Background: One of the most dangerous complications of pregnancy and a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and death is preeclampsia. The goal of the current study was to measure the level of inflammation in severe preeclampsia by measuring serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and establishing a relationship between hs-CRP and blood pressure. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact high sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for preeclampsia with severe features. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 200 patients were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, majority 95 (47.5%) of the patients were in 21 – 30 years age group and 60 (30.00%) patients were in >30 years age group, Mean±SD of age was 27.12 ± 4.12 years. Most of the patients 150 (75.00%) were housewife and 50 (25.00%) patients were service holder. About 55 (27.5) patients were completed their graduation, 50 (25.00%) were completed higher secondary and 20 (10) were illiterate, most of the patients 145 (72.5%) came from rural area and 55(27.5) patients came from urban area. Nullipara was found in 75 (37.5%) patients and multigravida was found in most of the patients 110 (55.00%). Antenatal care was found irregular in 105 (52.5%) patients. Preterm pregnancy was found in majority 145 (72.5%) of the patients. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found higher and hsCRP was also found higher in PE with severe features. APGAR score was found less in 65 (32.5%) neonate at birth and APGAR score was found good in 55 (27.5%) neonate at 5 minutes. Average birth weight was found in 75 (37.5%) neonates, LBW was found in 85 (42.5) neonates and very LBW was found in 40 (20.00%) neonates of PE with severe features patients. Intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity were found in 75 (37.5%) and 20 (10.00%) neonates, admission to NICU was needed for 45 (22.5%) neonates, birth asphyxia was found in 15 (7.5%) neonates and stillbirth was occured in 35 (17.5%) cases. Conclusion: An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response, which may produce reactive oxygen species and worsen endothelial dysfunction, is present in preeclampsia. Clinical signs of hypertension and proteinuria in preeclampsia result from this. Preeclampsia-related maternal mortality and systemic complications may be reduced with early identification. hsCRP may therefore be a valuable gauge of preeclampsia severity.

Domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth in any country influences productive activities, employment, and macroeconomic policy decisions. The literature concentrated mostly on income and the interest rate as the determinants of domestic consumption with the recent addition of changes in the real exchange rate and its volatility as critical factors influencing consumption decisions, as countries are becoming open to the global market. However, with the current external debt crisis in Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined the impact of external debt and exchange rate volatility on domestic consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa in both the short run and long run; sampling twelve Sub-Saharan African countries for the period of 1990–2021. The study utilized a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator of dynamic heterogeneous panel technique and generated exchange rate volatility using generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH). Our study discovered that while external debt service has a huge negative impact on domestic consumption in the long run, the external debt stock has a long-run positive and significant impact on domestic consumption. Moreover, the exchange rate in Sub-Sahara Africa is persistently volatile and its volatility has both positive and negative impacts on domestic consumption. Our study suggests that external debt may be used to stimulate domestic consumption if it is channeled into infrastructure development and productive activities with high yields to service and liquidate the debt while stabilizing the exchange rate.

This study investigates how to improve Vietnamese learners' learning experiences by utilizing the benefits of blended learning systems in conjunction with eduAI technology. This paper presents an innovative way to enhance students' learning capabilities and the quality of their education through the implementation of an actual case study. The creation of flexible and efficient e-Course development requires the unwavering backing of information technology. Here, artificial intelligence technology called eduAI has helped teachers by offering a particular eight-part model that will guide and support them as they create e-courses that adhere to the Blended Learning model.

This case report describes the successful treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip with brachytherapy in a 36-year-old man. The patient presented with a 03 cm ulcerated lesion on the lower lip classified as T2N0, which biopsy confirmed to be SCC. Due to the location of the lesion and the patient's preference for minimally invasive treatment, brachytherapy was chosen. The patient received 40.05Gray, 4.5 Gray per session in 09 sessions. Follow-up examinations showed complete resolution of the lesion with minimal adverse effects. This case highlights the efficacy, tolerability and good esthetic result of brachytherapy in the treatment of SCC of the lip.

