This theoretical article delves into the intricate world of high-frequency trading (HFT) without empirical testing of real-world data, focusing on the incorporation of fractal geometry principles to enhance our understanding of market microstructure and price dynamics. In the introduction, we outline the significance of this research in the context of modern financial markets and lay out the objectives of our theoretical analysis. The article then takes an in-depth dive into fractal geometry fundamentals, illuminating its core concepts and its relevance within financial markets. Subsequently, the article explores the landscape of high-frequency trading, offering an overview of this dynamic domain and how fractal geometry can be incorporated into trading models. The section on modeling market microstructure presents theoretical approaches to understanding order flow dynamics, including novel derivations and equations. It then transitions into fractal-based approaches for analyzing the complexities of market microstructure, providing both an original perspective and numbered equations. Moreover, this article investigates the theoretical modeling of price dynamics, underscoring the pivotal role of fractal geometry in enriching these models. The discussion revolves around the fundamental autoregressive models and multifractal models, and it elucidates how fractal geometry principles, such as the Hurst exponent, come into play. We explore the self- similarity of price dynamics, fractal dimensions, and how these aspects can be integrated into high-frequency trading strategies. Overall, this article offers a comprehensive theoretical exploration of fractal geometry's implications in the realm of high-frequency trading, providing valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners seeking to fathom the complexities of market microstructure and price dynamics. The incorporation of fractal principles into financial models fosters a deeper understanding of self-similarity and complexity within financial markets, even in the absence of empirical data.

In this study, influence of varied copper addition on the mechanical properties and corrosion characteristics of grey cast iron (GCI) was investigated. As-cast unalloyed and 0.035 wt. %, 0.65 wt. % 0.85 wt. % and 1.18 wt. % copper alloyed GCI samples were produced using rotary furnace. Chemical compositions of the samples were determined by Optical Emission Spectroscopy using ARL QuantoDeskSpectro analysis machine. Tensile and hardness measurements were made using INSTRON tensile testing machine- model 3369 and Universal Rockwell hardness testenr- model 8187LKV respectively. Samples’ characterization was done using Philips SEM (XL30 TMP). And electrochemical measurement was determined using AUTOLAB PGSTAT 204N instrument. From the results, the as-cast unalloyed, 0.035 wt. % and 0.85 wt. % and 1.18 wt. % Cu alloyed GCI samples revealed lamella graphite in pearlite matrix, short flake graphite in pearlitic-ferrritic matrix, Type A flake graphite in pearlitic-ferritic matrix and long flake graphite in ferritic-pearlitic matrix respectively. Tensile, hardness and elongation properties of the copper GCI samples ranked superior over the as-cast unalloyed GCI sample. Optimum tensile value 158.26 N/mm2 and hardness value 447.4 HRC were revealed by the 0.85 wt. % Cu, and optimum ductility value of 2.79% was revealed by the 1.18 wt. % Cu alloyed GCI sample. In general, copper alloyed GCI samples showed better corrosion resistance relative to the as-cast unalloyed GCI sample. The copper alloyed GCI samples showed better corrosion resistance relative as compared to the as-cast unalloyed GCI sample. Least corrosion rate of 0.0011297 mm/yr with polarization resistance of 174.58 Ω was revealed by the 0.85 wt. % Cu alloyed GCI sample. Hence, it is most suitable in application requiring high to moderate strength is marine environment.

The pivotal and nodal role of nurses in the healthcare industry is very vital for the proper management of asthma. To effectively intervene, nurses must be skillful in techniques used in asthma management which must be evidenced-based. The study objective is to use educational program to enhance nurses’ asthma management practice. This study adopted Quasi-experimental one group pre-post research design. Two government teaching hospitals in Rivers State were used in this study. A total number of 52 nurses were purposively selected in collaboration with nurse-leaders in each study setting. Checklist developed by the researcher and experts in the field of medical surgical nursing using modified Delphi method was used to collect data based on GINA guidelines pre- and post-educational program. Reliability test for the checklist using Cronbach’s alpha co-efficient yielded .89. Educational program was administered for six days respectively at the two study settings. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t-test) at level of 0.05 level of significance. Participants with good asthma management practice at pre-educational program were 36.5% while at post-educational was 80.8%. Paired-simple t-test analysis on the difference in asthma management practice before and after nurse led educational program using GINA guideline indicates that tcal = 51.23, df = 51, and ttab = 1.96 Since tcal>ttab at P<0.05, Hence, the null hypotheses was rejected. The study concluded that nurse-led educational program using adopted GINA guidelines enhanced practice of asthma management among nurses.

