Compost making machines are an important tool for reducing the amount of waste that is sent to landfills. By composting organic waste such as food scraps and yard trimmings, composting machines can create a nutrient-rich soil amendment that can be used to fertilize garden beds, lawns, and houseplants. Composting also helps reduce pollution from methane emissions, which are generated when organic waste decomposes in landfills. Additionally, composting can help preserve vital topsoil, which is being depleted due to intensive farming practices and urbanization. Composting machines are a cost-effective and sustainable way to reduce environmental impacts and create a valuable soil amendment. The present work deals with a compositing machine that can help us preparing the manure and at the same time the waste being treated effectively maintaining the environmental friendliness.

Background: Sinonasal masses (SNMs) are a pretty frequent medical entity that take place amongst patients of all age groups. Their symptoms and signs regularly overlap, as a result a diagnostic predicament exists. A right analysis is prudent for instituting right cure and anticipating recovery. The purpose of this analysis was to find out the incidence & variety of nonneoplastic & neoplastic lesions of nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses. Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the histopathological spectrum of sinonasal masses in patients coming to a tertiary care hospital and also to compare the findings with other studies. Methods: This analysis was carried out on 150 patients with SNMs presented to the Department of Histopathology at National Institute of ENT & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of about two years (September 2016 to May 2018). Their demographic data, clinical profile and histopathological diagnosis were analyzed. Results: A total of 150 cases were studied. The neoplastic lesions formed the larger group, 87 cases (58%) followed by nonneoplastic lesions, 63 cases (42%). Nonneoplastic lesions were more common in the age group of 2nd & 3rd decades while neoplastic masses were prevalent in the 2nd & 6th decades. The lesions of nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses had a stronger predilection for males as compared to females with the male to female ratio being 2.33. Conclusions: The majority of sinonasal masses sent for histopathology are inflammatory, a variety of benign & malignant lesions may present as nasal masses. All nasal masses must need thorough histopathological examination.

The nature and degree of the link between self-defense and war are sources of great debate in modern just war theory. The thinkers who are called collectivists contend that war should be seen as a relationship between collectives rather than between individuals. As a result, we must see soldiers' activities as being performed on behalf of the group as a whole. As a result, we are unable to evaluate their behaviours using the same criteria that we use for individual behaviour. Reductive individualists, on the opposite side, contend that the laws controlling killing in war may be reduced to the laws governing killing in everyday life and that these laws are based on people's rights and obligations. According to the individualist perspective, killing does not change a person's moral character only because it is done often or for political reasons. To support the individualist explanation of self-defense and war, I will provide a philosophical criticism of the collectivist account in this essay. This will be done in agreement with Jeff McMahan's opinions and with reference to him.

Chemometric methods were employed to evaluate terpanes that correspond to the variations in the compositions of two Niger Delta crude oils (samples A-10 and F-00) in their mixes (samples B-82, C-64, D-46, and E- 28). Total abundances, plots, and hierarchical cluster analysis of C19 to C35 terpanes in the six oil samples suggest that the abundances and distributions of terpanes significantly correlated and did not mix correspondingly in the oil samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 95.77% of the total variance of individual terpanes among the oil samples with H30, OL, and NH30 explaining the most variance and NH25a, NH25b, and TR20d explaining the least variance, respectively. Plots of nine (9) ratios, derived from the most and least variant terpanes, gave R² values (0.4919 - 0.9749) that indicate the ratios moderately to very strongly correspond to the compositions of the two Niger Delta crude oils in the oil samples. Ratios of H30/H30+NH25b, OL/OL+NH25b and NH30/NH30+NH25b, with the highest R² values, showed very strong predictability (97.33%, 97.03% and 97.49%) for estimating the compositions of the two Niger Delta crude oils in their mixes.

Four simple, sensitive, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods A, B, C and D have been developed for the quantitative estimation of Naftopidil. UV method (A) has been developed by using alcohol as the solvent. The wavelength of maximum absorbance selected was 269nm. The method was linear between the range of 2-10g/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. %RSD of precision was calculated and found to be 0.965. Colorimetric Methods B, C and D have been developed by oxidation followed by complex formation reaction using 1,10- phenanthroline, 2,2’- bipyridyl and Potassium ferricyanide respectively, using ferric chloride as oxidizing agent. Regression analysis for the methods was carried out and the correlation coefficient was found to be between the range of 0.99969-0.9999 depicting very good linear relationship between the concentration of the drug and corresponding absorbance values. % RSD of precision for the three colorimetric methods was calculated and found between the range of 0.4126-1.1354 showing that the methods are precise. Accuracy studies were carried out at three different levels and the results fall between the range of 99.89 to 99.96.

