This study examined the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition of Datura stramonium (leaves, flowers, fruits, stems) and Garcinia kola (seed and seed coat) using successive solvent extractions and standard phytochemical screening methods. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed solvent-dependent variations. In D. stramonium, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, while dichloromethane and n-hexane extract predominantly contained alkaloids and steroids. Flowers exhibited alkaloids in all extracts, flavonoids and saponins mainly in methanol and ethyl acetate, and steroids in nonpolar solvents. Fruits displayed alkaloids across all solvents, flavonoids chiefly in methanol, and steroids in dichloromethane and hexane. Stems showed alkaloids in methanol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane, with steroids and tannins restricted to dichloromethane and hexane. For G. kola, seeds contained alkaloids in methanol and dichloromethane, flavonoids in all solvents, saponins in methanol and dichloromethane, and steroids in ethyl acetate and hexane. The seed coat exhibited alkaloids only in methanol, flavonoids in methanol and dichloromethane, tannins in methanol and dichloromethane, and steroids in ethyl acetate and hexane. Quantitative analysis revealed that alkaloids were highest in D. stramonium leaves (10.60 ± 0.53%) and fruits (10.40 ± 0.23%) as well as in G. kola seeds (9.30 ± 0.86%). Flavonoids peaked in G. kola seeds (14.00 ± 0.23%) and D. stramonium flowers (7.20 ± 0.29%), while saponins were abundant in D. stramonium leaves (11.40 ± 0.25%) and G. kola seeds (11.50 ± 0.08%). Tannin levels were generally low (<1.30%), with the highest in G. kola seed coat (1.26 ± 0.21%). In conclusion, the phytochemical richness of D. stramonium and G. kola validates their traditional use and highlights their potential as valuable sources of bioactive compounds.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular dysregulation and increased blood pressure; however, evidence in pregnant women in South Asia remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation and regression between maternal serum vitamin D levels and blood pressure components during late pregnancy. Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted at Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, from March 2019 to March 2020, involving 106 pregnant women (53 preeclamptic and 53 normotensive). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay and categorized as deficient (≤20 ng/mL), insufficient (21–29 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). Blood pressure was recorded according to standard protocols. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Serum vitamin D levels were inversely correlated with both systolic (r = –0.449, p < 0.001) and diastolic (r = –0.449, p < 0.001) blood pressures. Regression analysis indicated that each 1 ng/mL rise in serum vitamin D corresponded to a decrease of 1.68 and 1.2 mmHg in systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively. Sun exposure duration and antenatal attendance were positively associated with vitamin D sufficiency. Conclusion: Maternal serum vitamin D concentration was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels through sunlight exposure and supplementation may support cardiovascular stability during pregnancy.

Mosquitoes are important vectors of diseases that pose major public health challenges. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of Aedes and Culex species within Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo State, Nigeria. Larvae were collected from ten randomly selected sites over a five-month period (November–March). A total of 10,033 mosquitoes were recorded, comprising Culex spp. (5,141; 53.8%) and Aedes spp. (4,892; 46.2%). Statistical analysis showed significant variation across months (p = 0.005) and locations (p = 0.002), while no significant interaction was observed (p = 0.074). The predominance of Culex highlights the risk of diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus, whereas Aedes remains relevant for dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya transmission. These findings provide baseline data for vector control programs in Atiba Local Government and contribute to understanding mosquito distribution in Oyo State.

The pursuit of excellence in healthcare quality is perpetually challenged by systemic fragmentation, where siloed operations among critical departments like Nursing, Radiology, and Health Administration lead to communication breakdowns, clinical errors, and operational inefficiencies. This comprehensive research paper argues that the strategic and deliberate integration of these three pillars is not merely beneficial but essential for achieving superior, patient-centered care. The analysis begins by deconstructing the inherent weaknesses of the traditional "siloed system," demonstrating how it acts as a fundamental barrier to quality. It then elucidates the unique and complementary roles of each discipline: Nursing as the continuous, holistic clinical bedrock; Radiology as the pivotal diagnostic lens guiding decision-making; and Health Administration as the essential architectural framework that enables synergy through resource allocation, policy, and culture. The paper further explores practical models for "forging the link," including multidisciplinary teams, structured communication protocols, integrated clinical pathways, and interprofessional education. By synthesizing evidence from a wide range of literature, this research concludes that a conscious, system-wide commitment to dissolving interdisciplinary boundaries is the definitive pathway to enhancing patient safety, improving clinical outcomes, boosting patient satisfaction, and achieving operational excellence in the modern healthcare landscape.