Background: Hysterectomy is a major and common gynecological procedure that involves the removal of the uterus for benign or malignant indications. The rate of hysterectomy varies from one region to another. Objective: To determine the prevalence, indications and clinical outcome of hysterectomy at Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital. Materials and methods: The study was a 3-year retrospective review of hysterectomies, carried out between 1st July 2020 and 31st June 2023. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS version 26. Measured variables were expressed in percentage. Test for association was done using chi-square, setting P-value at <0.05. Results: A total of 56 hysterectomies were performed out of a total of 232 gynecological surgeries, giving a rate of 24.14%. The mean age was 51.72±12.2 years. The mean parity was 5.28±3.3. The rate of hysterectomy was highest (34.0%) among women aged 40 – 49 years. The commonest (29.8%) procedure was vaginal hysterectomy. The commonest (29.8%) indication for hysterectomy was utero-vaginal prolapse. The mean blood unit transfused was 1.2±1.2 units. The mean post-operative admission was 5.23± 2.2 days. Conclusion: Pelvic organ prolapse is the leading indication for hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy is the most common type of hysterectomy performed.

Drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae causes nosocomial infections, pneumonia, wound sepsis and infections of newborns and intensive care patients. In many cases antibiotics are no longer very effective in patients treated for K. pneumoniae infections. Various studies have shown antimicrobial properties of essential oils and different compounds that are part of them. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial efficacy and minimum inhibitory concentration of the Mentha piperita essential oil against resistant strain of K. pneumoniae. Efficiency of peppermint oil when used with antibiotics in wound management as well as controlling K. pneumoniae infection was also investigated in this study. Well diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of peppermint oil, where its inhibitory capacity was observed along with antibiotics and compared with control. Bacterial load of K. pneumonia OXA48 resistant strain on wound in rat models was also studied and compared. Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA48 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were inhibited by effectively by 40 µl/ml of peppermint oil in well diffusion assays. In rat models the wounds were healed, and epithelization was quicker in 10% peppermint oil treated wounds. Wounds applied with a combination of peppermint oil and Imipenem were more effectively protected from infection and showed better healing as well. Peppermint oil depicted both inhibitory capacities against K. pneumonia OXA48 and promoted wound healing as well. Further studies regarding PMO and its efficacy in wound management as well as its associated molecular mechanism would provide better understanding regarding its potential.

Discipline of students in secondary schools is important in the outcome of learners. Majority of schools in Kenya have reported an increase in the level of indiscipline amongst its learners. This has become concerning to the stakeholders involved including parents, the government and others as a result of increased cases of tardiness, abuse of drugs, cultic organizations in schools, riots, theft and so many other cases of anti-social behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the social influence of social skill development interactive strategies on students’ discipline in secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. Skinner’s model of behavior was used to guide the study. This study used descriptive research design for collecting both the qualitative and Quantative data. A sample of twenty three principals, thirty eight deputy principal and 376 teachers &students was used. Stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling was used to pick out the respondents of questionnaires. The reliability of research instruments was done using Cronbach’s alpha [α]. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the descriptive data and results presented using percentages, means, standard deviations and frequency tables. To conclude, social skill development interactive strategies plays an important role in promotion and management of student discipline. Teachers should focus on developing social skills among students, particularly those related to emotional management and conflict resolution. School administrators and teachers enforce school policies consistently to promote positive student behavior.

The goal of teaching the reading skill is to improve achievement for learners, yet the learners' reading comprehension test results in Kenya remain a challenge that requires appropriate intervention strategies. Previous studies have shown that pre-reading activities are facilitative pedagogic strategies that activate readers’ prior knowledge, hence comprehension of new text. Thus, the purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to establish if pre-reading activities had a significant effect on reading comprehension performance in selected secondary schools in Kenya. The study objectives were to assess if there was a difference in performance between learners that used brainstorming and those that used pre-teaching vocabulary; determine if pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming have a significant effect on the performance of English as Second Language (ESL) learners in reading comprehension; and, compare the effect of pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming on achievement in reading comprehension to determine which of the two pre-reading activities affects the performance of learners in reading comprehension more significantly. The study was underpinned by Reading Comprehension as a Socio-cognitive Processing Model by Ruddell and Ruddell; and Reading Comprehension as Transactional-Socio-Psycholinguistic Model by Goodman. These models respectively propagate the view that through the influence of the language teacher on the readers, and the individual transactions between a reader and the text, meaning is constructed. The study used a quasi-experimental group design. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 7 schools, 21 English second language classrooms and 21 language teachers. Data were collected using a reading comprehension test. These data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results of ANOVA showed that at p< .05 value, both pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming had a significant effect on the performance of Kenyan English Second Language learners in reading comprehension tests, though pre-teaching vocabulary was comparatively more impactful than brainstorming. The study concluded that teachers need to pre-teach unfamiliar words and/or brainstorm topics in the new text since they are effective pre-reading pedagogic strategies. The study recommended that teacher trainers, relevant Ministry of Education agencies, language teachers, and learners vouch for the use of pre-reading activities as a pedagogic strategy for enhancing reading comprehension.

