Aim: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate grainsetron HCl transdermal patches to reduce the problems associated with oral delivery of the drug and enhancement of drug permeation through the skin. Methods: Grainsetron HCl loaded transdermal patch were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Six formulations were prepared based on the two independent variables, type of surfactant and Phospholipid: Edge activator ratio and were evaluated for their vesicle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulations were incorporated into transdermal patches, which were evaluated for physicochemical properties ex-vivo permeation, skin irritancy, and stability studies. Result: Ex-vivo skin permeation study of optimized formulation NEB3 plot of cumulative amount of drug release versus time generate for Permeation studies. From this plot, permeation kinetic parameters such as permeation flux, permeability coefficient and enhancement ratio were calculated. The results showed that NEB3 with 30% w/w had a flux of 174.25±1.04 and released 65.21% in 720 minutes. The results of the in-vivo skin irritation study indicate that the optimized batch NEB3 did not cause significant irritation on rat skin for up to 14 days and was safely used for up to 24 hours. The stability of the optimized formulation (NEB3) was assessed at various temperatures over a period of 30 days. The optimized formulation was assessed for various parameters such as appearance, weight variation, folding endurance, tensile strength, and drug content. The evaluation showed no significant changes in the formulation under room, oven, and cold temperatures. Conclusion: The study concluded that transdermal patches of Grainsetron HCl could be used as a potential approach with effective transdermal delivery for the management of chemotherapy induced vomiting.

This work is about searching the origins of life. So, different natural biochemical cycles-their precursors and end products were analysed. Ratios of interaction between different elemental atoms forming those precursors and end products were created and used to find out the possible precursor molecule of DNA. Efforts were also made to identify the length of time period of remaining ice house phase using a method developed to calculate areas above and below curves on graphs.

Background: The rising global prevalence of both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid nodules (TN) suggests a potential pathophysiological link. This study aimed to investigate the association between MetS and its individual components with the presence of thyroid nodules. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical pilot study was conducted over six months. A total of 70 participants (35 with benign TN and 35 without benign TN), aged 18-75 years, were enrolled via purposive sampling. MetS was diagnosed according to standard criteria requiring ≥3 of the following: elevated waist circumference, high blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), high triglycerides, or low HDL-cholesterol. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, thyroid ultrasonography, and fasting blood samples for glucose, lipids, and thyroid function tests (TSH, FT3, FT4) were obtained. According to the exclusion criteria, cases with malignant thyroid nodules were resected. In this study, as thyroid nodules, only benign thyroid nodules were considered. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-tests, chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher in the nodule group compared to the control group (68.57% vs. 40.00%, p=0.001). Participants with nodules had significantly higher mean values for waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose (all p<0.05). Low HDL-cholesterol (82.9% vs. 37.1%, p=0.046), high blood pressure (51.4% vs. 17.1%, p=0.005), and IFG (48.6% vs. 25.7%, p=0.004) were significantly more prevalent in the nodule group. Multiple logistic regression confirmed MetS (OR=5.00, 95% CI: 2.48-8.60, p=0.001), along with age, SBP, FT3, and FT4, as independent risk factors for TN. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome and several of its components are significantly associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules, suggesting that metabolic health may play a crucial role in thyroid nodule pathogenesis. The sample size was very small due to the COVID-19 situation.

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) has been tense recently, with the fiercest border conflict since 1962 at Galwan Valley in 2020. Despite extensive talks, trust is absent on both sides. Apart from infrastructural development and military buildup, new methods of increasing vigilance are being used by both, which include building Xiaokang or ‘well-off villages’ from the Chinese side and rehabilitating border villages by the Indian side. Indian border villages have historically held strategic importance but have become depopulated due to limited opportunities, leaving them as ‘ghost villages.’ India is working to support these villages and counter Chinese tactics to maintain territorial integrity. India can improve security and bilateral cooperation by leveraging the strategic and socio-economic potential of these villages. This paper examines the importance of border villages as hubs for cross-border surveillance and security measures amid geopolitical tensions, border conflicts, and broader security concerns. It aims to understand how these villages can promote peace, prosperity, and resilience in the Indo-China border region and provide policy recommendations for their development, thereby maintaining peace in contested border areas.

