Introduction: The development of APL is associated with a more severe prognosis of the disease, and with a significant alteration of the quality of life. For this reason, the advent of biological agents has allowed in a significant number of patients a healing of these APL. Through this work, we illustrate the evolution of these lesions by comparing patients before and after the beginning of biotherapy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analytical study carried out in our department between January 2015 and January 2021 including all patients receiving biological treatment for CD with APL. Results: Among 355 patients with CD, 45 patients were on biological treatment which 32 (71%) had APL. Among these 32 patients, sex ratio (W/M) was 1.9, mean age was 37 +/- 9.3. The type of anal involvement was as follow: 20 patients (75%) had anal suppurations, 7 patients (20%) had ulcerations and 5 patients (5%) had anal stenosis. In 5% it was an isolated anal Crohn's disease, in 15% it was intestinal disease with APL, in 31% it was colonic disease with APL. 25 patients (78%) were under Infliximab and 7 (21.8%) under Adalumimab. The number of patients with APL before treatment has significantly decreased after treatment with a p=0.002, with an improvement of APL in 20 patients (60%) of under anti-TNF agent. Conclusion: Anti-TNF agents allowed a better management and a favorable evolution of APL in most of our CD patients. However, to overcome the failure of anti-TNF in some of our patients, the availability of other biological molecules on the Moroccan market remains more than desirable.

Thyroid lipomatosis is a rare disease, characterized by diffuse infiltration of the stroma by mature adipose tissue, leading to increased size of thyroid gland. The pathophysiology of diffuse proliferation of adipose tissue in the thyroid gland is unclear. Our study involves 2 cases with thyroid lipomatosis treated in surgical department B, Ibn Sina University Hospital. In the 2 cases studied, the average age was 50 years and the 2 patients were female. The 2 patients had consulted for a cervical swelling and the physical examination had found a goiter in both patients. They were treated with total thyroidectomy, and the postoperative follow-up was simple, with no deplorable complications. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen showed infiltration of the entire thyroid parenchyma by mature adipocytes, without any sign of hyperplasia, malignancy or amyloid deposition. Diffuse thyroid lipomatosis is considered a rare condition with about 20 cases described in the literature. This entity has no malignant evolutionary potential and the complications are of a mechanical nature.

This study was carried out to assess conflict and its management in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. It examined the causes of conflict in the institution in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. These were with the view to assessing causes of conflicts and its management in tertiary institutions. Primary and secondary data were used to evaluate the causes and consequences of conflict on the institution. The primary data were collected through administration of copies of questionnaire while Secondary data were obtained through textbooks, journals, internet document and official publications. Two hundred and three (203) copies of questionnaire were randomly distributed to the respondents which represented 10% of the total population, while one hundred and eighty-six (186) were retrieved and analysed (representing 91.6%). The data collected from the questionnaire were analysed descriptively using frequency distribution and standard deviation. This study revealed that communication gap (85.4%), late payment of remunerations (93.5%) and poor availability of facilities and equipment in the institution (84.9%) are the major factors responsible for conflicts between staff and management in the institution. The study concluded that conflict management had been ineffective in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Objectives: All studies performed periodontal distraction with interseptal bone cuts but no one performed it without interseptal bone cuts. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of periodontal distractor with and without interseptal bone cuts on the pulp vitality of the retracted canines. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 32 canines in 16 female patients (16- 21 years old) requiring extraction of bilateral maxillary first premolars and canine retraction. They were divided into two groups: canine retraction by periodontal distractor with distal interseptal bone cuts (Group I), canine retraction by periodontal distractor without distal interseptal bone cuts (Group II). After bilateral maxillary premolar extraction in both groups inter septal bone cuts was done in group I only. Then the periodontal distractor was cemented and activated twice per day in both groups. An electrical vitality test was evaluated before and after the distraction procedure. Results: None of the teeth reacted negatively to the electrical vitality test that was performed one month after the completion of the distraction procedure. There was no clinical sign of discoloration or pulpal pain in any tooth. Conclusions: Canine retraction was accelerated effectively by periodontal distraction technique either with or without distal interseptal bone cuts. The electrical pulp tester was positive in both groups.

