Introduction: Ileo-colonoscopy is considered the method of choice for exploring the terminal ileum. However, the diagnostic value of terminal ileal intubation (IBD) during colonoscopy remains controversial. The objective is to evaluate the frequency, the interest and the results of systematic catheterization of the IBD with biopsies during a total colonoscopy. Patients and Methods: Were included all patients referred to the service for a colonoscopy whatever the indication from July 2006 to July 2022; in whom IBD catheterization was performed whenever possible regardless of the indication for colonoscopy. All colonoscopies were performed under Propofol sedation and all patients were prepared with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Results: Out of a total of 5224 colonoscopies, the IBD was catheterized in 2371 patients, i.e. a frequency of 45%. 62% were men and 37% women. The average age was 46 years old. The most common indications were diarrhea in 35% patients and rectal bleeding in 30% patients. IBD was abnormal in 249 patients (11%): congestive ileitis in 88 patients (3.7%), nodular ileitis in 75 patients (3.1%), ulcerated ileitis in 72 patients (3%), stenosis in 10 patients (0.5%), an ulcero-budding tumor in 2 patients (0.1%) and angiodysplasia in 2 patients (0.1%).The histological study of ileal biopsies was pathological in 116 patients (47%): Crohn's disease in 110 patients (94.8%), tuberculosis in 4 patients (3.4%), radiation ileitis in 1 patient (0.8%) and neuroendocrine carcinoma in 1 patient (0.8%). Conclusion: The diagnostic yield of catheterization of the last ileal loop varies according to the indications for colonoscopy. It should be done as often as possible during each colonoscopy to objectify terminal ileitis most often referred to Crohn's disease and therefore requiring adequate medical care.

The role of microfinance institutions in the economy cannot be over emphasized. It cannot be disputed that microfinance institutions give the needed support to increase productivity among the targeted groups. This research work is aimed at assessing the impact of microfinance schemes to meet the challenging needs of women in human resource development in the Sagnarigu Municipality. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey for this purpose and both simple random method (lottery or chance method) and purposive sample technique were used to achieve representativeness. Data sources in this study include primary and secondary data, and, questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data from 55 respondents. The findings indicate that microfinance assists very poor families and communities with basic needs and protect households, communities and most especially women against risk and decision making. The study recommended that; the processing of the microfinance loans should be timely to enable women utilize the facility when it is most needed.

Background: The pathological events during diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) could induce hyper-vascular injuries and coagulopathies in affected patients. Thus, this prospective comparative study aims to assess the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) and international normalized ratio (INR) as biomarkers of potential coagulopathies in diabetics with hypertension (test group) and those without hypertension (control group) at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, North-western Nigeria. Materials and methods: Whole blood samples were obtained from 74 diabetic patients with hypertensive and 37 diabetic patients without hypertension and analysed for the PT, PTTK and INR values using commercially available kits. The sociodemographic variables of the enrolled participants were collated and statistically analysed against the coagulometric values using suitable tests. Results: Participants between 50-59 years (39.2%) were the most frequently enrolled participants, followed by 40-49 years (29.73%). Females comprised 56.8% while males were 43.2% of the participants. The PT, PTTK and INR were not statistically significant between diabetes with hypertension and diabetes without hypertension which were (9.22 ± 1.78, 30.27 ± 18.18 and 0.70 ± 0.15) and (9.51 ± 1.85, 36.57 ± 17.17 and 0.72 ± 0.14) respectively (p = 0.532, p = 0.061 and p= 0.575). The age group of the subjects showed a significant increase in PTTK when compared with PT and INR (p = 0.392, p = 0.002 and p = 0.467). There were increases but statistically non-significant in PTTK when compared with PT and INR based on occupation (p =0.833, p = 0.000 and p = 0.779) respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed no significant variation in PT, PTTK and INR of diabetics and diabetics with hypertension. However, future studies could be done to focus on platelet factors and other highly sensitive biomarkers of the coagulation system of these populations. Nevertheless, monitoring the PTTK in older diabetic patients with diabetes mellitus is important to prevent hypercoagulation.