This work presents a comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) on transition-metal (TM) atoms (Cr, Ni, Ru, Rh) supported on double nanorings (NRs = B₈N₈, B₈P₈, Al₈N₈, Al₈P₈, Ga₈N₈) via the distal pathway. The study focuses on elucidating the energetics, stability, and electronic properties of these TM-decorated nanorings as potential electrocatalysts for efficient nitrogen fixation. Geometry optimizations were performed using the long-range-corrected, range-separated functional ωB97XD combined with the polarized triple-ζ def2-TZVP basis set augmented with diffuse s and p functions. Interaction energies reveal that Ru@B₈N₈ is the most stable configuration, exhibiting a strong binding energy of −5.78 eV. Owing to this high stability, Ru@B₈N₈ was selected for detailed mechanistic evaluation of electrochemical NRR. A mixed-basics approach was employed in which Ru was treated using the LANL2DZ effective core potential, while B, N, and H atoms were described with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set to balance computational efficiency and accuracy. Charge-transfer interactions were analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) methods, and further insight into the electronic structure was obtained through frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and density of states (DOS) analyses, including evaluation of HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. Overall, this work provides fundamental insights into the stability and catalytic behavior of TM-supported double nanorings and offers valuable guidance for the rational design of robust and highly active NRR electrocatalysts.

The need for achieving sustainable community have been a major concern for governments around the world, although, the concept of sustainability first came to the centre stage within the 1980’s. While sustainability becomes a major concern, however, its achievement, within the local community, national and international levels, requires the need for change in human values, attitudes, and behaviours, as values in particular, direct humans to their goals, frame their attitudes, and provide standards against which the behavior of individuals and societies are judged. While values (particularly social equity and environmental values) are absolutely necessary for social functioning, however, Nigeria as a nation has gone through and still going through value and value system laxity, hence, the need for moral education and the family in strengthening eroding values for social equity and environment in communities. This paper examined moral education and families in shaping values for community sustainability in Nigeria. Review of extant literatures revealed that moral education is required particularly by adolescents and youths in communities in differentiating between right or wrong, as moral consciousness acts as guide in decision-making. Similarly, the family was seen as the nucleus from which the formation of an environmentally literate generation starts, and with parents as the prominent educators. Although, morality is required for communal survival, however, the family which is seen as the primary agent of socialization, wield enormous influence in children’s ethical behavior, as it serves as vanguard for sustainable community development.

This study analyses the interactions between financial conditions and real activity in Morocco by examining the policy rate, bank credit, real GDP and inflation together. Using annual data covering 1995–2024, a VECM–SVAR framework is employed to capture both long-term relationships and the propagation of macro-financial shocks. The results show that a single cointegration vector links monetary conditions, credit and real activity in a sustainable manner. Bank credit is the main channel of adjustment in the system, while the policy rate appears to be largely exogenous and insensitive to imbalances. In general, monetary shocks have moderate effects, transmitted mainly via credit, while inflationary shocks are more powerful and persistent, leading to a marked tightening of financial conditions. These conclusions highlight the need to strengthen monetary transmission, develop countercyclical macroprudential tools and improve coordination between monetary, fiscal and structural policies in order to support macro-financial stability in Morocco.

