Background: Resistance training (RT) for muscle growth (hypertrophy training – HT) theoretically optimizes the mechanical tension placed on the working muscle, which may be key to activating hypertrophic mechanisms. After prolonged HT, specialized weightlifting techniques like drop set training (DS) – or lifting progressively reduced loads without recovery – may help overcome plateaus in strength and re-stimulate hypertrophy, but physiological evidence to potentially support this hypothesis or the efficacy of implementing an acute drop set protocol in comparison to maintaining a standard hypertrophy training program is lacking. Objective: This objective of this study was to assess the levels of plasma growth hormone, and IGF during drop set and concentric exercises. Methods: The study used a randomized controlled, counterbalanced, repeated measures design. A repeated measures design was used to minimize the inter-individual variability of the hypertrophic response to resistance training. Thirty young males participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, within-subjects design, a DS protocol (4 sets, 4 loads/set, 75-30% 1RM, minimal recovery between loads, 3-minute recovery intervals between sets) and, separated by at least 7 days, a HT protocol (4 sets, 75% 1RM, 3-minute recovery intervals between sets). Data was analyzed using a 2 (Training Type: DS, HT, levels of quadriceps muscle hypertrophy) ´ 2 (Time: pre-exercise, post-exercise) repeated measures ANOVA to test the differences in concentrations of IGF-1 and GH during DS and HT at the specified time points. Results: The study found that there was a significant difference in IGF 1 levels before and after the exercise for both groups (Drop set and concentric exercise), with a p-value of .007. The interaction effect between the within-subjects factor (IGF 1 pre and post) and group was also significant. The results showed that there was a significant difference in GH levels before and after the exercise for both groups (Drop set and concentric exercise), with a p-value of < .001. For the Drop set group, GH pre was also significantly lower than GH post. It can be concluded that both the drop set and concentric exercise techniques have an impact on the levels of IGF 1, and GH in the quadriceps femoris. The study recommends that physical trainers and fitness professionals should consider using the Drop set exercise technique in their training programs for clients who are looking to improve their performance.

Annulo-ectasitic disease is a group of disorders with similar phenotypic features, combining aneurysm of the aortic duct and dilatation of the aortic annulus. Its incidence is estimated at 4.5 cases per 100,000. It is the 13th leading cause of death in Western countries. Aneurysms of the ascending aorta are divided into two distinct entities according to etiology and surgical management. Pregnancy and peri-partum are two situations where the risk of aortic dissection is higher, with a more rapid progression of aortic diameters. This risk is directly related to the diameter of the aorta at the beginning of pregnancy, compliance with beta-blocker treatment, and the need for concerted cardiological and obstetric monitoring as soon as the desire for pregnancy is expressed and up to the 2nd month of the peripartum period. The aim of this review is to illustrate, through 02 clinical situations, the difficulties in managing parturient patients suffering from the different types of annuloectasitic disease of the aorta.

Patients in the intensive care unit are treated with many interventions to keep them on rest. A number of sedatives are used in ICU for this purpose. The main aim of sedation is to control pain. Benzodiazepines are commonly used as sedative agents and adjuvants. Many adverse effects such as CNS depression and respiratory depression have been associated with the use of these drugs. Propofol has satisfactory sedative effects. It can also be combined with other medicines to achieve the required results. Slow heart rate (Bradycardia), low blood pressure (Hypotension), and hyperlipidemia are common effects after the infusion of Propofol. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a suitable drug for sedation in cardiac patients. Less respiratory depression and analgesia are advantages of Dexmedetomidine over benzodiazepines. It can be concluded that the dose of sedatives must keep to a minimum effective level for having safe results for the patient and to make the patient mobilized at the earliest when possible.

This study examined the effect of oil price volatility on federal government capital expenditure in Nigeria for the period 1993 to 2022 using secondary data from relevant government agencies. The study specifically examine the impact of Brent UK crude oil price volatility, OPEC spot rate crude oil volatility and West Texas Intermediate crude oil price volatility controlling the disruptions of oil subsidy, corruption and inflation on capital expenditure. The research employed an ex-post facto research design to produce results via Bounds test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag regression test. The long run estimate of the model report that Brent UK crude oil price volatility, OPEC spot rate crude oil volatility and West Texas Intermediate crude oil price volatility failed to report significant effect on the federal government capital expenditure in Nigeria. This shows that the oil price volatility is a short run phenomenon, that will fade out in short period, hence the reason for the high speed of adjustment of the error correction term. There is need for federal government in Nigeria to continually monitor crude oil international price and negotiate with OPEC on production output and quota. There is also need to monitor federal government’s capital expenditure pattern and revenues in critical revenue generating agencies. Federal Government should remain committed to sustaining fiscal adjustments by creating fiscal space for capital and infrastructural development.