The combustion of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has long been a focal point in the development of solid rocket propellants, with particular attention paid to the catalytic effects of iron oxides. Beginning in the 1950s, researchers have diligently studied the kinetics and mechanisms underlying AP combustion, with a focus on both micron-sized and nano-sized iron oxide catalysts due to their widespread application in rocket formulations worldwide. This research effort specifically excludes investigations involving alternative iron oxide-based catalysts, such as doped or mixed oxides, or supported iron oxides, as they are not commonly utilized in major rocket propellant formulations. Despite variations in specific parameters like activation energy and heat of dissociation, the fundamental understanding of AP decomposition with iron oxides remains consistent with earlier findings. Notably, micron-sized catalysts have minimal impact on the low-temperature decomposition (LTD) of AP but can influence high-temperature decomposition (HTD) by altering decomposition temperatures and reducing activation energy. In contrast, nano-sized catalysts tend to accelerate the reaction to such an extent that the LTD phase is often bypassed altogether due to the rapid consumption of NH3, a crucial component in the process. However, the transition to nano-sized particles presents a new challenge: the propensity for particle agglomeration. Current research endeavours are therefore dedicated to devising effective strategies to mitigate this issue and harness the full potential of nano-sized iron oxide catalysts in rocket propellant formulations.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained immense consideration recently as a result of their exceptional properties and diverse interference in a variety of fields. The AgNPs synthesis involves various and biological, chemical, and physical methods, each offering distinct compensations in terms of size control, stability, and reproducibility. Physical methods, such as irradiation, result in monodisperse nanoparticles with excellent control over size and shape. Chemical techniques, like reduction with reducing agents or chemical precursors, offer scalability and control over nanoparticle size. Moreover, green synthesis methods employing plant extracts, fungi, and bacteria have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives, reducing the reliance on hazardous chemicals. Characterization of AgNPs is necessary to understand their characteristics and potential applications fully. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic are commonly used to identified anf characterized the nanoparticles. The applications of AgNPs span across several sectors. In the biomedical field, AgNPs exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of pathogens, making them promising candidates for wound dressings, antibacterial coatings, and drug delivery systems. Additionally, their use in cancer therapy has shown potential for targeted drug delivery and localized hyperthermia treatment. However, despite their numerous applications, challenges remain in terms of toxicity and environmental impact. Research efforts are ongoing to address these concerns and develop safer nanomaterials. This review article concludes that silver nanoparticles represent a fascinating class of nanomaterials with immense potential in various fields. Continued research and development in the synthesis, characterization, and application of AgNPs will undoubtedly lead to new and exciting advancements in science and technology.

Confessional statements are important ingredience in criminal justice in Nigeria. A confession is an acknowledgment made by a person charged with a crime at any moment, admitting or implying that he committed that crime. Confessions are covered by sections 27 to 32 of the Evidence Act 1990 in Nigeria as well as section 28 to 31 of the Evidence Act of 2011. The specific goals are a critically examination of the circumstances under which confessional statements are admissible, to determine the effect of retracted confessional statements in criminal trials in Nigeria, as well as the circumstances under which confessional statements may be vitiated and to apply the findings in decided cases. To attain these goals, normative or doctrinal research is considered appreciate. This study found that where an inducement, threat, or promise was issued, any subsequent confessional statement obtained would be inadmissible. This study also reveal that a confession does not become inadmissible simply because the accused denies having made it; rather, the court must satisfy itself that the accused made the statement of his own free will and choice and without duress.