Abattoir wastewater is a hazardous effluent, which is of high concentration of heavy metals (Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+) which are very dangerous to the environment and health. Traditional treatment procedures usually do not identify the high removal efficiencies needed to discharge safety. We synthesized TiO2 /CdS nanocomposite through a hydrothermal process in this study and examined its performance in the adsorption of Cu2+, Fe3+ and Pb2+ ions through synthetic abattoir wastewater in ambient conditions. The material had a high specific surface area (= 130 m2 g -1) and the TiO2 nano-particles were evenly dispersed on a CdS substrate as evidenced by the X -ray diffraction, EDX and BET analysis. The Langmuir model (R2 larger than 0.99) describing the adsorption isotherms was an indication that the monolayer is homogeneous, meaning that it is well-covered, whereas the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 larger than 0.98) demonstrated that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. The findings confirm TiO2/CdS nanocomposite as a high-potential, reusable adsorbent to effectively extract Cu2+, Fe3+ and Pb2+ in abattoir wastewater, which is an economical alternative to traditional treatment. Moreover, synergistic behavior between narrow bandgap semiconductor CdS and high-surface-area TiO2 high affinity of the composite towards metal ions was also explained. The next step of work will be conducted in the pilot-scale implementation and evaluation of the performance of the composite on the abattoir effluents.

Background: Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity. Identifying socio-demographic, obstetric, and biochemical risk factors is crucial for early detection and management. Objective: This study aimed to assess the socio-demographic profile and risk factors associated with pre-eclampsia at a tertiary care center in Bangladesh. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2023 to February 2024. In this study, A total of 70 pregnant women with a gestational age of 20–40 weeks, attending the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, ICMH, Dhaka, during the study period, were included in this study. Among them, 35 women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia were assigned as cases, and 35 normotensive pregnant women were taken as controls. Results: Most participants were aged 18–28 years, with no significant difference in mean age between cases (26.09 ± 5.39 years) and controls (24.94 ± 4.08 years; p = 0.321). Educational level and occupation were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). Mean parity, gravidity, and gestational age were also similar (p > 0.05). Serum CRP levels were significantly higher among cases (25.37 ± 14.70 mg/dL) than controls (4.22 ± 0.92 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Significant risk factors for pre-eclampsia included family history of hypertension (37.1% vs 14.3%; p = 0.030), obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m², 45.7% vs 22.9%; p = 0.046), prior history of pre-eclampsia (17.1% vs 2.9%; p = 0.049), and elevated CRP (≥6 mg/dL, 80% vs 0%; p < 0.0001). Primigravidity showed borderline significance (57.1% vs 34.3%; p = 0.057). Conclusion: Elevated CRP, obesity, family history of hypertension, primigravidity, and prior pre-eclampsia are important risk factors for pre-eclampsia. Early identification of these factors may aid in risk stratification and timely intervention.

Every year, the oil and gas sector spends billions of naira on transmission pipeline corrosion costs, which rise as pipeline networks age and deteriorate. As a result, pipeline operators must reconsider their approaches to corrosion prevention. Companies are being forced to create precise maintenance models based on failure frequency because of corrosion problems. Future line safety, lowering the frequency of failures, and cost-effective pipeline operation all depend on statistical techniques for modeling pipeline failures and making appropriate maintenance decisions. The present study predicted both the reliability and corrosion rate of crude oil pipelines by combining Monte Carlo simulation with degradation models. Corrosion was modeled using linear and power-law formulations that incorporated discrete random samples generated from inline inspection data. The degradation models were used to assess the mean time for failure (MTFF). The average corrosion rate (CRav) has a lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the largest occurrence projected random number (CRfreq), according to the TML shown against the RMSE of the predicted models. The RMSE for the degradation models ranged from 1.89 % to 17.02 %. This chart shows that the deterioration models correctly predicted the pipeline corrosion rate to be between 83.91% and 98.06%. Also, the Linear Model Law had the lowest recorded value of 1.98% and the most of 16.11%, while the Power Law degradation was the lowest at 1.88% and the most at 17.01%. When compared to the Monte Carlo Simulation value, which is 2.11 at the lowest and 1.01 at the highest, all of the findings fall between 1.89 and 17.02 percent. Consequently, the RMSE of the degradation models varied between 1.89 and 17.02 percent. Additionally, R2 for the Linear Model ranges from 0.925 to 0.990, but it ranges from 0.989 to 0.999 for the Power Model. According to the results, the degradation model has correctly predicted the field corrosion of the pipelines and will be a crucial tool for predicting when the pipelines will break.