Background: Abortion is pregnancy termination before the 24th week. Unsafe induced abortions, lacking proper skills or medical standards, cause 67,000 annual deaths in developing countries, according to WHO. Ensuring access to safe and legal abortion services is critical to reducing maternal mortality and safeguarding women's health globally. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out maternal mortality as well as morbidity related to induce abortion for termination of unwanted pregnancy in our set up. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 patients who admitted as cases of induced abortion in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital from March' 2014 to September 2014Those who had given informed written consent was finally enrolled in this study. Patients' details history, clinical examination investigation, and operation note was collected in a preformed data sheet. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs. Data was presented with descriptive statistics the level of significance of 0.05 was used for this study. Results: Among 92 patients were 15(16.3%) hemorrhage, 9(9.8%) hypovolemic shock, 10(10.9%) generalized peritonitis, 34(36.9%) pelvic peritonitis5 (5.4%) perforation of uterus, 4(4.3%) cervical injury, 1(1.1%) perforation of gut, 2(2.2%) septic shock, 2(2.2%) acute renal failure, 10(10.9%) no major complication. Among 92 patient 86 (93.5%) patients were improved and discharged and 6(6.5%) patients were expired. Conclusion: Induced abortion is a common gynecological problem requiring hospital admission and treatment. It has serious short term and long-term complications affecting women's health and life.

Students’ discipline in secondary schools is paramount in determining the learners’ outcomes. Many schools in Kenya experience a growing level of indiscipline. School indiscipline has been of great concern over time to parents, the government and other educational stakeholders due to many cases of tardiness, drug abuse, cultism, rioting, theft, truancy and many other antisocial vices. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of communication interactive strategies on students’ discipline in secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. The study was guided by Skinner’s Model of Behavior. A conceptual framework was designed to guide this study. The study employed descriptive research design which is suitable in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. Stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used. Data was collected by use of questionnaires administered by the researcher through hand delivery focused group discussion. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 for descriptive statistics and results presented using frequency tables, percentages, means and standard deviations. The study concluded that effective communication interactive strategies play an important role in promoting and managing student discipline.

Social infrastructures that have previously been built are destroyed by pastoral conflict. When teachers are forced to leave conflict zones and people move because they fear an invasion, the education system is disrupted. In the Kerio Valley area of the Marakwet East sub-county of Elgeyo Marakwet County, the public primary schools were the subject of research to examine how pastoral disputes influenced the management of education in those schools. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pastoral conflicts and its effect on education management in Kerio valley region of Marakwet East sub-county, Elgeyo Markwet County. A descriptive survey design was employed. The intended audience consisted of 420 respondents, including 200 families, 190 teachers, and 30 head teachers. The sample size was determined by regular random sampling techniques and consisted of 205 individuals. To collect quantitative data, head teachers, teachers filled out a questionnaire and household heads filled out an interview schedules qualitative data. Theme analysis was employed for qualitative data as well as descriptive and inferential analysis for quantitative data. Tables were used to present the information. The study's findings showed a substantial positive correlation between pastoral conflict frequency (β1=0.666 and p=0.000) and education management in Marakwet East sub-county. The study came to the conclusion that there was a positive correlation between the administration of education in the Marakwet East sub-county and the occurrence of pastoral conflict. To lessen potential disputes, the head teachers and teachers should work together with the surrounding community to manage the school's land.

This research focused on digital body language (DBL) in the context of Online Distance Learning (ODL). In ODL, students and teachers rely on digital platforms and technologies for learning, replacing traditional in-person interaction. DBL, a systematic technique to interpret digital signs similar to physical signs, has emerged to understand body language during digital communication. This study employed Husserlian phenomenology to explore teachers' experiences with students' digital body language during virtual consultations. Eight ODL teachers participated in web-based interviews, and the data were transcribed and analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) method. The analysis revealed three themes: (1) Building Connections, (2) Threats to Connections, and (3) Varieties in Connections. These findings demonstrate that teachers perceived students' digital body language as positive and negative experiences. The insights gained from this study provide valuable input for teachers and administrators to enhance communication among students and teachers in the virtual learning environment, extending beyond the challenges of the new normal.