Introduction: Blood donation is a remarkably safe medical procedure; however, it is affected by attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge level. Nevertheless, blood is a veritable tool in many life-saving situations. Despite the increased demand for blood, the supply of safe blood has been inadequate. Although blood is the essence of life, and is one of the most precious donations; blood transfusion services are facing shortage of blood all over the world. A significant percentage of people have false beliefs about blood donation. Increase in the level of knowledge and correction of false beliefs should be the top most priority. Therefore, studying factors contributing to their knowledge, attitude and practice of blood donation is essential. There are studies that investigated the effectiveness of interventions or procedure changes in blood donation settings on outcomes including donor deferral, disclosure of risk factors, and rates of errors and omissions. Researchers also identified several interventions to improve donor compliance that have been tested in blood donation settings and provided evidence for the effectiveness of computerized interviews in improving detection of risk factors. Interventions can utilize the processes of change (POC) measure to guide stage matched interventions to encourage use of relevant experiential and behavioral strategies to increase blood donation. Interventions to recruit and retain blood donors in the general population have been classified into six approaches: motivation, reminders and commitments, altruism, measurement of cognitions, incentives, cognition based. Effective recruitment and retention are two different processes and may require different approaches. For example, retention may be influenced more by interventions that focus on actions during or after donation rather than interventions prior to the blood donation appointment. Educational intervention was effective in improving the knowledge and attitude towards voluntary blood donation among medical students. Continuous enlightenment will influence potential blood donors to have better knowledge and positive attitude toward voluntary blood donation.

Community detection is the identification of different communities or groups that exist within a network. This is useful in social network analysis (SNA) or what is great is performing whole network analysis (WNA), where humans interact with others as part of their various communities, but these approaches are not limited to the study of humans. These methods are to investigate any type of node that interacts closely with other nodes, whether those nodes are animals, hashtags, websites, or any other type of node in the network. In this work, we zoom in on communities that exist in a network. Community detection is a clear, concise, and appropriate name for what we are doing. Communities in the network would be worth exploring and understanding for further purposes. There are several methods and different approaches to detect community, but in this paper, I use two efficient methods to detect whole network which are named Louvain Method (LM) and Girvan-Newman Method (GNM). With LM, we can build a fast algorithm that is effective at community detection in massive networks and optimize the algorithm for better results. Using the GNM, a better approach that can identify the least number of edges that could be cut would result in a split network. We could do this by making an algorithm looking for the edges that the greatest number of shortest paths pass through.

Background: Compression fractures are common among osteoporotic patients and can be a significant source of pain and disability. Patients who suffer a compression fracture are most often treated conservatively. Case Presentation: This report presents the case of an 80-year-old non-hypertensive, non-diabetic male who presented to the hospital with severe acute lower back pain for one week previous. There was no associated past history of trauma. Initially, the patient was misdiagnosed as a case of simple musculoskeletal lower back pain, for which he received treatment, but the pain intensified over the following two weeks, prompting consultation with a neurologist. A physical examination and lumber x ray indicated signs of lumbar spondylosis with degenerative disc disease, for which the patient was prescribed paracetamol and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. However, no improvement was noted. Later, after three weeks, an MRI investigation was conducted. The findings revealed multiple disc narrowing levels throughout the lumbar spine. Based on these investigations, treatment was initiated with pregabalin. Tramadol was discontinued and visible improvements in the patient's condition were noted within a week. Later, the patient sought consultation from an orthopedic specialist. The doctor recommended additional imaging scans. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and computerized tomography scans were performed. Based on these imaging scans, a diagnosis of lumbar spine scoliosis and osteoporotic compression fracture at D12 was made, prompting the initiation of osteoporosis treatment with zoledronic acid. Conclusions: Initial diagnosis and management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are important in preventing continued pain and preserving the quality of life in older patients. This case highlights the need for comprehensive evaluation, including MRIs, to discriminate acute fractures from other pathologies, facilitating appropriate intervention and osteoporosis management.