The cost of corrosion-related transmission pipeline maintenance, which escalates as pipeline networks age and deteriorates, costs the oil and gas sector billions of naira every year. As a result, pipeline operators should reconsider their approaches to corrosion control. The present study employed the Monte Carlo Simulation model to forecast the rate of corrosion and dependability of pipelines carrying crude oil. The corrosion rate was predicted using a Linear and Power Law Model and discrete random numbers that were simulated from Inline Inspection Data. The study's conclusion demonstrates that the Monte Carlo simulation can forecast the pipelines' corrosion rate with an accuracy of 84.24–97.94%. From Monte Carlo Simulation results, a 2.01 lowest and 15.76 highest were obtained. Every value is within the range of 1.67% to 16.95%. The predicted number of failures is thus provided by the statistical models. Optimal maintenance decisions, risk analysis, and reliability analysis can all benefit from the statistical models' output.

The rise in the discharge of pharmaceutical wastewater in the form of heavy metals Cr6+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ has become an issue of serious concern to the environment and to the general population since these elements are toxic, persistent, and may accumulate in the body. Cr(vi), FE(iii) and Pb(ii) are common toxic contaminants in the Pharma effluents and their quick, effective elimination is paramount in regulation compliance and environmental safety. A simple, scalable synthesis of a bimetallic NiO/CuO nanocomposite was reported in this study through a concurrent coprecipitation-hydrothermal reaction, and then subjected to calcination at 400 0 C. This paper is concerned with synthesis and use of nickel oxide/copper oxide (NiO/CuO) nanocomposites to effectively clean such metal ions that are present in pharmaceutical effluents. NiO/CuO nanocomposite was produced by a slight modification of the sol-gel technique and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to ascertain the structural, morphological and functional characteristics of the material. The effect of pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption efficiency was studied through batch adsorption. It was found that, at a dosage of 0.8 g, the removal efficiencies increase to 100% for Cr, 96.81% for Fe, and 92.40% for Pb. This demonstrates near-complete removal of Cr and very high removal for Fe and Pb, indicating that the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite is nearing saturation. Kinetics of the adsorption process was in pseudo-second order and adsorbed monolayers on a homogeneous surface which is pointing to Langmuir isotherm. The regeneration studies indicated the multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of the nanocomposite with its stability and reusability. This report establishes the possibilities of NiO/CuO nanocomposites as a powerful, inexpensive, and ecologically safe adsorbent to treat heavy-metal-contaminated pharmaceutical wastewater to be a part of the sustainability of waste sources and pollution prevention.

This paper synthesizes empirical evidence on the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of petroleum exploration and production in the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria, focusing on soils, surface and groundwater, and local livelihoods. A review of field-based studies, environmental assessments and community surveys reveals pervasive hydrocarbon contamination (TPH, PAHs), elevated heavy-metal concentrations, and widespread degradation of mangrove and farmland soils. Contaminants migrate into surface waters and shallow aquifers, impairing drinking-water quality and fisheries. Empirical studies also document reduced agricultural yields, loss of fish catches, health complaints, and livelihood erosion—effects compounded by weak monitoring, delayed spill response and chronic seepage from aging pipelines. Remediation efforts (engineered excavation, bioremediation, phytoremediation) show variable success; cost, ecological sensitivity (mangroves) and governance deficits limit large-scale recovery. The synthesis concludes that meaningful restoration requires coordinated long-term remediation, rigorous monitoring, community engagement and strengthened regulatory enforcement. Priority actions include hotspot remediation, alternative livelihood support, and establishing transparent contaminant and health-monitoring systems.

