Social infrastructures that have previously been built are destroyed by pastoral conflict. When teachers are forced to leave conflict zones and people move because they fear an invasion, the education system is disrupted. In the Kerio Valley area of the Marakwet East sub-county of Elgeyo Marakwet County, the public primary schools were the subject of research to examine how pastoral disputes influenced the management of education in those schools. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pastoral conflicts and its effect on education management in Kerio valley region of Marakwet East sub-county, Elgeyo Markwet County. A descriptive survey design was employed. The intended audience consisted of 420 respondents, including 200 families, 190 teachers, and 30 head teachers. The sample size was determined by regular random sampling techniques and consisted of 205 individuals. To collect quantitative data, head teachers, teachers filled out a questionnaire and household heads filled out an interview schedules qualitative data. Theme analysis was employed for qualitative data as well as descriptive and inferential analysis for quantitative data. Tables were used to present the information. The study's findings showed a substantial positive correlation between pastoral conflict frequency (β1=0.666 and p=0.000) and education management in Marakwet East sub-county. The study came to the conclusion that there was a positive correlation between the administration of education in the Marakwet East sub-county and the occurrence of pastoral conflict. To lessen potential disputes, the head teachers and teachers should work together with the surrounding community to manage the school's land.

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is one of the most serious infections in women. It is an inflammation and infection of the upper genital tract involving the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the surrounding structures. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a global problem, and it is common in both developed and developing countries. It can cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Risk factors for PID are multiple sexual partners, single status, lower socioeconomic status, young age (<30 years), intrauterine contraceptive device, endometrial biopsy, curettage, hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingography, and Complications of tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Objective: The aim was to assess the level of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding pelvic inflammatory disease at Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College Hospital, Bogura. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a sample size of 115 that was a purposive sampling technique followed by those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the nurse’s knowledge and practice regarding pelvic inflammatory disease. The study was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge, and practice-based information on pelvic inflammatory disease. Results: The findings of the present study in socio-demographics revealed that the highest 64.35% were 31-40 years old, 88.70% were female, 93.91% were married, 93.04% were Muslim, and 61.74% had a Diploma in Nursing and the main findings of average knowledge score 40.00% were the low level of knowledge regarding the pelvic inflammatory disease. It is may not be practical experience in their existing situation. Conclusion: The worldwide increase in the incidence of PID during the last few decades has led to secondary epidemics of tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The application of in-service education and training programs will be significant in enhancing the knowledge and self-reported practices among nurses regarding preventive measures of PID.

The goal of teaching the reading skill is to improve achievement for learners, yet the learners' reading comprehension test results in Kenya remain a challenge that requires appropriate intervention strategies. Previous studies have shown that pre-reading activities are facilitative pedagogic strategies that activate readers’ prior knowledge, hence comprehension of new text. Thus, the purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to establish if pre-reading activities had a significant effect on reading comprehension performance in selected secondary schools in Kenya. The study objectives were to assess if there was a difference in performance between learners that used brainstorming and those that used pre-teaching vocabulary; determine if pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming have a significant effect on the performance of English as Second Language (ESL) learners in reading comprehension; and, compare the effect of pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming on achievement in reading comprehension to determine which of the two pre-reading activities affects the performance of learners in reading comprehension more significantly. The study was underpinned by Reading Comprehension as a Socio-cognitive Processing Model by Ruddell and Ruddell; and Reading Comprehension as Transactional-Socio-Psycholinguistic Model by Goodman. These models respectively propagate the view that through the influence of the language teacher on the readers, and the individual transactions between a reader and the text, meaning is constructed. The study used a quasi-experimental group design. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 7 schools, 21 English second language classrooms and 21 language teachers. Data were collected using a reading comprehension test. These data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results of ANOVA showed that at p< .05 value, both pre-teaching vocabulary and brainstorming had a significant effect on the performance of Kenyan English Second Language learners in reading comprehension tests, though pre-teaching vocabulary was comparatively more impactful than brainstorming. The study concluded that teachers need to pre-teach unfamiliar words and/or brainstorm topics in the new text since they are effective pre-reading pedagogic strategies. The study recommended that teacher trainers, relevant Ministry of Education agencies, language teachers, and learners vouch for the use of pre-reading activities as a pedagogic strategy for enhancing reading comprehension.

