Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has seen a surge in popularity in Kenya, with athletes from various backgrounds participating in the sport. However, with this growth comes an increased risk of performance-enhancing substances (PES) use. The intense physical demands of MMA may drive athletes to seek an edge through these substances, leading to significant concerns about health risks and sports integrity. The aim of this study is to assess the practices and beliefs regarding PES, traditional herbs (TH), and food supplements (FS) among Kenyan MMA athletes. Additionally, the study explores the sources of PES, the factors motivating their use, and the efficacy of current Anti-Doping testing practices. To conduct the study, a cross-sectional survey design was employed, sampling 800 athletes from a target population of 4,000 across six MMA federations. Data were collected using structured questionnaires adapted from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), with pre-testing to ensure reliability. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and One- and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 22. The results indicate that the majority of MMA participants are male (79.9%), with a median age of 25 years and a mean age of 26.8±4.1 years. Over half of the athletes perceived PES as a problem, but less than one-third viewed traditional herbs as a concern. Food supplements were used by nearly a fifth of the athletes, with bodybuilders showing the highest usage rate (44.4%). Coaches, team doctors, and physiotherapists were primary sources of these substances, while some athletes reported chemists and medical practitioners as suppliers of PES. The study found that the primary reasons for using PES and FS were to boost economic status through prize money, with additional pressures from coaches, family, and colleagues. Anti-doping testing revealed that 20.6% of athletes had been tested out of competition, while 34.4% believed they could provide a sample that wasn't theirs. The study concludes that while many MMA athletes recognize the risks associated with PES, there is a lack of consistent understanding regarding traditional herbs and food supplements. This inconsistency, combined with external pressures, may lead to risky behavior, compromising the athletes' health and the sport's integrity. To address these issues, the study recommends implementing comprehensive education programs for MMA athletes, coaches, and support personnel to raise awareness of PES risks. Strengthening anti-doping regulations and monitoring sources of PES and FS is also crucial. Additionally, promoting ethical coaching practices and addressing external pressures can foster a safer environment and uphold the values of fair competition in Kenyan MMA.

Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease whose target is the epithelium of the exocrine glands and in particular the salivary glands. SS affects women more often with a sex ratio of 9 women to 1 man and the peak frequency is around age 50. It is mainly described in Western literature where it seems to come second after RA. In Africa, it is mainly reported in the Maghreb. We report a case, revealed by pulmonary damage at the Nianankoro Fomba hospital in Ségou. Observation: This was a patient, aged 50, without any particular ATCD, who had consulted for chronic cough with mucco-purulent sputum and dyspnea, which had been present for more than four (4) months. Faced with the failure of a trial anti-tuberculosis treatment despite the negativity of the sputum testing for BARR in the Pneumophthisiology department, she decided to consult internal medicine. Clinical examination revealed NYHA stage III dyspnea. A chest CT concluded with bilateral pulmonary parenchymal interstitial syndrome associated with inflammatory bronchopathy with bronchiectasis. The immunological assessment revealed positive anti–SSA and anti–SSB Abs. Clinical improvement was obtained after initiation of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Conclusion: This observation illustrates the interest of looking for latent SS in the etiological assessment of a persistent cough.

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have an approximately 2-3-fold increased risk of colorectal cancers. The risk factors most frequently associated with the risk of these cancers in inflammatory bowel disease are those indicative of chronic inflammation, primary sclerosing cholangitis, previous dysplasia, and a family history of colorectal cancers. The pace of CRC surveillance in this population will be determined by the presence of these risk factors, and the surveillance modality is based on colonoscopy with chromoendoscopy and targeted biopsies. In the absence of staining, systematic biopsies can be performed.