Background: Thalassaemia remains a major public health concern in Bangladesh, where hereditary disorders are increasingly recognized as contributors to long-term morbidity. Junior doctors play a critical role in early identification, counselling and implementation of preventive strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and attitude of junior doctors toward thalassaemia and compare findings between interns and medical officers. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 110 junior doctors (interns and medical officers) in Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from April to June 2019. Data were collected using a pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire comprising demographic variables, 20 knowledge items and 9 attitude items. Knowledge scores were categorized as good, average, or poor. Attitude scores were classified as positive or negative. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Participants were predominantly aged 22–26 years (76.4%), female (63%) and interns (72.7%). Good knowledge was observed in 34.5%, while 34.5% had average and 30.9% had poor knowledge. Positive attitudes were noted in 81.8% of respondents. Interns demonstrated significantly better understanding of consanguinity (p=0.014), prevention (p=0.011) and routine investigations (p=0.008). All participants were willing to donate blood and 80% were willing to donate bone marrow. Knowledge and attitude showed a positive, though statistically insignificant, association. Conclusion: Despite favorable attitudes toward prevention, substantial knowledge gaps persist among junior doctors. Strengthened training in genetics and thalassaemia management is necessary.

Introduction: Community Based Education (CBE) assists students in acquiring professional skills within a community context, emphasizing both population groups and individual challenges they face in their daily lives. In CBE, students are anticipated to cultivate their problem-solving, communication, and critical thinking skills. The execution of the CBE program offers students a chance to enhance these abilities. The aim of this study was to implement the physiotherapy CBE model, to outline the outcomes, as well as to enhance the training of undergraduate physiotherapy students during their placements for the CBE program. Methodology: The researchers employed a qualitative descriptive study method at the Al Gosi Centre located in Omdurman, Sudan. Focus group discussions were conducted with individuals involved in health promotion and awareness programs, key personnel from the center, and patients. These discussions were audio recorded, and the data was subsequently analyzed and organized into tables and themes. All ethical considerations were mentioned. Results: The majority of patients characterize physiotherapy as a conventional treatment method that employs exercises and massages, often utilizing traditional creams and oils. All the patients report a positive experience with the intervention, as they become aware of various inappropriate behaviors, enhance their overall functional level, and some have experienced a reduction in symptoms. Most of the staff possessed knowledge regarding physiotherapy; the specialist was well-informed, with some staff members drawing from their professional experience, while others had learned about it through the experiences of their relatives. Most of the staff assert that both the students and the community will reap benefits. The students will enhance their self-confidence, implement theoretical knowledge, and observe various scenarios. On the other hand, the community will boost its awareness. Conclusion: Physiotherapists at the Al Gosi Centre apply the CBE model of physiotherapy, which includes health promotion and awareness initiatives. They outline the CBE program, detail the feedback received from clients, and discuss the health professionals' understanding of CBE and physiotherapy. Additionally, they share their experiential knowledge across various aspects after being exposed to community education.

Pedagogy is the process by which instructors help pupils develop. Methods alone cannot adequately capture pedagogy, the art and science of teaching. A worldview and an idealized picture of the educated person must be part of it. These offer the ultimate objective and target that all facets of an educational tradition are cantered around. They also offer guidelines for choosing the methods to be applied in the teaching process. The tenets and viewpoints of contemporary Indian education are embodied in NEP 2020. The science of teaching assumes this is the case and goes beyond simply providing more specific instances of how Indian principles might be reflected in the teaching-learning process.

This paper describes a new framework to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) with steel structural design for high-risk infrastructure industries such as oil & gas, petrochemical, and refinery usage. Employing machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and neural networks (NNs), the framework transforms traditional structural workflows to intelligent, adaptive processes. Trained with large collections of real-world engineering projects, AI models demonstrate significant performance enhancements—reducing design cycle time by 27%, raising structural accuracy, and enhancing resistance to dynamic strain from operational forces. The outcome heralds a new paradigm for industrial engineering, profiling by example how predictive modeling can be employed to design more safely, more efficiently, and code-compliant structures.