Background: Free and informed consent (FIC) is, first and foremost, a privileged process of exchange between the researcher and the participant, from the beginning to the end of the research and even beyond. The participant will confirm his or her willingness to participate, after having been informed of all aspects of the study. The ELC takes the form of a written, signed and dated form. It must contain 21 items and be placed in the appendices of the brief. Our study has two objectives: to analyze the perception of the ELC among students; and to propose solutions to facilitate the conduct and respect of the participant's dignity. This qualitative study took place from May 19, 2021 to March 10, 2022. Data collection was conducted through focus groups (FGs) and individual interviews in neutral locations based on an evolving interview guide. Transcription was manual and data analysis was performed by grounded theory, after the realization of context of enunciation. Triangulation of data and researchers was respected. Eight GD and two individual interviews (46 subjects) were carried out to reach data saturation. Low interest in respecting the elements of the ELC, different definitions and negative views of the ELC were noted in the statements of the respondents. The majority of the ELC process (70%) does not respect GCP. The understanding and production of the form raises several ethical issues. It is appropriate to train supervisors and students in research ethics, evaluation and monitoring of research protocols.

Background: The use of epidural catheters provides the best quality intra- and post-operative pain relief for various major thoraco-abdominal and lower limb surgeries. The process of placing an epidural catheter into the epidural space between the vertebrae can be challenging due to variations in spinal anatomy of different level, narrow intervertebral spaces and can cause catastrophic neurological complications. Though various studies have been shown to overcome the placement of epidural catheter using standard ultrasound method, using the pre-existing computer tomography depth correlate with loss of resistance in placing the epidural catheter would be a well adjunct tool for the procedure. Objectives: To correlate measurements taken from pre-existing computed tomography (CT) imaging to the loss of resistance depth as recorded during epidural placement. Methods: This Single procedural observational study was performed in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka from 1st December 2018 to 30th November 2019. Fifty adult patients scheduled for lower abdominal and lower limb surgery under epidural anaesthesia (EA). The patient’s advised/routine abdominal CT film was inspected by a radiologist, who was blinded to the results of the actual needle length, to determine the distance from the skin to the ligamentum flava the corresponding level of L2 to L5 interspinous spaces. The distance on the CT film in the midline was measured using a ruler against the measurement scale, conventionally represented as a 5 cm-10 cm scale with 1-cm divisions. The CT-derived depth was calculated using the principle of Pythagorean triangle trigonometry. Result: In this study, Sixty eight percentages of patients (68%) Epidural- skin distance (ESD) had 4.7-6.8cm. Mean Epidural-skin distance 5.8±1.7cm. On evaluation of Loss of Resistance Depth, 46% of patients had 5.2-7.3cm depth of LOR, followed by 30% patients had 3.0-5.1cm and 12% patients had 7.4-9.5cm. Mean loss of resistance depth was 6.3±1.4 cm. It was evident from this study that positive significant correlation (r=0.941; p=0.001) between the CT-derived distance and Loss of Resistance Depth. Conclusion: It is conclude that using pre-existing CT-scan derived distance is helpful in prediction of the epidural space depth and it is correlates with actual loss of resistance epidural needle insertion depth placing the catheter in lumber region.

Introduction: Bacterial urinary tract infection is the microbial invasion of symptomatic urine and inflammation of the structures of the urinary tree. The aim of our work was to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of bacterial urinary tract infections in children aged 2 to 15 years at the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Material and Method: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of bacterial urinary tract infections in 2 to 15 year olds at Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou from September 2018 to August 2019. Results: During our study period on 2111 children between 2 and 15 years old admitted to the ward, we collected 71 cases of bacterial urinary tract infections, a hospital frequency of 3.36%. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.33. The age group of 2 to 5 years predominated with 52.11%. Urine strips were used in all patients with a positivity rate of 98.4%. On cytobacteriological examination of urine there was leukocyturia in 86% and hematuria in 85.6% of cases, at culture there was a predominance of Escherichia coli in 54.7%. The most common diagnosis was pyelonephritis with 53.5%, the most frequently used antibiotics were amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in 50.70%. The cure rate was 97.05% of cases; however two patients or 2.65% had acute complications to kidney abscess type. Conclusion: Bacterial urinary tract infection is a common pathology in pediatrics. Our study made it possible to approach this pathology in a global way, which mainly affects infants and young children in whom diagnosis remains difficult given the non-specificity of clinical signs. The cure is almost total however complications can occur requiring multidisciplinary management.