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most frequently encountered conditions in gynaecological practice world over and is defined as bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in volume, regularity and /or timing and has been present for majority of the past 6 months. This study was done to evaluate histology of endometrium for identifying the endometrial causes of DUB. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study done at Dr S N Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan on 250 patients who presented with DUB from June 2020– September 2022. The endometrial changes were observed by reviewing and studying the histological slides, prepared through routine processing channels which includes fixation, grossing, tissue processing, dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting and H&E staining procedures. Results: The commonest endometrial pattern was proliferative pattern in 145(58.00%) cases. Followed by secretary pattern in 34(13.60%), disordered proliferative pattern 19(7.60%). Cystic Dilatation11 (4.4%), Simple Endometrial Hyperplasia 9 (3.6%), Atrophic Changes 9(3.6%), Late Proliferative Pattern8 (3.2%), Early Secretory Pattern 6(2.4%), Hyperplasia without atypia5 (2%), Arias Stella reaction3 (1.2%), Cystic Hyperplasia1(0.4%). Conclusion: The incidence of proliferative pattern was significantly high in this study, suggesting an early presentation of these patients.

Background: Women suffers 10 times more with thyroid disorders than men. Alterations in menstrual cycle alters thyroid function which could be either hypo or hyper thyroidism. Abnormal increase in serum prolactin level can cause disturbance in follicle maturation and corpus luteum function, and can lead to inhibition of normal secretion of GR hormone in hypothalamus which results in anovulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the thyroid and the prolactin levels among the women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding at tertiary care Hospital of western Rajasthan. Methods: An observational study was conducted for a period two years i.e from 2020 to 2022 in our institution at the gynaecology OPD with help of pathology department. 250 Patients with the complaints of dysfunctional uterine bleeding of age group between 25 to 70 years were included in the study. Estimation of Free T3, Free T4, TSH and prolactin was done by chemiluminescent immunoassay for the patients. Results: The mean TSH levels among the DUB cases was high. Similarly, hyperprolactinemia was found in cases and the mean prolactin levels were higher in cases. Significantly strong positive correlation between thyroid function and prolactin with p value <0.0001 was found.which indicates that as the TSH level increases prolactin levels also increases. Conclusions: Early detection of hypothyroidism in DUB cases can save the patient from recurrent curettage and at times hysterectomy. The financial implications of screening for prolactin/thyroid hormone abnormalities will have to be evaluated before a general recommendation can be made.

Introduction: Guided prostate biopsy is still relevant in confirming the diagnosis of suspected prostate cancer. Objective: This study evaluated the role of Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy along with histopathological evaluation in the detection of prostate cancer on the basis of abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings and elevated prostate specific antigen levels (PSA). Participants and Methods: This prospective study was undertaken among consenting men aged 40 years and above screened for prostate cancer at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital using targeted, stepwise protocol including DRE, PSA and standard 12-core transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy technique. Biopsy samples were sent for histopathological evaluation. Findings were documented, analyzed and presented in tables and figures. Results: Among 437 participants, abnormal DRE findings, elevated PSA level above 4.0 ng/ml and abnormal TRUS findings were 17.2%, 21.1%, and 17.3% respectively. Of 44 participants who had prostate biopsies with histopathologic assessment, benign prostatic diseases were 24 cases (54.5%), slightly outnumbering malignant prostatic diseases seen in 20 (45.5%).The prostate cancer detection and prevalence rates were 45.5% and 4.6% respectively. Prostatic adenocarcinoma (45.5%), nodular hyperplasia (45.5%), basal cell hyperplasia (6.8%) and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (2.2%) were identified histologic subtypes. Nodular hyperplasia was commonly associated with chronic prostatitis (80.0%). A significant association between DRE findings, outline of prostate, and tumour subtype was ascertained. Conclusion: Targeted screening protocol encompassing TRUS guided 12- core biopsy is a final arbiter in the diagnosis of prostate cancer and has a fairly high prostate cancer detection rate of 45.5%.