The effect of the plant-derived preparation (Tilia cordata Mill., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen., Matricaria chamomilla L.) Imuneo on the immunity indices in chickens vaccinated against avian infectious bronchitis was studied, and the immunostimulatory efficacy was evaluated. In the group of chickens treated with immunostimulants, a significant increase in their immune status was recorded. The immunostimulating effect of Imuneon was determined. Microbicidal and immunostimulating properties of plant-derived Hedalin preparation were studied. The expediency of using immunostimulating drugs in poultry complexes is presented.

This study explores the kinetics of the pyrolysis process applied to chicken manure as an environmentally sustainable waste management technique within the poultry industry. Pyrolysis, a thermochemical conversion method, involves the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, yielding biochar, gases, and bio-oil. Experimental runs were conducted using a fixed-bed reactor, varying reactor temperature and heating rate settings. Pyrolytic conversion was determined by weighing the reactor contents before and after each run, allowing for the construction of pyrolytic conversion curves. Through the application of the Coats-Redfern method, the pyrolysis kinetics was determined. It was found that a second-order kinetics model exhibited better agreement with the experimental data than a first-order model, yielding coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00, compared to 0.94 to 0.97 for the first-order model. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was estimated to fall within the range of 140.4 to 151.2 kJ/mol. Additionally, the pre-exponential factors (A) were found to be significantly high, on the order of 1010 min-1, suggesting a low pyrolytic reactivity. The calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) ranged from 134.1 to 145 kJ/mol. Importantly, the energy barrier, represented by the difference between activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of reaction (ΔH), was determined to be low at 7 kJ/mol. These findings indicate the potential for efficiently and sustainably valorizing chicken waste through pyrolysis. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of chicken manure pyrolysis, supporting its adoption as an energy-efficient and environmentally sound waste management strategy within the poultry industry.

This study examined the effects of a pressure gradient that was exponentially increasing or decreasing on the mixed convection flow of viscous reactive fluids in a vertical tube between two concentric tubes with r = 0 and r = b. The nonlinear partial differential equation governing the flow formation are solved using the implicit finite difference form where all time differentials were calculated using the forward difference formula, and second order central differences were utilized to approximate the first and second derivatives. The impacts of several physical parameters, including shear stress, the rate of heat transfer, mixed convection, viscous reactive fluid parameter, activation energy, Prandtl number, and exponential decaying/growing pressure gradient on skin friction and Nusselt number were investigated. It's intriguing to see that raising the values of Frank–Kamenetskii (λ), mixed convection (Gre) as well as exponential growing pressure term increases the velocity fluid, However, in the case of exponential decay, the parameter drop also causes the fluid's velocity to diminish. The results also showed that a small bump in the viscous reactive fluid parameter considerably improves the energy profile.

The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to standard anti-malarial drugs has led to a search for new compounds with antimalarial properties. Throughout history, various plants have been used for the treatment of malaria. Gossypium hirsutum, a plant commonly used in Ondo state for malaria treatment, was the focus of this study. The crude extracts of Gossypium hirsutum were evaluated for their anti-plasmodial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. To assess the anti-plasmodial effect, Plasmodium berghei was inoculated into 12 mice divided into four groups, with three mice in each group. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with doses of 200mg/kg.bw and 400mg/kg.bw of the crude plant extract, respectively. Group 3 received 5mg/kg.bw of chloroquine phosphate, while group 4 received normal saline. The analgesic effects were evaluated using the Eddy's hot plate method and the Tail flick method in mice. The anti- inflammatory effect was assessed using egg albumin-induced paw edema in rats. The crude methanolic extracts of Gossypium hirsutum demonstrated activity against Plasmodium parasites and a significant anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing paw edema by 49.7%. Animals administered with the extracts showed increased response time to thermal pain induction in both the hot plate and tail flick methods, similar to the effect observed with the standard drug. The crude plant extract reduced parasitemia in mice by 79.2%, accompanied by a slight but statistically insignificant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and the weight of treated animals. Overall, the crude extract of Gossypium hirsutum exhibited effectiveness in managing malaria, along with a moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential. These findings suggest that the plant contains active compounds with promising antimalarial effects, which could be further isolated and studied.

Herbal medicine has many active constituents for many diseases but the proper knowledge must be necessary for the preparationof herbal formulation otherwise active constituents will be damaged. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) is recognized to be native to tropical Africa and southern India. In South Africa and the West Indies it is known as klip dagga, lion’s ear, Christmas, and candlesticks. Roots of the plant have been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, fever, and poisoning whereas seeds are recognized in treating burns, and the whole plant is used for menstrual pains. Present investigation includes examination of morphological and microscopic characters; ash value, extractive values and phytochemical evaluations of various root extract. The purpose of research work to generated information of the standardization parameters of selected plant which helps in herbal formulations, a profound knowledge of the important herbs found in India and widely used in Ayurvedic formulation is of utmost importance.