Clinical Audit (CA) is considered as one of the great tools of quality improvement in health care practice worldwide. Despite the fact that clinical audit concept has been implemented in several countries of the world, in Saudi Arabian context it is still not a well-performed practice. As such, many health professionals of Saudi Arabia including dental practitioners are still not aware of this concept though improving the quality of preventive and therapeutic health care services is one of the targets that has been set out by the National Transformation Program (NTP) based on 2030 vision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Hence, to improve the awareness, as well as, the knowledge of the positive implications and benefits of CA in practice, it is essential for dental professionals and other health practitioners to perceive the methodology of CA. In order to develop the quality of care and enhance evidence-based practice, activation of CA is of great importance. Hence, a clear view on the different stages in the implementation process of CA has been attempted to explain in this paper. Also, several study reports on the clinical audit in various dental specialities has been put forward in this review that may play an inspirational role for dental practitioners in grasping this procedure in providing a perfect dental health care.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of cultural integration in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. The incorporation of local culture into the EFL classroom plays a crucial role in increasing students' awareness of culture and identity maintenance. However, studies on the development of multicultural reading materials have, to the best of our knowledge, been conducted infrequently in Indonesia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find out students' perceptions of multicultural reading materials that we had previously developed. This is a survey-based study involving eighth-grade students in an Indonesian junior high school in Lampung. Using descriptive statistics, the collected data were analysed. The findings indicate that the participants in the study favour the implementation of the multicultural reading activities we developed. The tasks have a favourable impact on their reading skills. The implications of the findings are also examined, along with a number of suggestions for future research.

Introduction: Burns in pregnancy is common in Bangladesh. Burns are a major, global public health problem, resulting in an estimated 195,000 deaths annually. The majority of burns occur in low-and middle-income countries, with almost half occurring in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region. Objective: To assess the maternal and fetal outcome in second and third trimesters of pregnancy with burn. Methods: This is a retrospective study was conducted in Burn and plastic surgery unit Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from March to May 2022. Total 28 patients admitted were included. The data was collected on the basis of age, percentage of burn over the body surface, gestational age, maternal and foetal outcome. All admitted patients having burn with live pregnancy was included in the study and epidermal burn and burn with other severe co-morbidities were excluded from the study group. All patients were informed about the study. Then those patients willing to take part in the study were included. Results: Total 28 patients (3.1% of female burn patient of childbearing age), having burn with Pregnancy were included in this study fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 28 patients, 10 (35.7%) patients were in age group 15-20 years followed by 11 (39.3%) in age group 21-25 years, 5 (17.8%) in age group 26-30 and 1 (3.6%) patient each was in age group 31-35 years and 41-45 years group. Age range was 16-45years. 96.4% burn Accidental and 3.6% burn Suicidal. Among 28 patients, 16 (57.1%) were survived after treatment and 12 (42.9%) patients died. The causes of death were septicemia and MODS in maximum cases. Fetal outcome shows, 16(57.1%) fetus were survived. Of them 8 pregnancy continued till discharge, 8 babies were delivered during treatment period (6 by normal vaginal delivery, 2 by caesarian section). 12 (42.9%) fetal death occurred. Among them 5 fetus died with maternal death, 1 intrauterine death follower by normal delivery and 1 still birth occurred. Conclusion: Most burns with pregnancy are in the 16-30 years age group and accident was the major cause of injury. Inhalation injury, burn related complications like burn shock, septicemia and infection are major factors responsible for maternal and fetal mortality. Early hospitalization, prompt and aggressive fluid management, proper management of suspected inhalation injury and early identification and management.

Patients can undergo lower extremity surgery by using the lumbar plexus block (LPB) technique. However, compared with central block, LPB problems were complex. For lower limb procedures, psoas compartment block is a suitable regional anaesthesia approach in place of central neuraxial blockade. As a peripheral nerve block, it is considered less dangerous than a central neuraxial block. However, it might result in some severe issues. Here, we describe a rare side effect of total spinal anaesthesia following psoas compartment block guided by a peripheral nerve stimulator.