Breast milk is a natural liquid’s food given to babies who are between one-day old to about 2 years old depending on mothers and locations. The aim of this study is to investigate Pattern of Breastfeeding amongst Mothers and its Physiological Effects on Infants in Rural Areas of Rivers State. This is a cross-sectional study involving 111 lactating mothers who are within the age of 18 to 42 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the researchers. The study lasted for a period of 9 weeks. The study revealed that 17(15.30%) had primary education, 64(57.70%) had secondary education while 30(27.00%) had tertiary education. Occupational distribution of respondents shows that 10(9.00%) were civil servants, 61(55.00%) business class while 40(36.00%) were farmers. The results also, shows that 98(88.30%) were nursing mothers while 13(11.70%) were not. The results of breastfeeding pattern of respondents show that 11(9.90%) used breast milk alone, 32(28.80%) breast milk +water, 2(1.80%) breast milk + pap, 31(27.90%) breast milk +NAN or others in this category +30(27.00%) breast milk + solid food while 5(4.50%) employed pap alone. The level of awareness of the respondents about exclusive breastfeeding revealed that 78(70.30%) said YES while 33(29.70%) said NO, that they do not know about exclusive breastfeeding. 90(81.1%) of the respondents do not carry out exclusive breastfeeding and 21(18.9%) carried out exclusive breastfeeding. The duration for breastfeeding among mothers are 5.4% (6 months), 13.5% (5 m0nths), 37.8% (3 months), 43.2% (none).

Oral health is essential to quality of life because it promotes social and physical well-being and serves as a reflection of general health. According to some estimates, dental and oro-dental conditions are the most prevalent illnesses in the world. One important known predisposing factor for various oral illnesses is poor oral hygiene. Since the beginning of recorded history, mankind has suffered from oral diseases in all of its manifestations. Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Arabic, and Indian surgical and medical treatises all discuss mouth illnesses at some point. Many renowned Unani physicians have too mentioned about various oral diseases and unhygienic conditions in their respective books. They have clearly mentioned how to maintain oral health and treat various oral conditions in their respective rich Unani texts. Present review paper is an attempt to throw some light over oral hygiene, its historical background and diseases which occur due to poor oral health light of the Unani literature.

Introduction: Intramedullary nailing is a commonly employed procedure for treating distal tibial fractures. The two primary approaches for this procedure include the suprapatellar and infrapatellar techniques. Despite their widespread use, there is ongoing debate about the relative merits and drawbacks of these two approaches. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to assess the comparison between suprapatellar and infrapatellar approaches for intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Brahmanbaria Medical College Hospital, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh, during the period from December 2020 to December 2022. Total 120 patients with intramedullary nailing of distal tibial fractures were included in this study. All the patients were divided into two groups; Group A comprised of 60 patients treated by suprapatellar approach and Group B comprised of patients treated by infrapatellar approaches. Result: For age, the mean age in Group A is 42.3 years (SD± 9.8 years), and in Group B it is 44.7 years (SD±10.3 years). In terms of sex, male predominance was seen in both groups. Surgical characteristics like surgical time (68.5 vs 74.2 mins), blood loss (58.4 vs 63.7 ml), and fluoroscopy number (15.7 vs 18.9) were significantly less in Group A. Post-operatively, Group B reported more pain (VAS score: 27.1 vs 18.7), while Group A had better range of motion (18.3 vs 17.1) and knee functionality (Lysholm score: 84.6 vs 80.9). Group B showed better foot and ankle functionality (AOFAS score: 94.4 vs 91.3). Fracture healing time was similar (24.5 vs 24.7 months). Fewer patients in Group A experienced complications like fracture deformity, malalignment, and surgical site infections. Conclusion: The suprapatellar approach may be the preferred nailing technique for treating distal tibial fractures compared with infrapatellar approach.

Climate change is the single greatest threat to human health, and medical professionals around the world are already taking action to mitigate the health effects brought on by this developing crisis. In order to avoid catastrophic health effects and the millions of fatalities that would come from climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) thinks that the increase in global temperature must be kept below 1.5°C. Some global temperature increases and other climate effects are already unavoidable due to historical emissions. Every additional tenth of a degree of global warming will have a significant negative impact on people's lives and health. It is thought that even a rise of 1.5°C is unsafe.

Summary: It is important to estimate the aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of trees with non-conforming trunks in the forests of the central Congolese basin to plan resource management and to assess the contribution of these forests in mitigating the effects of climate change and, this within the framework of conservation at the scale of a reserve, that for Measuring, Reporting and Verifying forest carbon stocks within the framework of national strategies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions linked Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). This study aimed to set up a protocol for estimating the aerial biomass and the corresponding carbon stocks of trees with particular architecture in the Yasikia forest. To succeed, a dendrometric study was carried out for all trees with non-compliant trunks. Dendrometric data were collected on 189 trees divided into 9 families and 20 species. The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989). The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989). The results of this study show that it is preferable to use the equivalent diameter for a good estimate of the biomass because taking the diameter at the end of the buttress or above, underestimates the quantity of biomass for a tree with a trunk not compliant. The equation used to estimate the woody biomass from different diameters was that of Brown et al., (1989).

