The aim of this study is to investigate the physiologic effect of prolonged consumption of Raphia Hookeri fruits pulp aqueous extract on renal functions of male wistar rats. A total of 32 male wistar rats of weight ranging from 130gram to 200grams were used. The extract was administered orally for each 4 groups except control (group1) for twenty-eight (28) days. Group 1 rats were given animal feed and water only, group 2 were given 500mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 3 were given 1000mg/kg body weight of the extract, group 4 were given 2000mg/kg body weight of extract. The statistical analysis done using mean and standard deviation, P value at ≤ 0.05 and results showed that the sodium ion levels in all the test groups were marginally raised when compared to group 1, potassium ion levels in all test groups had only non-significant variations when compared to both the control and test groups but in test groups were seen to be slightly reduced with respect to group 1. Groups 2, 3 and 4 indicated elevated bicarbonate ion but of all, it was most and significant in group 4 when compared to group 1. Chloride ion indicated non-uniform and non-significant changes when compared to both the control and test groups. Creatinine all indicates non-significant effects of the extract when compared to group 1. The increase observed in urea and creatinine indicates that kidney function would deteriorate as it prolongs which negatively alter the renal physiology of the male wistar rats.

Triumfetta cordifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, however, the aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves have not been explored scientifically to confirm this ethno-medicinal claim using animal model. In this study, aqueous methanol extract of T. cordifolia leaves was tested for its anti- inflammatory properties and the profiling of flavonoid components using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy was performed utilizing a rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. The extract's anti-inflammatory effectiveness against formalin-induced paw edema revealed notable anti-inflammatory effects. The percentage inhibition of the extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg with 10.69% inhibition was comparable to the standard drug aspirin with 10.69% inhibition while the dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg has higher percentage inhibition (13.58%) in comparison with the standard drug aspirin (10.69%) at same time interval all in the curative measure. The major flavonoid compounds from the HPLC analysis include kaempferol, quercitrin, (+) - catechin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, hesperidin, narigin, apigenin and rutin. Thus, it can be suggested that the high content of flavonoids may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by the methanol extract of T. cordifolia. Therefore, the results obtained in this study shows that the methanol leaf extract of T. cordifloia possess potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation.

Anthropometry can be defined as the art and science of measurements of physical dimensions of parts or whole of human body. Cephalofacial measurement is an important anthropometry, which generates data that form important indices for studying brain growth and formation of facial types. This descriptive study involves 390 Ogoni Children (215 males and 175 females) between the ages of 5-12 years. Since very few studies have been done on Nigerian infants, the aim of this study is to evaluate the Cephalofacial morphology of Ogoni Children and describe sexual dimorphism among the population study. The length and width of the head and face of each subject was measured to determine the cephalic Index and facial Index of each subject and evaluate the prevalent head and face type of the population study. The results showed that mean values of the cephalic and facial indices were higher for males than females. The mean cephalic Index values were 71.85±3.79 and 71.79±3.86 for males and females respectively. The difference in these values were not found to be statistically significant and thus cannot be useful in describing sexual dimorphism among the study population (p>0.05). The mean facial Index values were 85.35±6.05 and 83.86±4.86 for males and females respectively. The difference found in these values were statistically significant (p<0.05) and thus was useful in describing sexual dimorphism. The results also showed that dolichocephalic head type was the most prevalent with males (47.44%) having a higher percentage prevalence than females (41.71%), while euryprosopic facial type was the most prevalent with females (42.29%) having a higher percentage prevalence than males (37.21%).

Background: It is well known that education and learning can be linked with lucid, playful and pleasurable experiences. Aim: This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and practice of edutainment among anatomy educators. Methods: The study was conducted among Anatomy educators in four Colleges of Medicine in South Eastern Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design with a validated structured questionnaire. A total of 34 lecturers (8 females and 24 males) participated in the study. Results: Thirty one (91.2%) of our respondents has heard of edutainment. Their major source of information was from the internet (n=19; 61.3%) followed by conferences (n=9; 29%). Our respondents showed a positive attitude to edutainment. 28 (82.4%) of our respondents said edutainment is not part of their curriculum and 24 (70.6%) of our respondents use edutainment to teach anatomy. Conclusion: Edutainment in anatomy teaching is necessary and will be productive, there is need to complement traditional teaching method (lectures) with edutainment in anatomy teaching in other to increase students’ interest and understanding.