Discipline of students in secondary schools is important in the outcome of learners. Majority of schools in Kenya have reported an increase in the level of indiscipline amongst its learners. This has become concerning to the stakeholders involved including parents, the government and others as a result of increased cases of tardiness, abuse of drugs, cultic organizations in schools, riots, theft and so many other cases of anti-social behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the social influence of social skill development interactive strategies on students’ discipline in secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. Skinner’s model of behavior was used to guide the study. This study used descriptive research design for collecting both the qualitative and Quantative data. A sample of twenty three principals, thirty eight deputy principal and 376 teachers &students was used. Stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling was used to pick out the respondents of questionnaires. The reliability of research instruments was done using Cronbach’s alpha [α]. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the descriptive data and results presented using percentages, means, standard deviations and frequency tables. To conclude, social skill development interactive strategies plays an important role in promotion and management of student discipline. Teachers should focus on developing social skills among students, particularly those related to emotional management and conflict resolution. School administrators and teachers enforce school policies consistently to promote positive student behavior.

Students’ discipline in secondary schools is paramount in determining the learners’ outcomes. Many schools in Kenya experience a growing level of indiscipline. School indiscipline has been of great concern over time to parents, the government and other educational stakeholders due to many cases of tardiness, drug abuse, cultism, rioting, theft, truancy and many other antisocial vices. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of communication interactive strategies on students’ discipline in secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. The study was guided by Skinner’s Model of Behavior. A conceptual framework was designed to guide this study. The study employed descriptive research design which is suitable in collecting both qualitative and quantitative data. Stratified sampling, simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used. Data was collected by use of questionnaires administered by the researcher through hand delivery focused group discussion. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 for descriptive statistics and results presented using frequency tables, percentages, means and standard deviations. The study concluded that effective communication interactive strategies play an important role in promoting and managing student discipline.

Background: Abortion is pregnancy termination before the 24th week. Unsafe induced abortions, lacking proper skills or medical standards, cause 67,000 annual deaths in developing countries, according to WHO. Ensuring access to safe and legal abortion services is critical to reducing maternal mortality and safeguarding women's health globally. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out maternal mortality as well as morbidity related to induce abortion for termination of unwanted pregnancy in our set up. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 92 patients who admitted as cases of induced abortion in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital from March' 2014 to September 2014Those who had given informed written consent was finally enrolled in this study. Patients' details history, clinical examination investigation, and operation note was collected in a preformed data sheet. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs. Data was presented with descriptive statistics the level of significance of 0.05 was used for this study. Results: Among 92 patients were 15(16.3%) hemorrhage, 9(9.8%) hypovolemic shock, 10(10.9%) generalized peritonitis, 34(36.9%) pelvic peritonitis5 (5.4%) perforation of uterus, 4(4.3%) cervical injury, 1(1.1%) perforation of gut, 2(2.2%) septic shock, 2(2.2%) acute renal failure, 10(10.9%) no major complication. Among 92 patient 86 (93.5%) patients were improved and discharged and 6(6.5%) patients were expired. Conclusion: Induced abortion is a common gynecological problem requiring hospital admission and treatment. It has serious short term and long-term complications affecting women's health and life.

This research focused on digital body language (DBL) in the context of Online Distance Learning (ODL). In ODL, students and teachers rely on digital platforms and technologies for learning, replacing traditional in-person interaction. DBL, a systematic technique to interpret digital signs similar to physical signs, has emerged to understand body language during digital communication. This study employed Husserlian phenomenology to explore teachers' experiences with students' digital body language during virtual consultations. Eight ODL teachers participated in web-based interviews, and the data were transcribed and analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) method. The analysis revealed three themes: (1) Building Connections, (2) Threats to Connections, and (3) Varieties in Connections. These findings demonstrate that teachers perceived students' digital body language as positive and negative experiences. The insights gained from this study provide valuable input for teachers and administrators to enhance communication among students and teachers in the virtual learning environment, extending beyond the challenges of the new normal.

Introduction: An increasing number of exercise training programs are being proposed for stroke rehabilitation, with results considered positive, although not fully validated, and no recommendations, either in terms of techniques or procedures, have been reported. Objective: To review the literature on the effects of exercise retraining and physical activity in adult vascular hemiplegics. Observe these results in relation to different body systems. Method: Consultation of databases (Medline) and relevant literature using keywords (stroke, physical exercise, strength, muscular training, treadmill training...). Results: We found 58 articles on different re-training and exercise techniques (walking, cardiovascular, muscular strength and others) and outcomes (cardiovascular, muscular, bone, neurological systems, functional status) in vascular hemiplegics. Discussion – Conclusion: There is considerable interest in the literature in exercise and re-training techniques for stroke patients, with promising results. However, there are many limitations to the studies, due to differences in population samples, analysis criteria and protocol modalities, making it difficult, given the current state of knowledge, to make recommendations concerning the generalization of certain procedures.