Hippocrates, the "Father of Rhinology," provided detailed descriptions of nasal polypoidal tumors and nasal complex from 460-370 B.C. His writings are the earliest known sinus anatomy, with anatomists studying primates and mammals focusing on paranasal air sinuses. This systematic review explores the link between anatomical variations in the sinonasal region and sinus pathology, providing a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence, types, and clinical implications, thereby aiding clinicians in making informed decisions and improving patient outcomes. A thorough search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate and PRISMA guidelines were used to perform this review, with subjects related to the study's title as the primary search criteria. We used the following search terms: nasal blockage, paranasal sinus, sinus pathology, and nasal-respiratory complex. Anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex, found in 83.5% of cases, significantly impact sinus drainage and ventilation, leading to sinus pathology. Variations like deviated nasal septum, concha bullosa, and agger nasi cells obstruct mucus and air flow, causing sinusitis. Studies show a clear association between anatomical variations and chronic sinusitis, highlighting the importance of considering these variations when evaluating patients with sinus pathology. Nasal polyps are another common pathology associated with anatomical variations in the sinonasal region. Sinusitis is the most common condition affecting the nose and paranasal sinuses, which are affected by trauma, tumors, and sphenoid sinuses. Staphylococcus bacteria, found on skin and nasal cavities, can infect people. Sinonasal disease encompasses a range of illnesses, from inflammatory to malignant, and is the fifth leading cause of antibiotic use and the highest frequency across all age groups. Research indicates a correlation between anatomical variations in the sinonasal area and sinus pathology, particularly in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Careful assessment and CT are crucial for identifying and treating these variations. Further research is needed to fully understand the clinical implications of these variations, as they can significantly impact sinus pathology and the management of sinus conditions.

Introduction: The optimal timing for postpartum discharge remains a subject of debate, with varying recommendations and practices globally. This study aims to compare the outcomes of early versus late discharge in postpartum care following normal delivery. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Child and Maternal Health, Matuail, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March 2011 to August 2011. 200 patients who underwent normal vaginal delivery were randomized into early (<24 hours) and late (>24 hours) discharge groups. Baseline characteristics, regularity of antenatal care visits, clinical examination findings at discharge and 7-day follow-up, and postpartum complaints were recorded and analyzed. Result: In our study of 200 participants, the early discharge group (n=100) and late discharge group (n=100) showed comparable baseline characteristics. Age, residence, socioeconomic status, educational status, and gestational age were similar across groups. Antenatal care regularity showed no significant difference with a p-value of 0.75. Clinical examination findings at discharge and the 7-day follow-up revealed no statistically significant differences in maternal and newborn health indicators: anemia (early: 26, late: 28), edema (early: 15, late: 12), minor breast problems (early: 8, late: 6), jaundice (early: 15, late: 12), dehydration (early: 12, late: 9), excessive crying (early: 26, late: 21), and complications of the umbilical stump (early: 7, late: 11). Postpartum complaints such as excessive vaginal bleeding (early: 5, late: 4), fever (early: 8, late: 6), foul-smelling lochia (early: 6, late: 8), feelings of depression (early: 16, late: 14), breast engorgement (early: 26, late: 22), and feeding difficulty (early: 32, late: 28) also showed no significant differences. A substantial number of mothers in both groups preferred the same or a shorter duration of hospital stay for their next delivery (shorter duration preference: early: 46, late: 39). Conclusion: The study concludes that both early and late discharge protocols can be viable options in postpartum care after normal delivery, without significant differences in maternal and newborn health outcomes. The findings support the implementation of flexible discharge policies, tailored to individual needs and preferences, in postpartum care.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women's reproductive health and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of primary sub-fertile women with and without PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Fertility Care Centre, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from June 2017 to November 2017. The study included 146 primary sub-fertile women, divided into two groups: Group A (n=73) with PCOS and Group B (n=73) without PCOS. Data on age distribution, educational background, occupation, BMI, hirsutism prevalence, and biochemical findings (TSH, FT3, FT4 levels) were collected and analyzed. Result: The study found significant differences in BMI and hirsutism prevalence between the two groups. Group A (with PCOS) had a higher mean BMI (26.8±7.2) and a greater prevalence of hirsutism (26%) compared to Group B (without PCOS), which had a mean BMI of 24.4±4.3 and a hirsutism prevalence of 11%. Additionally, Group A exhibited significantly higher mean TSH levels (5.0±2.4 µU/ml) than Group B (2.9±1.3 µU/ml). However, no significant differences were observed in FT3 and FT4 levels between the groups. Conclusion: The study highlights the association of PCOS with higher BMI, increased prevalence of hirsutism, and altered thyroid function, particularly elevated TSH levels, in primary sub-fertile women. These findings underscore the importance of considering both metabolic and endocrine factors in the management of sub-fertility in women with PCOS. The study contributes to a better understanding of the complex interplay between PCOS, thyroid function, and sub-fertility, suggesting the need for comprehensive evaluation and targeted treatment strategies in this population.

