income distribution and economic growth in West Java over the last five years. Also to find out the dominance of the performance of the West Java Government based on targets on regional macroeconomics for the last five years. The research method uses descriptive case studies to analyze the performance of the West Java Provincial Government on regional macroeconomic variable data series which are estimated by each of the previous achievements and target plans. The results show that the development of the achievement of regional macroeconomic variables in the implementation process is a form of West Java Provincial Government performance that considers the evaluation of previous achievements and targeting orientation. In addition, efforts to maintain regional macroeconomic variables are trying to reduce unemployment, poverty, and the distribution of income balance. Meanwhile, the control is carried out on achieving inflation and the economic growth rate.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the weaknesses of criminal offenses against narcotics users and victims of narcotics abuse and how to reconstruct the regulation based on the value of justice. The method used in this study uses a juridical approach with a constructivist paradigm. The results of the research show that the current weaknesses in criminal offenses against narcotics users and victims of narcotics abuse, due to the provisions regarding ownership and control as regulated in Article 112, can also be applied to those who are classified as abusers as regulated in Article 127 of Law no. 35/2009 concerning Narcotics. Therefore, the Reconstruction of criminal offense regulations against narcotics users and victims of narcotics abuse based on the value of justice can be done namely by changing the substance of Articles `103, 112, and Article 127 of the Narcotics Law, where in Article 103, the phrase "can" is replaced with the word "obliged". Then, Changing Article 127 paragraph (1), by adding the sentence "Every abuser with the intention of using it himself". Meanwhile, there must be an additional clause regarding the criteria for the large number of narcotics in Article 112 must in paragraph (3) as an addition to Article 112 of Law no. 35/2009 concerning Narcotics to further differentiates the differences of both.

The purpose of this study is to find out why the regulation on land registration in Indonesia is not ideal yet and what is the Ideal Regulation of Land Registration Using Land Certificate as Evidence Based on Legal Certainty. This writing method uses a constructivism paradigm, namely a paradigm with an ontology of relativism, a sociological juridical approach method, namely an approach by seeking information through direct interviews with informants empirically first and then proceeding with conducting research on primary data contained in interviews with informants and then strengthening it with studies literature through theoretical steps, the nature of this research is descriptive- analytical where the data is obtained from field data both interviews and/or questionnaires which are carried out by directly observing the competent parties. The result of the study shows that the system has weaknesses and technical constraints, namely in the process of collecting juridical data and physical data of land registration applicants is considered not in accordance with the achievement of targets from the PTSL program, lack of effectiveness of complete systematic land registration in theoretical studies the legal system is influenced by factors of legal substance. As well as suggestions in this writing, namely, the principle of Nemo Plus Juris should be able to better protect owners of land rights, to minimize the occurrence of lawsuits in court, land registration officers from the BPN/Ministry of Agrarian should examine the correctness of physical and juridical data on a plot of land accurately, if the landlord when land certificates act tend not to comply with regulations (not obey/disobey), then a reconstruction of land registration changes can be carried out because they are deemed unable to provide legal certainty and legal protection for holders of land certificates, the effectiveness of law enforcement or application is determined by the performance of BPN as PTSL organizers in maximizing the implementation of the PTSL program, presenting an innovation in e-certificates issuing policies regarding the enforceability of electronic land certificates equipped with hash code security, QR code, and single identity.

The objectives of this research are to analyze and find out the weaknesses in the criminal liability of Bank employees who are participating in money laundering crime and how to reconstruct the law based on the value of justice. The method used in this study uses a normative juridical approach with a constructivist paradigm. The results of the research and discussion show that the weaknesses of the law lie in the Criminal liability in the provisions of Law no. 10/1998 concerning Banking is not in line or there is no legal synchronization with the provisions of Law no. 8/2010 concerning TPPU, specifically the provisions of Article 6 paragraph (2) of Law no. 8/2010 concerning ML, which stipulates that a Bank in its position as a corporation can also be held criminally responsible. Provisions of Law no. 10/1998 concerning Banking, although it recognizes corporations as subjects of criminal law, the criminal responsibility system implemented still adheres to the individual criminal responsibility model, which only imposes accountability on controlling personnel. Therefore, the legal Reconstruction of criminal responsibility of Bank employees who participated in committing money laundering crimes based on the value of justice can be done by not only asking for and imposing criminal responsibility on controlling personnel (in this case the Board of Commissioners, Directors, and Bank Employees) but also being able to hold accountability for Banks as corporations implement an aggregation model corporate criminal liability system.

Professional development of women in ICT is very crucial for sustainable development of a nation. However, the gender divide in terms of digital technologies has always been a problem. The aim of this study is to determine if women who work in University ICT centres in Rivers State are given the opportunity to develop themselves professionally. The study adopts the descriptive survey research design. The sample size constitutes twenty women from the three Universities in River State namely: University of Port Harcourt, River State University (RSU), and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (IAUOE). The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire that assessed the professional development of women in ICT in terms of trainings attended, age and educational qualifications. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined by experts in ICT and the field of measurement and evaluation. The reliability of the questionnaire was analysed using the Cronbach alpha technique with an overall reliability of 0.83. The research questions were answered using simple percentages, mean and standard deviation. While the hypotheses were analysed using Chi square. Findings revealed that more of middle-aged women attend ICT training (ages 36-45), followed by younger women (ages 25 – 35) and then 46 above, gender does not significantly influence attendance to ICT trainings, but males and females attending ICT training is dependent on age. It is thus recommended that all women who work in ICT centres in Universities should be given equal opportunities to attend trainings for professional development irrespective of their age and educational qualifications.

Background: Benign migratory glossitis (BMG) is an inflammatory disorder, usually asymptomatic, of unknown aetiology, which regularly happens at the dorsum of the tongue and may sometimes involve its lateral borders. BMG prevalence among adults ranges from 0.28% to 2.4%. It appears to become more females in the middle age group. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of BMG and evaluate the possible correlation between the occurrence of BMG with age, gender, burning symptoms and some systemic conditions. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dar Alfardous dental facility, Tripoli – Libya. A random sample of 577 patients attended the dental clinics over nine months. The patients were examined for the presence of BMG over one year. Statistical analysis: A chi-square test was done to assess the correlation of BMG with age, gender, burning sensation and some systemic conditions. Result: The prevalence of BMG among Tripoli city, Libya's population was as high as (10%). Fissured tongue (FT) (35.7%) revealed a high association with BMG followed by the hairy tongue (HT) (3.5%). Prevalence of BMG was found to be significantly higher in the < 20 (3-19) years old (13%) (P = 0.004). Conclusion: BMG among this study sample of the population showed a higher prevalence rate. BMG was more frequently observed in children and young adults and most prevalent in females. Based on our results, there was a significant association between BMG and FT.