Long covid syndrome is a condition that persists in patients infected with SARS Covid 19 virus which may affect several organ systems. These individuals do not completely recover and symptoms may persist for a long time. There is a high risk of infection in post covid syndrome as the immune system gets suppressed. Cough and dyspnea were the most reported symptoms within the subjects. Patients with comorbidities have a high risk of hospitalization, the most prevalent comorbidity being diabetes mellitus followed by hypertension. Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications were most prevalent among the study subjects. The blood group related evaluation helps in studying the prevalence of long Covid in each blood type and to find the most susceptible group to persisting symptoms of Covid-19. The evaluation of lab parameters helped in understanding the pattern of lab changes in the affected individuals. The changes in the quality of life are topics of discussion, as the persisting symptoms may affect the everyday life of the affected individuals. Using a set of standard questionnaires, the quality of life was calculated qualitatively and conclusions were derived.

Beyond copious production of biogas, household septic tanks present largely untapped potentials for waste water recycling, especially in area with difficulty in getting sustainable supply of water and energy. The black water (the faeces and urine from the toilets) and grey water (the waste water from the bathrooms, kitchen and laundry) in the septic tank can be harnessed for biogas production and could be recycled for use in irrigation and other domestic uses. In this work, an enhanced septic tank system was designed and implemented in the preliminary treatment of domestic waste water. From the results obtained the system has the ability to significantly reduce the TDS, turbidity, and BOD of a given sample prior to filtration. The COD and TDS of the sample decreased and increased with time due to pressure buildup. This informs the timing for fluid transfer into the next phase of the recycling – sand filtration. Optimization of the design and operations of the new enhanced septic tank system is important in the actualization of the goal of having efficient bio-waste recycling and conversion.

Background: The complexity of the root canal system makes it difficult to completely disinfect is the leading cause for endodontic retreatment. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the traditionally used irrigation solution and has improved its efficacy with various adjuncts. The use of lasers in disinfecting the canal system has come into prominence in recent years. Aim: To assess the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser against E faecalis biofilm. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted using a search strategy in PubMed and Google scholar for studies published between 1st January 2011 and 21st March 2022. Hand searching of relevant articles in Institutional library was also performed. Comparative in vitro studies in English language or articles in other languages which had a possibility of translation into English comparing sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser for irrigation against E faecalis biofilm were included in the review whereas, studies comparing efficacy against biofilm other than E faecalis, comparison with other laser activated intracanal irrigation, data reported through letter to editors, short communications and conference proceedings were excluded from the review. Results: A preliminary search yielded a total of 67 studies of which seven articles giving 11 estimates were included for qualitative synthesis. Data on colony forming units for both the groups (sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser) was extracted. Overall, four studies presented significant difference in the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser whereas three studies presented with no difference among the two groups. Conclusion: Irrigation of root canal by sodium hypochlorite and Er, Cr: YSGG laser activation both prove to be effective in reducing the E faecalis colony forming units. However, it is difficult to provide a conclusive statement on the superiority of Er, Cr: YSGG laser activated irrigation over sodium hypochlorite solution as half of the studies gave contrasting results. Future studies with larger sample size on complex anatomical root structure are recommended.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. This became a global health crisis which caused millions of deaths worldwide. The first official case reported in India on 27th January 2020 in Thrissur, Kerala. The vaccines developed, approved and in function are Covaxin (BBV152), Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1nCoV-19), Covishield, PfizerBioNtech and Moderna. These vaccines are still under their respective phases of trials. Their adverse effects are under surveillance. In India these AEFIs are reported to Ministry of Health and Family welfare. The common systemic reactions observed were injection site pain, myalgia, fever, headache and shivering. The delayed and rare side effects reported include dyspnea, ischemia, thrombolysis, anaphylaxis, neuralgias, orofacial symptoms and death. The list of orofacial adverse effects based on the clinical trials include palatal petechiae, herpes zoster, angular cheilitis, mucositis, xerostomia, burning sensation in mouth, dysguesia, oral apthous ulcers, trigeminal neuralgia and facial nerve palsy. Reporting these oral lesions are under the onus of oral medicine experts and this article aims to provide a systematic review of the same.