Background: Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and premature delivery are three obstetric problems related with high iron reserves during pregnancy. Few studies have found an association between preeclampsia and higher serum ferritin levels, however, this finding was not convincing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the variation in the levels of serum ferritin and serum iron level in preeclamptic Bangladeshi women compared to healthy pregnant women. Methods: This case control study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during October 2018 to September 2020. A total of 94 pregnant women between 18-40 years of age were included in this study in her 32 weeks to 38 gestational weeks. Among them 47 diagnosed case of preeclampsia and rest 47 healthy pregnant women were consider as control. Purposive sampling technique was followed. After taking consent and matching eligibility criteria, data were collected from patients on variables of interest using the predesigned structured questionnaire by interview, observation, clinical examination and hematological investigation of the patients. The serum ferritin and serum iron level were measured in Department of Biochemistry in BSMMU. Statistical analyses of the results were be obtained by using window based Microsoft Excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22), where required. Results: Serum ferritin in preeclamptic women was (124.54±32.14 ng/ml), versus (50.83±2.53 ng/ml) in the control group with P-value (0.001). Serum iron in preeclamptic women was (110.19±23.62µg/dl), versus (105.15±26.6 µg/dl) in the control group with P- value (0.334). Almost three fourth (74.5%) patients had serum ferritin >120 (ng/ml) in case and 17(36.2%) in control. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups with OR= 5.15 (95% CI 2.12-12.47). There was a positive significant Pearson’s correlation coefficient between serum ferritin and each systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.561, p<0.001 and r=0.556, p<0.001 respectively). Serum ferritin level increases significantly in preeclamptic women. There was no significant difference in serum iron levels between the preeclamptic women and control groups. Increased level of serum ferritin may play a role in pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Conclusion: Preeclampsia as one of pregnancy related complications is a notable burden of adverse health. This case-control study demonstrated that preeclampsia is associated with high serum ferritin levels, and that in preeclamptic women, serum ferritin was positively correlated with blood pressure.

Cowpea is an important pulse crop grown in sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of Asia and the Americas. Cowpea seed is an affordable source of nutrients rich in protein with number of essential amino acids. Dehulled seeds of eight improved cowpea lines grown in N’Djamena and Bebedjia (Chad) were analyzed for seed protein content in order to assess the variability, the heritability and the effect of environment interaction. In each locality, the experimental design was a triplicated randomly complete block design. The results showed a wide variability among genotypes for crude seed protein content. The mean value of crude seed protein content was 25.55% with varieties TN-27-80, TN-985-61399 and TN-5-78 showing highest values. High heritability in broad-sense (h2 = 0.74) and moderate genetic advance (GA = 14%) estimated for this character indicated the scope for improvement through selection. The effects of genotype (83.1% of the total sum of square), location (3.5%) and their interaction (13.4%) were highly significant (P<0.01), but the protein content was slightly influenced by the environment. High potential for breeding programs is expected as genetic factors are believed to account for the main variation in protein content. This research could provide information for breeders to develop cowpea cultivars with higher protein content.

The study investigated the acute and sub-chronic effects of the n-hexane seed extract of RICOM-1013-J in biochemical and haematological parameters of mature adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 110 g. The objective of the study was to determine the immediate, short-term and prolonged toxicological profile of the extract. Thirty-four (34) adult female rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=8) of rats. Two animals (group I) and coded A received 0.2 ml/100 g rat of vegetable oil, and served as control. Two other animals (group II) coded B received 5 mg/kg, subcut. of the extract, a third set of animals (group III) code C was administered 20 mg/kg, subcut. The last two animals (group IV) coded D were injected with 30 mg/kg, subcut. of the extract. The same dosage regimen was administered to a different set of animals of equal number in groups II and III in pairs, and coded accordingly. SGOT, SGPT, urea, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and haematological assays were carried out at weeks I, IV and VIII in groups I, II and III respectively. Findings from the experiment showed no significant (P>0.05) differences in the mean values of the biochemical parameters and haematological indices test groups relative to control. The study concluded that the n-hexane seed extract of RICOM-1013-J is relatively safe in rats when administered subcutaneously.