Background: Tobacco consumption, encompassing both smoking and smokeless forms, remains a significant public health challenge globally, particularly prevalent in rural areas of Bangladesh. Despite efforts to curb its usage, tobacco continues to impose a substantial burden on public health, socioeconomic development, and community well-being, especially in rural regions. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among rural areas of Bangladesh, exploring factors driving its uptake and persistence. Method: Between January and June 2023, a cross-sectional epidemiological investigation took place across multiple regions in Bangladesh, spanning Sylhet, Shunamgonj, Moulvibazar, Hobigonj, Chattogram, Pabna, Brahman Baria, Kishorgonj, and Chandpur districts. The study targeted a randomized selection of 250 adults aged 18 years and above, who had resided in their respective areas for at least five years. These individuals were recruited during consultations for various health concerns. Subsequently, they were surveyed regarding their history of tobacco consumption, and with their consent, data was systematically collected using structured questionnaires, physical assessments, and anthropometric measurements. The gathered data underwent statistical analysis through SPSS v. 20.0. Results: The study revealed a diverse demographic profile, with a majority falling within the 18-39 age bracket (40%) and a slight predominance of males (55%). Educational attainment varied, with 50% having primary dropout status. Regarding tobacco use, 30% reported smoking bidi, cigarettes, or self-rolled tobacco, 50% were non-smokers, and 20% used both smoking and non-smoking forms. The onset of tobacco use varied, with 30% starting after the age of 30. Association of impact of chronic long term tobacco use on health was also significant with 76% long term users having health related issues. Additionally, 30% of tobacco users engaged in other forms of recreation, while 25% attempted to quit smoking. Limited psychiatric awareness was evident, with only 10% understanding psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant prevalence of tobacco use in rural Bangladesh and underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address this public health issue. Targeted interventions and evidence-based policies are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of tobacco use, safeguard public health, and promote healthier communities in rural areas.

Introduction: Postdated and prolonged pregnancy are accepted terms by WHO and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics to describe pregnancy beyond dates (expected date of delivery). It complicates up to 10% of all pregnancies and carries an increased risk to the mother and fetus. This study aimed to analyze the outcome of combined induction of labor in post-dated pregnancy. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Bangladesh, from March 2013 to August 2013. A total of 50 patients with post-dated pregnancies were selected as study subjects by purposive sampling technique. In this study, 34.0% of patients' labor induction was given by oxytocin drip followed by ARM, and 20.0% of patients' labor induction was given by ARM followed by oxytocin drip. In 46.0% of patients with an unfavorable cervix, prostaglandin was used followed by ARM. Collected data were analyzed using different methods of statistics. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 for Windows. Result: It was observed that intrapartum fetal distress occurred in a total of 12 babies. 10 babies needed resuscitation and 40 babies needed no resuscitation. In this series, among the healthy babies majority (20) were born at 40 completed weeks of gestation, 18 babies at 41 completed weeks, and 2 babies were born at 42 completed weeks of gestation. Among the asphyxiated baby 6 babies were borne at 42 completed weeks of gestation, no one at 41 completed weeks, and 2 asphyxiated babies were borne at 40 completed weeks of gestation. All babies with other complications like LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome. Conclusion: This study concludes most frequent indication was fetal distress and unfavorable cervix in postdated pregnancy. Abnormal uterine action and asphyxiated baby were the more frequent maternal and fetal complications respectively. A small number of LBW, birth trauma, and post-maturity syndrome were observed but no maternal and fetal death was found in this study.