Background: Cataract is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Bangladesh is not exception of this. Though cataract treatment is available across the country but there is no nationwide strategy to prevent this disease. Therefore, this study tried to explore the distribution of this diseases among the elderly patients in Bangladesh to provide some insights about the prevention strategies of cataract. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 1020 cataract patients attending in two eye camps of Bagura and Jaypurhat districts in Bangladesh. Face to face interview was taken by using a structured validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation as well as inferential analysis were used for both categorical and continuous variables with the application of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Out of 1020 cataract patients, male and female were 53.5% and 46.5%, respectively where 69.5% were in the age group of 15-64 years. Approximately 50% of participants were illiterate and 70.6% had family history of cataract. About 42.8% of respondents had identified age as the cause of disease and almost 50.8% were suffered from 1.1 to 3 years. 39.4% had delayed in receiving treatment for having financial issues. Age and gender had statistical significant association (p<.05) with the cataract. Conclusion: Age and gender based prevention strategies should be planned and implemented as cataract is found to be prevalent on these variables in this study.

Background: The hospital setting itself can be a cause of both hope and distress to the ill children and their families. Prolonged hospitalization and advance medical procedures and care can lead to anxiety or depression. Aim of the Study: To assess reactive anxiety and depression level among hospitalized children before and after application of art therapy intervention at pediatric ward. Material & Method: A quantitative quasi-experimental, cross sectional design. The study conducted in the medical/surgical inpatient wards at in Tabuk City- King Salman Military Hospital. It was consecutive sample, the sample size was 30 child. The researcher used a tool to assess level of reactive anxiety and depression of hospitalized children. Results: The study results showed levels of HADS Anxiety for children before test and after, its reported that (23.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their anxiety level is border line pretest and (0%) on the same level after posttest. levels of HADS depression for children before test and after, its reported that (63.33%) of children tested in the hospitals their depression level is border line pretest and deceased to (13.33%) on the posttest. DAP test showed decrease in the anxiety and depression indexes in the posttest compared to the pretest. ANOVA indicated a significant time effect pre and posttest. Thus, there is a significant evidence that there was a change is art therapy.

The Lung function test of smokers and non-smokers was carried out using spirometer and Peak Expiratory Flowmeter in 50 subjects in Ubimini Community of Rivers State. Their ages ranged from 19.0 to 40.0 years. Mean PEFR was 524.5±80/min in smokers and 418.4 ± 96/min in non-smokers. Smokers are insignificantly lower than non-smokers. Mean 'TV was 255.8+98 in smokers and 246.4±84 in non-smokers. These results obtained showed an exceptionally increase, instead of a decrease because of the passive smokers who were exposed to cigarettes smoke most of the time while in the midst of heavy smokers but do not smoke themselves. This agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithclia and alveoli and can elicit allergic reactions. Mean 1RV was 401.2±110 in smokers and 402.7±126 in non-smokers. Mean ERV was 323.3±150 in smokers and 424±185 in non-smokers. Mean VC was 908.4±171 in smokers and 914.3±192 in non-smokers. This showed that a non-smoker is likely to have more respiratory volume than a smoker. Mean BM1 was 40.25± 8kg/m2 in smokers and 37.55 ± 5kgm2 in non-smokers. This fact also agreed with the findings that cigarette particles inhaled by smokers and non-smokers settle on their airway epithelia and alveoli thus, can elicit allergic reactions. In comparison, PEFR is lower in smokers than in non- smokers. Thus, smokers have low flow rate when compared with non-smokers. This means that, cigarette smoking has adverse effect on lung volumes.