This case report describes the management of endo-perio lesion. A 40 year old patient reported with pain and discolored tooth with history of road traffic accident a year ago. Intraoral examination of tooth 11 revealed the presence of restorative material and a sinus tract opening with probing depth of 6mm. Following full mouth scaling, access opening and biomechanical preparation was done during which intra-canal irrigant was seen oozing through the sulcus of tooth 11. Multiple RVGs were taken as there was difficulty in negotiating the canal which suggested the presence of communication. Surgical intervention was carried out were root perforation was noted. Canal was negotiated and perforation was repaired using biodentine. Collagen membrane was placed as a barrier. Patient was recalled after 2 weeks, 1 month and at 3months. At the end of three months there was complete reduction in probing depth with satisfactory soft tissue healing. Proper diagnosis of the endo-perio lesion is the key to success. The multidisciplinary approach with accurate diagnosis contributed to the favorable therapeutic outcome.

This study explored the protective potential of NADPH-oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and curcumin in diclofenac-induced cardiotoxicity via oxidative stress. A total of 80 male Wistar rats were used for the study. 80 rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1(control) received distilled water while others received orally, per mg/kg body weight of treatments as follows: group 2(1000, apocynin, group 3(1000, curcumin), group 4(10, diclofenac), group 5(500, apocynin and 10, diclofenac), group 6(1000, apocynin and 10, diclofenac), group 7(500, curcumin and 10, diclofenac) and group 8(1000, curcumin and 10, diclofenac). The treatments were administered daily for 14 and 28 days. Administration of diclofenac significantly (p<0.05) elevated the activities of NAD(P)H oxidases type 2 and malondialdehyde while the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione level were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. There was no alteration in the activities of xanthine oxidase. However, pretreatment with 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of apocynin or curcumin attenuated all biochemical alterations induced by diclofenac in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatments with apocynin and curcumin inhibitors of NOX 2 was effective in ameliorating diclofenac-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating the oxidative stress thus, highlighting the therapeutic potentials of apocynin and curcumin in the management of diclofenac-mediated cardiotoxicity.

Many vital applications benefit from mobile multi-robot teams, including search and rescue, environmental monitoring, military, unmanned space exploration, hazard detection and analysis. Communication between robots is important for group coordination and information sharing in mobile multi-robot teams. Because many mobile robot applications involve scenarios where communication infrastructure is destroyed or unavailable, mobile robot teams must regularly connect with one another through ADHOC networking. In such situations, low over-head and energy efficient routing systems for sending information are essential. The most difficult task is to provide a unified foundation for robot communication. The framework of Mobile Robots is described in this paper, as well as a review and analysis of several research papers on Energy Efficient Routing in Robotic Wireless sensor networks (RWSN).

Citrus fruits are a rich source of essential oils that have various applications in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Lime is notable for its high essential oil yield, which contains active compounds that possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This study aimed to compare the maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods for obtaining essential oil from lime exocarp as well as characterizing the compounds in the oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study found that the Soxhlet extraction method had a higher yield of oil compared to the maceration method. However, the maceration method had a lower acid value and free fatty acid content, and a higher saponification value. The oil obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method was more acidic than that of the essential oil obtained using the maceration method. The study also found that limonene was the most prominent compound in both extraction methods. However, the percentage of β-ocimene and γ-terpinene were significantly higher in the maceration method compared to the Soxhlet extraction method. Limonene, β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene are important compounds found in essential oils and have various medicinal properties. These findings have significant implications for the essential oil industry. The choice of extraction method can influence the composition of the essential oil obtained, as well as its chemical and physical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the intended use of the essential oil when choosing an extraction method.

Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare, idiopathic, benign, histiocytic proliferation, usually seen in children and younger adults. Most common site of involvement is cervical lymph node. However, extra nodal manifestations are seen in significant proportion of cases.This case report discusses the unusual presentation of Rosai-Dorfman disease as mass lesion involving bilateral nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and orbit along with multiple deposits in dura and cervical lymph node.

This paper explores the effects of injection/suction on MHD unsteady natural convective radiative flow of heat mass transfer in a plumb frequency. The governing partial differential equations are converted to non- dimensional forms and solved numerically by an efficient, implicit, iterative method of Crank Nicolson. Suction/injection is used to control the fluid flow in the channel, and an exothermic chemical reaction of Arrhenius kinetic is considered. A parametric study illustrating the influence of various physical parameters is performed. Numerical results for the velocity, temperature, ad concentration as well as the skin friction factor, surface heat and mass transfer rates have been presented for parametric variations of injection/suction, Grashof number, MHD, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. It is reported that the velocity profile increase as thermal grashof number increases. The temperature profile rises by the influence in increasing values of injection and decreases by increasing values of suction parameter. While concentration profile decreases by the increasing values of chemical reaction in the case of suction and injection. The dependence of the skin friction coefficient, rate of heat transfer and mass transfer on these parameters has been discussed.