This study examined how petroleum products (petrol, kerosene, and diesel) affect the strength of concrete made with lateritic sand and quarry dust. A 1:1½:3 mix with a 0.65 water–cement ratio and 25% lateritic sand plus 75% quarry dust was used. Thirty-nine 100 mm cubes were water-cured for 7–28 days, then immersed in petroleum products for 30–60 days. Water-cured cubes showed steady strength gains up to 15.74 N/mm² at 28 days. In contrast, exposure to petroleum products reduced strength: after 30 days, averages were 12.89 N/mm² (petrol), 11.36 N/mm² (kerosene), and 13.30 N/mm² (diesel); after 45 days, 12.78, 14.19, and 13.53 N/mm² respectively. Petrol caused the greatest deterioration, kerosene moderate, and diesel the least. Petroleum exposure disrupted cement hydration, increased porosity, and weakened the paste–aggregate bond, reducing durability. The study recommends protective coatings, improved mix designs, and strict management in fuel-contaminated environments such as filling stations and garages.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder in women that affects both reproductive and metabolic systems and is characterized by insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical and metabolic characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients, focusing on anthropometry, hirsutism, and insulin resistance. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and metabolic characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients, focusing on anthropometry, hirsutism, and insulin resistance. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ICMH, Dhaka (Oct 2022–Sep 2023) included 66 women aged 18–35 years with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), grouped by ovarian volume (>10 cc vs ≤10 cc). Anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic parameters—including BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, Ferriman–Gallwey score, fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR—were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Among 66 PCOS patients, Group A showed higher BMI (27.49 vs. 26.07 kg/m²) and HOMA-IR (4.83 vs. 3.59; p = 0.012). A strong correlation was found between HOMA-IR and ovarian volume (r = 0.685, p < 0.001). High insulin resistance (≥3.8) was more frequent in Group A (67.6% vs. 21.9%), conferring 7.5-fold higher odds of enlarged ovarian volume (OR = 7.47, 95% CI = 2.48–22.52). Conclusion: PCOS in women is closely associated with overweight, hirsutism, and insulin resistance, which in turn correlates with increased ovarian volume.

Background: Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) remains one of the most significant adverse effects of orthodontic treatment, potentially compromising long-term tooth stability. Photo biomodulation (PBM), delivered through low-level laser or light-emitting diode (LED) therapy, has emerged as a biological adjunct proposed to mitigate this phenomenon by modulating cellular metabolism and promoting tissue repair. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PBM in reducing orthodontic root resorption in human subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled clinical trials published between January 2017 and October 2023. Studies were included if they compared PBM-assisted orthodontic treatment with conventional or placebo protocols and quantitatively assessed root resorption crater volume using three-dimensional imaging. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and the overall quality of evidence was evaluated through the GRADE system. Results: Five randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 184 participants. Two studies demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in root resorption following PBM application, while three reported no significant difference compared with controls. No adverse effects were observed. The quality of evidence was graded as moderate due to interstudy variability in irradiation parameters, wavelengths, and energy doses. Conclusions: PBM shows promising potential as a safe, non-invasive adjunct to limit orthodontically induced root resorption. However, the heterogeneity of existing protocols precludes definitive clinical recommendations. Standardized, high-quality randomized trials are needed to determine optimal dosimetry and confirm PBM’s preventive and reparative role in OIIRR management.

This paper continues our earlier work on tariff policies and international trade but introduces new theoretical and empirical concepts into the analysis. This version 2.0 is a continuation of the development in the first paper (covering 2018–2024) and concentrates particularly on the three forces that are changing global trade today: geopolitical fragmentation, the development of climate-driven trade instruments, and the increasing push toward digital sovereignty. Increases in tariffs have detrimental effects on exports and imports, and developing economies are especially impacted, which suffer most due to structural weaknesses that hinder their ability to absorb shocks. More importantly, competitiveness and resilience are no longer dependent on tariffs alone. Climate regulations and digital restrictions are becoming significant impediments to trade and are already beginning to determine which nations and firms remain competitive and can best weather disruptions. Resilience against disruptions can be achieved by strengthening regional trade relationships and investing in robust digital infrastructure, although, as crises are converging and escalating and not occurring in isolation, governments are actively restructuring global supply chains to seek friend-shoring and strategic independence.

One of the main tenets of Ho Chi Minh's extensive political and philosophical system is his view of the protection of the people. In addition to reflecting Vietnam's unique cultural and humanistic traditions, it is a creative continuation and expansion of Marxist-Leninist doctrine on revolutionary combat, national independence, and the role of the people in history. From a philosophical standpoint, Ho Chi Minh’s conception of people’s national defense reveals a dialectical unity between politics and ethics, theory and practice, national independence and peace, revolution and humanity. The essence of people’s national defense lies in the view that the people are both the foundation and the decisive force of defense; that defense is not merely a military affair but a political, economic, cultural, and social undertaking involving the entire population. On this basis, Ho Chi Minh established the principle of “all-people defense,” a defense built by the people, for the people, and rooted in the people’s will, solidarity, and moral consciousness. In the present day, Ho Chi Minh's ideas on people's national defense continue to serve as a theoretical and philosophical foundation for Vietnam's national defense strategy. It upholds the human-centered approach to socialist defense, combining material and spiritual power, independence and cooperation, patriotism and international solidarity. Ho Chi Minh elevated the concept of national defense to a moral and humanistic philosophy that transcends time and continues to have profound theoretical and practical value for Vietnam's cause of protecting and developing the nation in the new era.