Vegetables are a crucial part of the food chain. Vegetables are abundant sources of proteins, fats, minerals, carbohydrates, vitamins and antioxidants. The consumption of leafy vegetables is steadily rising in both urban and rural communities. The rising content of cadmium (Cd) in the food chain through the wastewater poses a significant threat to growth of plants and human health. Cadmium interferes with plant processes like transpiration, nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis, and respiration. Main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the side effects of various exposure durations and various Cd concentrations on the physiology and growth of spinach. This research was conducted using a factorial design with five Cd doses and three exposure durations (25, 50, and 75 days), set up according to CRD and applying three replications. Results indicated that leaf area, root length and plant height were impacted by Cadmium concentrations up to 40 mg kg-1. Additionally, biochemical, and photosynthetic parameters were also affected. Spinach showed tolerance to various levels of cadmium. The highest tolerance index for spinach was observed at 10 mg Cd kg−1 soil after 50 DoE, while the lowest tolerance index was recorded at 40 mg Cd kg−1 soil after 75 DoE. Cd accumulation in the vegetables, daily intake via consumption poses significant health risks. The findings suggest that both the duration of exposure and Cd dosage are critical in determining Cd toxicity, as evidenced by significant reductions in spinach growth and physiological parameters. Consequently, the consumption of such Cd-contaminated vegetables could pose serious health risks to humans.

Aim- This study aimed to examine the usefulness of various mind-body interventions in physiotherapy rehabilitation. Methods- Through a comprehensive review of the literature on topics such as yoga, mind-body exercise, Tai Chi, pain neuroscience education, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, the researchers identified the potential benefits and drawbacks of incorporating these interventions into clinical practice. Result- These results indicate that combining mind-body therapies with physiotherapy rehabilitation may lead to positive outcomes for patients in terms of their recovery and overall well-being. Conclusion- The integration of mind-body techniques in physiotherapy rehabilitation holds significant promise for improving recovery and fostering general psychological well-being in individuals with musculoskeletal, neurological, and other conditions.

We describe a unique case of a 60-year-old asthmatic Saudi patient who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and accelerated lung fibrosis after the administration of the second dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. This patient presented to the emergency room with a four-day history of fever, shortness of breath, and cough. His hospitalization was complicated by non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, and a lowered Glasgow Coma Scale. He was intubated at a P/F ratio of 73 mmHg and a peak inspiratory pressure of 46 cmH2O. His antibiotics had to be modified, as he had QT prolongation. Additional anti-pseudomonal, anti-anaerobe, and anti-fungal coverings were empirically given, which were later switched to colistin based on the results of a sputum culture. On ICU day 17, the patient went into cardiac arrest due to severe ARDS and septic shock. Despite attempts at resuscitation, he was unable to be revived.

The over-the-top technique with lateral plasty is a technique that allows anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and lateral plasty using a graft consisting of semitendinosus and gracilis that remain attached at the tibial level. This technique uses only the tibial tunnel without the femoral tunnel. We report on a series of 3 patients operated on for anterior knee instability following an anterior cruciate ligament injury in the orthopaedic department of the Delafontaine Hospital in Saint Denis, France, and discuss the results with a review of the literature.

Drug addiction is a one of the fast growing problem among the youth in the world and Bandipora District of Kashmir Valley is no exception due to prolonged turmoil, unemployment and economic uncertainty. The present study was conducted to know about the reasons of drug addiction, awareness among the people of Bandipora about drug abuse and the preventive measures adopted by the stake holders. 600 persons were selected at random from different areas of Bandipora. Among them 300 were male and 300 female. A questionnaire was circulated among them during the year 2023. The results obtained revealed a horrifying picture and a threat for entire society if the drug menace is not controlled.

The article discusses the concept of universal jurisdiction and its implementation in international law. It explores the relationship between universal jurisdiction and treaty law, as well as customary international law. The author emphasizes the importance of universal jurisdiction in holding individuals accountable for serious international crimes, even when they flee to another country. The article also discusses the concept of hot pursuit and its connection to universal jurisdiction. Real-life geopolitical events are presented to illustrate the complexities and challenges of implementing universal jurisdiction. The author argues that universal jurisdiction can contribute to peace and security by redefining international relations and moving away from traditional approaches. The article draws on various primary and secondary sources to support its arguments.