Background: Providing instant care for life-saving or rescuing the injured or sick people requires having a considerable amount of first aid (FA) knowledge and experience. The current work sheds some light on the current status of Saudi family members’ first aid knowledge and experience aiming at reaching a sustainable decrease in the number of deaths and unnecessary losses. Methodology: A questionnaire was used to collect (N=447) participants’ information 35.6% (159/447) males and 64.4% (288/447) females from a number of Saudi cities. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v 25. Results: The results showed that 48.3% (216/447) of the participants have good FA experience and only 7.2% (32/447) have excellent FA experience. The majority of the participants 65.3% (292/447) were not FA-certified, 22.8% (102/447) attended an FA course, and 11.9% (53/447) were certified first aiders. 93.7% (419/447) of the participants think that the community’s FA awareness is low. The results also reported statistically significant association between being related to health care sector and FA experience χ2(3) = 56.8, p = 0.000, witnessing accidents and gender v χ2(7) = 19.1, p = 0.008, and having got FA tools and FA experience χ2(3) = 28.5, p = 0.000. Conclusion: The current study’s results along with numerous similar research provoke a public outcry to take practical steps towards enhancing a sustainable community’s FA education through campaigns, workshops, and training courses.

The study integrates electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods for investigation of the groundwater potential of the study area. Five ERT was conducted to determine the variation in resistivity of the shallow subsurface rocks both vertically and laterally in order to infer aquifer zones therefrom while twenty-four VES was carried out to compliment the information obtained from the ERT, determine vertical variation in resistivity, infer lateral variation in resistivity, identify depth to aquifer and infer groundwater prospect of the area. Three geoelectric layers were obtained with layer resistivity and thickness increasing northwards with shallower depth to aquifer obtained at Kutigi. K (ρ1<ρ2>ρ3) and Q (ρ1>ρ2>ρ3) resistivity type curves constitute 75% of obtained curves signifying increasing groundwater saturation and salinity, and are indication of increasing aquifer prospect with depth. The groundwater prospects in the area is generally high with properly constructed boreholes in these areas will produce prolific groundwater at 40 meters with higher yield expected at the southern regions of the study area around Enagi.

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory rheumatic disease that affects the axial skeleton, causing inflammatory back pain and can lead to structural and functional impairments. On average, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) incidence rates range from 0.2% to 1% of the adult population. McKenzie exercise seems to be beneficial for those affected by AS, in particular when it is planned according to the needs of the individual aiming to maintain or improve the level of physical fitness. The prevalence of AS is generally believed to be between 0.1% and 1.4% globally. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of McKenzie exercise in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: This was a comparative experimental study which was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh from October 2019 September 2020. The study was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of BSMMU on. A total of 112 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were selected who were divided into two groups. 56 patients were allotted in group A (NSAID group) and another 56 patients were allotted in group B (NSAID with McKenzie exercise). Collected data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 23.0 program as per necessity. Results: The mean VAS score at baseline was 34.44 ±2.78 in group A and 34.03±2.23 in group B, at 4 weeks 28.89±3.67 in group A and 21.23 ±3.57 in group B, at 8 weeks 30.59 ±3.69 in group A and 16.95±3.62 in group B and at 12 weeks 28.08±3.34 in group A and 15.04 ±3.77 in group B. The mean BASFI at baseline was 3.19±0.15 in group A and 3.51±0.18 in group B, at 4 weeks 2.99±0.15 in group A and 2.15±0.05 in group B, at 8 weeks 1.99±0.09 in group A and 1.26±0.22 in group B and at 12 weeks 2.01±0.09 in group A and 1.25±0.2 in group B. The mean BASDAI at baseline was 5.01±0.39 in group A and 4.95±0.4 in group B, at 4 weeks 3.99±0.07 in group A and 3.43±0.09 in group B, at 8 weeks 3.97±0.09 in group A and 3.02±0.07 in group B and at 12 weeks 3.49±0.06 in group A and 1.98±0.09 in group B. The differences of VAS score, BASFI and BASDAI at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Conclusion: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) causes pain and stiffness to affected joints and the spine and if the disease progresses, it can cause fusion of the joints, which can limit a person’s mobility and flexibility. In analyzing the outcomes of McKenzie exercise in patients with ankylosing spondylitis the differences of VAS score, BASFI and BASDAI at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were found as statistically significant (p<0.05) between NSAID group and NSAID with McKenzie exercise patient groups.