Community participation and collaboration among tourism stakeholders are considered key to promote sustainable tourism planning and development in the destinations. This study aims to critically analyse the role and context of community collaboration with tourism stakeholders to promote sustainable community development in the case of Annapurna Sanctuary Trail (AST) in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal. It has adopted multiple tools of data collection such as household’s survey, key informants interview, participant observation, informal discussion with local residents and archival research for examining the role and context of community collaboration with tourism stakeholders in settlements around AST. The survey results revealed that the current approach of ecotourism development is tenuous and does not truly satisfy the key objectives of ecotourism i.e. fostering inclusive participation and stakeholder’s collaboration. Although tourism has brought significant impacts on the local communities; the extent of these impacts is usually different with difference in the location of households, their level of interaction and exposure with tourists, their capacity and power to involve and influence the participation and collaboration process, and their education, skills, and financial resources. Overall, the existing approach to ecotourism planning is not able to implement the effective and efficient form of collaboration, and hence local community specifically farmers receive minimal benefits from the tourism. It is suggested to empower and enhance the collaborative capacity of local residents to actively participate and influence the planning process for receiving maximum benefits and promoting sustainable community development.

The intention of this paper was to find out the impact of Christian education curriculum in the application of Christian stewardship principles among Christian students of university of Ibadan, Nigeria. Three research questions were raised to guide the study to which answers were given based on the findings of the study. The descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The study was conducted among Christian students of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study engaged a purposive sampling technique and 210 (two hundred and ten) Christian students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were purposively selected, including undergraduate and postgraduate students. The instrument for the study was a researcher designed questionnaire which benefited from literature. The instrument was validated and a reliability coefficient value of r= .71 was obtained. This adjudged the instrument to be reliable. An electronic questionnaire was sent to 210 (two hundred and ten) Christian students in the University of Ibadan through their fellowship presidents and coordinators. However, 205 Christian students responded to the questionnaire. The data was analysed using mean, mean percentage, standard deviation and ranking. Findings revealed some material pursuits among Christian students of UI to include exotic cars, latest gadgets such as phones and laptops, designer wears and accessories, visit expensive bars and club houses and books to study. The study also shows the extent Christian students in UI possess material things is moderate. Again, the study shows the application of Christian Stewardship principles among Christian students of UI to include stewardship of stewardship of ownership, responsibility, reward and accountability.

We report here a 54 year male who presented with a complaint of left sided epistaxis for 5 days & a swelling on the hard palate palate for 8 years. CECT scan revealed a soft tissue lesion involving the hard palate and extending into the left maxillary sinus as well as both nasal cavities. Direct nasal endoscopic biopsy initially suggested an adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified. Immunohistochemistry delineated it as low-grade non-intestinal-type, which occur very uncommonly in the sinonasal region.

Introduction: Many women and girls face financial challenges in meeting their menstrual hygiene management needs. The main objective of this study is to estimate the financial cost of menstrual hygiene management among school-going girls. Methodology: This is a prospective study carried out in a semi-urban school environment at the Public High School in the health district of Bla in 2020. Results: This study was conducted among 125 high school girls with no income. The average age was 18 years old. Parents lived in rural areas with no fixed monthly income in 52% of cases. Multipurpose pieces of cloth were the protective material used in 67% of cases. The girls explained this choice in 100% of cases by the high cost of single pads and tampons. The average monthly cost of menstrual hygiene management was 0, 56 $ or 6, 67 $ per year with extremes of 0, 16 and 2, 45 $ per month. This amount was used to buy either single-use pads or soap for body care and multiple-use pads. This financial cost was covered at 92% by female support (mother, aunt, sister); male support (father, spouse) accounted for only 8%. Conclusion: This study made it possible to estimate the average annual financial cost of menstrual hygiene management among young school girls in Bla. These findings call for further studies to better understand the financial implications of menstrual hygiene management in low-resource settings.