Human communities traditionally rely heavily on moving people, goods, and knowledge. Higher degrees of accessibility and a notable rise in mobility have coincided with modern economic processes. While this tendency dates back to the Industrial Revolution, it picked up speed in the second half of the 20th century with the liberalization of trade, the emergence of economic blocs, and the effective exploitation of global labour and resources. This study applies neo-realism, a theoretical paradigm emphasising the anarchic nature of the international system and the primacy of state interests, to examine the geopolitical consequences of multilateral corridors in the Middle East. The research examines how major infrastructure projects serve as tools of power projection, economic security, and regional influence. It focuses on major initiatives like the Iraq Development Road (Dry Canal), the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the proposed IMEC corridor. The study offers a thorough analysis of the strategic dynamics supporting these corridors by combining a variety of qualitative research techniques, such as literature review, content analysis, and comparison analysis. The results show that while international corridors present issues with sovereignty, reliance, and possible conflicts, they also act as arenas for great power competition, regional power dynamics, and alliance formation. The study provides insights into the strategic manoeuvres of state actors and the underlying power structures influencing regional stability and development by placing these corridors within the larger framework of Middle Eastern geopolitics. This helps to clarify the intricate interplay of competition and cooperation that shapes the region's evolving infrastructure landscape.

Objectives: To analyze the existing literature on the outcomes of metformin usage among prediabetic patients. Methods: A thorough search across four databases identified 914 relevant publications. After removing duplicates using Rayyan QCRI and screening for relevance, 77 full-text articles were reviewed, with 6 studies ultimately meeting the criteria for inclusion. Results: We included six studies with a total of 295 pre-diabetic patients and 197 (66.8%) were females. Across the included studies, metformin demonstrated consistent benefits in improving insulin sensitivity and lowering fasting glucose and HbA1c levels, particularly when combined with lifestyle interventions such as exercise. Several studies showed delayed or reduced progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Metformin was especially effective in individuals with higher baseline fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance. Adverse effects were minimal and infrequently reported. However, metformin alone was not universally effective in preventing diabetes, emphasizing the importance of combined interventions. Conclusion: Metformin is a safe and effective adjunct therapy for delaying or preventing T2D in individuals with prediabetes, particularly when used alongside lifestyle changes. Early initiation may offer greater benefits in preserving insulin function and reducing β-cell stress. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and optimal patient selection criteria.

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor originating from smooth muscle cells, most commonly affecting the uterus, retroperitoneum, and extremities, while primary involvement of the abdominal wall is exceptionally uncommon. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with a progressively enlarging mass on the left abdominal wall over six months. Imaging studies revealed a 10 × 3.9 × 13 cm well-defined lesion arising from the external oblique muscle, without intra-abdominal extension or distant metastasis. A core needle biopsy demonstrated spindle-shaped tumor cells with elongated, hyperchromatic nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA), h-caldesmon, vimentin, CD68, and CD45, and negativity for pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3), desmin, CD34, S100, myogenin, MDM2, and EMA, confirming the diagnosis of a pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma rich in osteoclast-like giant cells (FNCLCC grade III). The patient underwent wide local excision with tumor-free (R0) margins. She did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy due to financial constraints. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis and clear resection margins. At six months of follow-up, there was no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis. This case highlights the rarity of primary leiomyosarcoma of the abdominal wall and underscores the importance of imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis. Complete surgical excision with negative margins remains the mainstay of treatment, and long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of recurrence and metastasis.

The coconut or Cocos nucifera L., is a traditional plant that is treasured across the world for its many uses beyond its delicious taste and refreshing water. Coconuts harbor a rich array of phytochemicals, that include terpenoids contributing to their nutritional value and therapeutic potential. This review embarks on a journey to unveil the diverse profile and nutritional perspectives of terpenoids in coconut possessing health-promoting properties. Terpenoids, comprising a variety of compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenoids, exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby bestowing health benefits on consumption. Understanding the pharmacology of terpenoids in coconut and its nutritional implications helps for maximizing its utilization in functional foods, dietary supplements, and pharmaceutical formulations. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of phytoconstituent (terpenoids) in coconuts as a source of bioactive compounds and highlight avenues for future research that harness their full potential for human health and well-being.