Introduction: Cardiothoracic ratio and vertical height are important indicators of cardiac size. The chest radiograph provides excellent contrast between the air-filled, cardiac, and aortic outlines. Aim of the study: This study was aimed at determining the cardiothoracic ratio, vertical height, transverse dimension of the trachea of Nigerians resident in Port Harcourt. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study carried out in the Radiology Department of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State. The study duration was 8 months (January–September, 2021), which involved four hundred and forty-eight (216 males and 232 females) normal chest radiographs of adult Rivers aged between 18 and above. The radiographs were found to be normal by a qualified radiologist in the department. Random sampling was used to determine the sample size for the study. Results and Discussions: Males [VH(cm) 1.49±0.40; TDT(cm) 20.20±2.81; ACR(cm) 0.46±0.068]; females [VH(cm) 19.08±2.58; ACR(cm) 0.48±0.06; CTR (cm) 41.44±3.40]. The males had repeatedly higher values vertical height and cardiothoracic ratio than the females, while the females had a higher value for aorto-cardiac ratio. Conclusions: The values of vertical height, cardiothoracic ratio, transverse dimension of trachea, and aorto-cardiac ratio demonstrated sexual dimorphism, the males had consistently higher values than the females except for aorto-cardiac ratio.

Metacognitive knowledge, knowledge about knowledge, was found to have a positive effect on learners’ performance, self-regulation, and academic success (Hartman, 2001; Wenden, 2001 & McCormick, 2013). However, little research has been done about the use of metacognitive knowledge and strategies applied in EFL writing in a Saudi context. The present study investigated the university learners’ metacognitive abilities in relation to writing including other variables like learners’ educational background and years of studying English. The study examined the correlation between the learners’ metacognitive abilities and their writing performance affected by their metacognitive knowledge and its regulation. Data were collected using a modified version of the Metacognitive Components of Planning Writing Self-inventory developed by Escorcia and Gimenes (2020) to analyze the learners’ metacognitive writing strategies. The survey consisted of three factors, metacognitive conditional knowledge, covert self-regulation, and environmental self- regulation. Participants were 190 female learners, first-year students studying English in a comprehensive program including writing at the University of Jeddah. Learners were asked to complete the survey adapted by the end of their course. The level of metacognition was checked for its effect on learners’ writing through Linear Regression. Findings indicate a positive significant correlation between the learners’ metacognitive conditional knowledge and writing performance. Also, a significant impact was predicted on learners’ writing performance. However, findings also specify a negative correlation between environmental self-regulation and learners’ writing performance. Additionally, the ‘years of studying English’ highly correlate with the learners’ metacognitive abilities, unlike learners’ educational background.

Fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM) is isolated from the seeds of Trigonella Foenum-graecum, commonly known as Fenugreek, which is herbaceous plant. Fenugreek seeds contain high percentage of mucilage, which does not dissolve in water, but swell up and become slick when exposed to fluids. Atorvastatin is one of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which are lipid-lowering medications used in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Atorvastatin is poorly absorbed orally, its oral bioavailability is very low (about14%) because it is very slightly soluble in distilled water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, which would limit its clinical application. The objective of this study is to enhance atorvastatin solubility in order to increase its bioavailability by the formulation of solid dispersion using fenugreek seed mucilage. Mucilage was extracted from the seed and evaluated for flow properties, pH value, FTIR spectroscopy and percentage practical yield. Then solid dispersions with different drug to polymer ratios were prepared from fenugreek mucilage and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), after that saturation solubility was tested for fenugreek seed mucilage solid dispersion (FSMSD), hydroxxy propyle methyl cellulose solid dispersion (HPMCSD) and pure drug. Tablets were prepared from solid dispersion with the highest saturation solubility, then tablets were tested and evaluated. The tablets showed satisfactory physicochemical properties as 1.77%RSD in tablet weight variation, 1 min disintegration time, 5.24±0.457 Hardness and 89% drug release in 45 min. it is concluded that FSM is a promising excipient that can be used in dosage forms formulation to enhance solubility of low soluble drugs.