Background: Although the aetiology of preterm deliveries is largely unknown, it is said to be multifactorial and cervical insufficiency has been implicated. Hence, cervical cerclage is a necessary and common prophylactic obstetric procedure for preventing prematurity and associated recurrent second trimester miscarriages. Objectives: To evaluate the pattern, indications, and fetal outcome of cervical cerclage. Methodology: This was a retrospective study of 50 women who had cervical cerclage insertion at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Data was obtained from the ward registers, theatre records, and case notes of the women, and entered into a structured proforma. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 25, and results are presented as frequency tables and charts. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35 ± 2.07 years. The mean of number of previous miscarriages was 2.46 ± 2.07, 56.8% were multiparous and 50% had a previous manual vacuum aspiration. Majority 35 (70%) of the women had prophylactic cerclage, 10 (20%) had cerclage following in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer pregnancy, while 5(10%) had rescue cerclage. Most 29 (58%) of the prophylactic cervical cerclage insertion were done between 11-15 weeks, with MacDonald technique being the most common technique practiced. Of these, only 18 (36%) carried the pregnancy up to 36 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Many of cervical cerclage procedures were performed for prophylaxis and resulted in improved fetal outcomes in women who had previously experienced mid-trimester losses or preterm delivery.

Long-term health management is difficult for the continually expanding population of chronic disease sufferers. Smartphone interventions appear to be promising. Lifestyle variables have a key role in the development of chronic diseases such as heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes, and adjustments in lifestyle habits associated with these disorders can reduce chronic disease risk. The potential and evidence base for leveraging modern technology applications and platforms within the new communications environment to improve the prevention and management of lifestyle-related chronic diseases in the future are then considered. We explore the consequences and adaptation of lessons learned from the commercial and political applications of new technology, as well as their significance to public health. Studies discovered that the smartphone intervention was a completely or partially useful technique for assisting in the management of several chronic conditions. Patients with chronic conditions who used health-related smartphone apps are felt secure in the knowledge that their illnesses were being closely tracked, participated in their own health management more effectively, and believed that they had not been forgotten by their doctors and were being taken care of even outside the hospital/clinic. This article discusses the aspects of smartphone interventions for long-term chronic condition care, as well as how these applications benefit chronic disease patients. However, there are few smartphone apps for long-term chronic disease management. More smartphone apps are needed to assist people in managing chronic conditions.

Arabization is one of the manifestations of the convergence of the Arabic language with other languages at the level of vocabulary. It is also a genius means of enriching the language. It is a unique phenomenon that enriches verbal wealth in any scientific or social field. Arabization is not a new phenomenon in the Arabic language because it was not an isolated area in the Arab nation. In pre-Islamic times, it was used for connections with neighboring nations, such as the Persians, Ethiopians, Romans, Syriacs, Nabataeans, and others. Naturally, this contact was followed by linguistic friction between Arabic and the languages of those nations. The circumstances led to many other languages borrowing words from Arabic. Hausa is a clear example where a large diction of Arabic loaned words is in use. Arabization is a long-standing communicative relationship between the Arabs and the Hausas. The abundance of Arabization in the Hausa language is due to three things: (i) commercial activities and relationships, (ii) the spread of the Hausa language and its place in academia, and (iii) religious activities. So far, Arabic loan words are being used in the Hausa language, covering varieties of socio-economic domains of life.

Background: Enteral nutrition (EN) is the administration of a nutritionally complete feed through a tube into the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum. It has been proposed that EN helps to maintain the health and integrity of the gut barrier and is connected to increased levels of immunoglobulin synthesis, which may help to boost defenses against respiratory infections. However, critically ill patients may have a poor tolerance for enteral feeding and may develop unpleasant gastrointestinal effects such as nausea and vomiting. Aim: To investigate at the incidence between enteral nutrition and the risk of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. Methods: This is an updated review of research that were published between 2016 and 2018. To research our topic, we employed the Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The keywords used in various combinations included "enteral nutrition, feeding, incidence, aspiration, pneumonia, adults, ICU." In addition, original research on the relationship between entreat feeding and the risk of pneumonia in critically ill individuals was reviewed. The inclusion criterion was full-text publications. Results: Despite obtaining 17 papers, only three research met the inclusion requirements. All of the research were conducted in the past. The study included 413 adult patients in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: In critically ill people, enteral feeding was related with a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia and overall infections. Enteral feeding was found to be safe and effective for critically ill patients, with no major problems.