The development of computer technology and the internet provide implications-the implications are significant in the settings and the establishment of regulations in cyber space and cyber laws as well as to the development of crime in cyberspace or often referred to as cybercrimes. Of the various things that need to be emphasized that the internet was not initially designed for tracking and tracinguser behavior, but it is designed for the needs of the military in the face of war the world at that time. Normatively, with the establishment of Law Number 11 Year 2008 On Information and Electronic Transactions as new rules that apply, and all the population is considered to have been knowing. Adoption of the Law on Information and electronic transactions against cybercrime. In the era of industrial Revolution 4.0 is the current utilization of the technology, the more massive the better government agencies, private companies, national banking, center for research and society. Sociological research empirical, then studied at first is secondary data, to then proceeds with the research on primary data lapangam or to the community. The author will give an overview first the definition and the classification of crime is cybercrime, the perpetrators and victims of form and modus operandi as well as how the public reacts to kejehatan cybercrime such. Cybercrime is a criminal activity in the virtual world with a network utilizing the computer as a tool and a network of the internet as a medium. In a broader sense, cybercrime is all the illegal actions committed through a computer network and the internet to get advantage by harming the other party. Then in the narrow sense, cybercrime are all illegal actions that are intended to attack computer security systems and the data processed by a computer system.

Introduction: This study was conducted to identify the current status of research on the relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents, and to provide a reference for further research. A systematic evaluation method was used to find out the current status of research on the correlation between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents, based on two Chinese databases, CNKI and WANFANG DATA, and Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search Premier (ASP), MEDLINE, Education Source, Education Resource Information Center (ERIC), and APA. Center (ERIC), APA PsycInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and other English databases, we collected studies on the relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical activity of children and adolescents published in China and abroad between 2016 and 2022. Results: A total of 17 studies were included, of which 13 studies were conducted on normal children and 4 studies were conducted on children with disabilities. Conclusions: (1) There is a positive relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity, and longitudinal studies are needed to further prove the relationship; (2) Basic motor skills have a facilitating effect on the physical activity of children and adolescents, especially those with disabilities, and can increase their physical activity time by improving their basic motor skills, and the relationship between the dimensions of basic motor skills and physical activity from (3) The relationship between basic motor skills and physical activity in children and adolescents are influenced by gender factors, and other factors have not been explored in current domestic and international studies.

According to the WHO, anemia affects 64.6% of children under the age of 5 on the African continent, representing more than 90 million children. In Mali, 82% of children aged 6 to 59 months have anemia. Objective: This work aimed to study anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months hospitalized in the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro FOMBA hospital in Ségou. Materials and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in children aged 6 to 59 months from January 1 to December 31, 2019 at the pediatrics department of the Nianankoro Fomba Hospital in Ségou. Results: We collected a sample of 316 cases of anemia out of a total of 1,316 hospitalized children, an overall frequency of 24%. The most affected age group was 25-59 months with an average age of 32 months. The sex ratio was 1.2. Farming fathers and out-of-school mothers were the most common at 72.5% and 97.5%, respectively. Most cases of anemia occurred during the winter period with a peak in October of 35.12%. The most talked about reason for consultation was fever. Severe anemia was the most common at 74% with 81% hypochrome anemia. The use of transfusion was 90.8%. The mortality rate was 11.4% with a cure rate of 85.4%. Deaths were strongly related to severe anemia. Conclusion: Anemia has multifactorial cause. Strong parental involvement in integrated activities to combat malaria, malnutrition and parasitosis will help reverse the trend.

Dengue may be a spectrum of disease caused by 5 serotypes of the foremost current arthropod- borne virus touching humans nowadays. The term dengue came into general use solely once 1828. Dengue viruses (DV) belong to family Flaviviridae and there are 5 serotypes of the virus observed as DV-1, DV-2, DV-3, DV-4 and DV5. DV could be a positive-stranded encapsulated polymer virus and consists of 3 structural macromolecule genes that write in code the nucleocapsid or core (C) macromolecule, a membrane-associated (M) macromolecule, associate degree enclosed (E) conjugated protein and 7 non-structural (NS) proteins. It is transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquito and also by Ae. Albopictus. The present strategy of bioinformatics analysis is to exploit the current data available both on gene and genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of dengue to integrate these at novel levels of understanding of gene network interactions and expression levels. The study revealed 2 studies of dengue from GWAS with a total of 2 unique genes, namely MICB and PLCE1 that were mapped to discrete genomic locations of human genome which represented 15 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with MICB gene and 5 rsIDs (SNPs) associated with PLCE1 gene. The consensus results of the online tools like SIFT ,SNP & GO, PANTHER , Ployphen2.0 and I- mutant for structure and functional studies depicted rs1051788, rs1051788, rs41293883 and rs45583740 of MICB gene to be deleterious/ diseased and effecting the structure and function of MICB gene which may the reason for occurrence of dengue in human counterpart. The DAVID bioinformatics functional enrichment analysis reported 234 genes and 468 GO terms for biological processes (BP).In this study a total of 307 genes pertaining to dengue and its associated diseases were mined from various databases like GWAS, GEO & Jeans lab disease database. Out of 307 genes only 22 genes were consider for interaction study with different drug molecules as they are treated as the key factors that play a vital role in dengue.