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most serious infections in women. It is an inflammation and infection of the upper genital tract involving the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the surrounding structures. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a global problem, and it is common in both developed and developing countries. It can cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Risk factors for PID are multiple sexual partners, single status, lower socioeconomic status, young age (<30 years), intrauterine contraceptive device, endometrial biopsy, curettage, hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingography, and Complications of tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Objective: The aim was to assess the level of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding pelvic inflammatory disease at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 115 that was a purposive sampling technique followed by those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the nurse’s knowledge and practice regarding pelvic inflammatory disease. The study was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge, and practice-based information on pelvic inflammatory disease. Results: The findings of the present study in socio-demographics revealed that the highest 64.35% were 31-40 years old, 88.70% were female, 93.91% were married, 93.04% were Muslim, and 61.74% had a Diploma in Nursing and the main findings of average knowledge score 40.00% were the low level of knowledge regarding the pelvic inflammatory disease. It is may not be practical experience in their existing situation. Conclusion: The worldwide increase in the incidence of PID during the last few decades has led to secondary epidemics of tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The application of in-service education and training programs will be significant in enhancing the knowledge and self-reported practices among nurses regarding preventive measures of PID.

Introduction: An increasing number of exercise training programs are being proposed for stroke rehabilitation, with results considered positive, although not fully validated, and no recommendations, either in terms of techniques or procedures, have been reported. Objective: To review the literature on the effects of exercise retraining and physical activity in adult vascular hemiplegics. Observe these results in relation to different body systems. Method: Consultation of databases (Medline) and relevant literature using keywords (stroke, physical exercise, strength, muscular training, treadmill training...). Results: We found 58 articles on different re-training and exercise techniques (walking, cardiovascular, muscular strength and others) and outcomes (cardiovascular, muscular, bone, neurological systems, functional status) in vascular hemiplegics. Discussion – Conclusion: There is considerable interest in the literature in exercise and re-training techniques for stroke patients, with promising results. However, there are many limitations to the studies, due to differences in population samples, analysis criteria and protocol modalities, making it difficult, given the current state of knowledge, to make recommendations concerning the generalization of certain procedures.

Background: Although the aetiology of preterm deliveries is largely unknown, it is said to be multifactorial and cervical insufficiency has been implicated. Hence, cervical cerclage is a necessary and common prophylactic obstetric procedure for preventing prematurity and associated recurrent second trimester miscarriages. Objectives: To evaluate the pattern, indications, and fetal outcome of cervical cerclage. Methodology: This was a retrospective study of 50 women who had cervical cerclage insertion at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Data was obtained from the ward registers, theatre records, and case notes of the women, and entered into a structured proforma. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 25, and results are presented as frequency tables and charts. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35 ± 2.07 years. The mean of number of previous miscarriages was 2.46 ± 2.07, 56.8% were multiparous and 50% had a previous manual vacuum aspiration. Majority 35 (70%) of the women had prophylactic cerclage, 10 (20%) had cerclage following in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer pregnancy, while 5(10%) had rescue cerclage. Most 29 (58%) of the prophylactic cervical cerclage insertion were done between 11-15 weeks, with MacDonald technique being the most common technique practiced. Of these, only 18 (36%) carried the pregnancy up to 36 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Many of cervical cerclage procedures were performed for prophylaxis and resulted in improved fetal outcomes in women who had previously experienced mid-trimester losses or preterm delivery.

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) is the administration of a nutritionally complete feed through a tube into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. It has been proposed that EN helps to maintain the health and integrity of the gut barrier and is connected to increased levels of immunoglobulin synthesis, which may help to boost defenses against respiratory infections. However, critically ill patients may have a poor tolerance for enteral feeding and may develop unpleasant gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting. Aim: To investigate at the incidence between enteral nutrition and the risk of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. Methods: This is an updated review of research that were published between 2016 and 2018. To research our topic, we employed the Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The keywords used in various combinations included "enteral nutrition, feeding, incidence, aspiration, pneumonia, adults, ICU." In addition, original research on the relationship between entreat feeding and the risk of pneumonia in critically ill individuals was reviewed. The inclusion criterion was full-text publications. Results: Despite obtaining 17 papers, only three research met the inclusion requirements. All of the research were conducted in the past. The study included 413 adult patients in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: In critically ill people, enteral feeding was related with a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia and overall infections. Enteral feeding was found to be safe and effective for critically ill patients, with no major problems.