Background: Testicular tumors are relatively rare, accounting for only 1% of all malignancies in men. Among the different types of testicular tumors, germ cell tumors are the most common. They are very sensitive to chemotherapy and are curable even when metastatic. Cure rates approximates 90%-95% in good risk and early stage tumors. Earlier on, metastatic testicular cancer was usually incurable and fatal, but newer treatments including high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue have changed the scenario. Case Presentation: This case report presents a case of a 30-year-old male with a large testicular tumor, diagnosed as a mixed germ cell tumor consisting of a yolk sac tumor, teratoma with immature elements, and seminoma with germ cell neoplasia in situ. After undergoing radical orchiectomy, the patient experienced a postoperative decline in alpha-fetoprotein levels and was placed on surveillance. Subsequent imaging revealed the development of a lung nodule, accompanied by an increase in alpha-fetoprotein levels. The patient received chemotherapy with three cycles of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, platinum), resulting in a partial response. Due to the patient's COVID-19 infection, the final cycle of chemotherapy was modified. Further imaging showed a marginal decrease in the size of the lung nodule, prompting surgical resection. The lung nodule was found to be a post-pubertal teratoma without significant immature elements. Following surgery, the patient's alpha-fetoprotein levels decreased to a baseline nadir. Close follow-up continues, demonstrating no evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery and chemotherapy, in managing testicular germ cell tumors with metastasis, leading to favorable outcomes and long-term disease control.

Introduction: Annona muricata is a lowland tropical fruit bearing tree of the Annonaceae family which can be found in the rainforest of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. It is commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, or brazillian pawpaw. It has a large, glossy, dark green leaves with edible, green heart-shaped fruit. The leathery skin of the fruit is covered with soft, curved spines each of which may contain 55-170 black seeds distributed in a creamy white flesh with a characteristic aroma and flavour. Objectives: The study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Annona muricata on Lipopolysaccharide induced Neuroinflammation in Wistar rats. Method: Prostagladin E1 & E2 markers were used for biochemical assays. The Neurobehavioral assessment of memory and locomotion coordination was assessed using the Y maze and Open field and the data was presented as Mean ± Standard Error of Mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. All statistical analysis were done by using Prism software, version 5 (GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Results: The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on PGE1 on lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result, LPS + Extract (AME) showed significant effects when compared to LPS which showed no significant effect when compared to control. The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on % Alternation on lipopolysaccharide induced Neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result LPS + Extract (AME) showed significant effects when compared to LPS. LPS showed no significant effect when compared to control. The effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata (AME) on No of entry on lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in wistar rats shows the control, LPS, AME + LPS and Donepezil + LPS. From the result LPS + Extract (AME) showed no significant effects when compared to LPS which showed significant effect when compared to control. Conculsions: This study concludes that Annona muricata, at 200mg/kg possess excellent antiinflammatory qualities and it could be further explored as a potential choice for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The industrial revolution changed the processes and ways of producing an item and reflects the rapid progress in technology. Previously, the production process needed human labor, but then underwent changes, human labor no longer become a priority in production activities because it was replaced by machines and sophisticated equipment that can increase productivity and efficiency in production. Through industrialization, economic activities are increasingly open and free, this is certainly a threat to the state if the products produced cannot compete in the market. In this study, we will discuss the growth of the machinery industry in Indonesia, analyze whether the machinery industry in Indonesia can compete competitively in the world market, how government policies support the industry, and slightly discuss how the industry relates to the concept of green economics. The method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative methods from various reference sources, and quantitative methods using secondary data in analyzing the comparative Indonesian machinery commodities. This study finds that: (1) The growth of the machinery and equipment industry has fluctuated over the past 6 years; (2) Indonesian machine commodities have a comparative disadvantage and have low competitiveness in the global market; (3) Government policies are needed to support the industrial sector; (4) Through the process of industrial development, it is necessary to realize the bill for the implementation of an industry that is advanced, competitive, independent and green.