Adherence to (or compliance with) a medication schedule refers to the extent to which individuals take drugs as advised by their medical professionals. Many medical practitioners prefer the term "adherence" over "compliance," as the latter suggests that the patient is merely following orders from their doctor passively and that the treatment regimen is not founded on a therapeutic alliance or partnership between the patient and the provider. Particularly for chronic illnesses, maintaining commitment to a therapy regimen is challenging, which frequently hinders patients from reaping the full advantages of therapies. Negative health effects include treatment failure, more frequent hospital admissions, drug resistance in some circumstances (for example, in HIV or antibiotic regimens), and higher use of healthcare resources as a result of poor adherence. Effective chronic disease self-management and successful health outcomes depend on medication adherence. HIV patients, asthmatic patients, and hypertensive patients can enhance their adherence with the use of DATs. Further analysis of both short- and long-term effectiveness if the costs of these systems will be covered by better results, fewer ER visits, and fewer inpatient stays.

This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of nurses about the safety of patients after performing a cardiac catheterization process. Merowe Medical City) from August 2021 to March 2022. The study included 35 randomly selected nurses. 13-question questionnaire was designed and the data was analyzed using statistical analysis (SPSS) and presented in graphic forms. The study showed that most of the nurses (45%) have good knowledge regarding cardiac catheterization, and (8%) have poor knowledge about complications and (11%) of the nurses has poor knowledge of the time required for the patient to remain in bed after the operation. (83%) have knowledge of the time required to remove the cardiac catheterization. The study recommended conducting workshops inside the hospital on the care of cardiac catheterization patients after the operation, and the hospital administration should hold continuous training courses so that the nurses can deal with the cardiac catheterization patient after the operation and provide the best health care.

This study investigated education law and safety/health management. Education law is very important not only to teachers but to all who are involved in the education and circular world. The roles of safety/health in Nigeria and the world at large toward quality service delivery are never to be debatable. Countries and continents over years are faced with challenges of how to enhance the health, safety and security of lives and properties and citizens in the society. The issue of management was also looked at, as it concerns safety and health. Importance of safety and health were also highlighted. Challenges to effective management of safety and health were enumerated in this study. Conclusion was made followed by suggestions which some of them are (1) the rudiments of education law and safety and health management should be taught in schools (2) education law and safety/health management should be taken to other health sectors other than schools.

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (PLSVC) is the most common congenital abnormality of the thoracic venous system, it is usually diagnosed as an unexpected finding during attempts to left-sided venous catheterisation for intracardiac lead placement which can make more challenging and time consuming. Patients with this congenital malformation are at increased risk of developing various cardiac arrhythmias. It affects approximately 0.5 - 2% of individuals with normal heart, and up to 10 % in the presence of an established congenital heart diseases. We present two different challenging cases of persistent left superior vena cava incidentally discovered during device implantation

Background: Rhinosporidiosis refers to a granulomatous inflammation of mucocutaneous sites caused by Rhinosporidium Seeberi, presenting most frequently as polypoidal lesions in the nose and nasal cavity. Involvement of sites like the conjunctiva, trachea, nasopharynx, skin, and genitourinary tract are rare. Cases of nasal rhinosporidiosis with satellite skin nodules around head and neck region has been reported. Primary cutaneous involvement is however extremely rare [1]. We report the case of a 58 year old male who came with complaints of anterior chest wall swelling since 2 months with sudden increase in size. The patient was sent for FNAC with a clinical diagnosis of a soft tissue tumor. FNAC however revealed sporangia of varying sizes with endospores along with foreign body giant cell reaction. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Cutaneous rhinosporidiosis may mimic a soft tissue tumor. FNAC being a minimally invasive and less expensive procedure gave a definitive diagnosis, and also aided to initiate prompt management of the condition.