Introduction: in hemodialysis patients. Osteoporosis associated with kidney disease chronic is a complex entity with significant morbidity and mortality relative to risk of fracture. Its prevalence is high, but the incrimination of clinical and biological factors remains poorly identified. The purpose of our study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with osteoporosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 40 chronic hemodialysis patients for at least 6 months. All subjects underwent a bone mineral density (BMD) assay with dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN). Data were statistically analyzed by means of descriptive analysis. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the T-score to define the osteoporotic (t score≤-2.5) and the no-osteoporotic (t score>-2.5). The search for the risk factors studied [age, duration of hemodialysis, parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatases (ALP), and calcification of the abdominal aorta (AAC)] has been carried out by logistic regression. Results: The average age was 59 ± 16 years, 47% were women, and the median of hemodialysis duration was 54 months. The prevalence of osteoporosis at the lumbar spine was 27.5% and at the femoral neck was 32.5%. Regarding risk factors, at the LS, the factors associated with osteoporosis retained in the univariate analysis were age (p=0.034), PTH (p=0.024), AAC (p=0.024), ALP (p=0.027) and in the multivariate analysis, only PTH was significantly associated (p=0.019). At the FN; The factors associated with osteoporosis retained in analysis univariate were age (p = 0.03), AAC (p = 0.01), ALP (p=0.04) and in analysis multivariate was the APL (p= 0.035). Conclusion: Osteoporosis is associated with turnover abnormalities. We suggest that regular screening for fracture risk using DXA and early correction of the disorders.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by hormonal dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and reproductive abnormalities. Probiotics are the gut bacteria which helps in digestion and possess several functionalities positively in body like immunomodulation, hormonal balancing, antihypertensive etc. There are evidences pointing for preventive as well as therapeutic results from the PCOS symptoms by administrating probiotics to the adolescent women. Some triggers causing implications of gut microbiota alterations in PCOS, including modulation of host metabolism, inflammation, insulin resistance, and reproductive function. Present paper reviews the mechanism through which these outcomes are achieved.

With the accelerating speed of artificial intelligence and mobile technology so many companies have fully replaced the traditional services with technology-based self-services. However sometimes fully replacing the traditional service with self-service technologies develops negative attitude among users and they resist and inhibit that technology. For understanding that resistance behavior we draw inferences from psychological reactance theory. Grounded on this theory present study examines the role of some paradoxes (technology anxiety, insecurity) within the context of self-service technology environment. This research develops conceptual model to investigate the impact of two paradoxes such as: technology anxiety and insecurity on adoption attitude. We tested the model and relevant research hypotheses with survey data collected from 152 users of self-service technology in India. The results of the study recommend the service providers that instead of replacing whole service options some choices during the process develops positive attitude among users of technology.

Background: Male sexual dysfunction is a group of disorders that affect sexual function, most notably erectile dysfunction (ED), Peyronie's disease (PD), and premature ejaculation (PE). More than 50% of men between the ages of 40 and 70 report having some form of erectile dysfunction, which is a rather high prevalence that rises with age. Age, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, stroke, hypertension, penile trauma, depression, anxiety, and disturbances in central serotonin neurotransmission and 5-HT postsynaptic receptor function are risk factors for male sexual dysfunction. The International Index of Erectile Dysfunction, the Sexual Health Inventory for Men, and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool are three sexual questionnaires that can be used to screen for these illnesses. Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum-graecum L., also known as methi (in Hindi), has been used as a culinary spice, flavouring ingredient, and medicinal plant for a long time. Despite being more well-known for its seeds, fenugreek leaves and stems have also been claimed to offer medical benefits, including laxative, lactation stimulant, and labour assist properties. Method: The purpose of the current study was to assess the efficiency of flavonoids and steroid saponin found in Trigonella foenum-graecum seed for their inhibitory influence on PDE-5 enzyme to elicit the aphrodisiac potency. The Auto Dock software used a grid-based docking algorithm to determine the bond. Result: Fenugreek found to be effective aphrodisiac agent and effectively binds to be target protein PDE-5 with binding energy -9.8, -10.6, -7.88 & -6.61 kcalmol-1for Diosgenin, gitogenin, Naringenin and Vitexin respectively. Conclusion: The outcome of findings revealed that steroidal saponin(diosgenin) and flavonoid(vitexin) showed potent inhibitory effect on PDE-5 enzyme which reflects the efficacy of fenugreek seed as potent aphrodisiac agent via synergetic effect of steroidal saponin and flavonoid.

Background: The study of free radical chemistry has received a considerable lot of attention recently. Our bodies produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and free radicals as a result of a variety of endogenous processes, exposure to various physiochemical situations, or pathological conditions. For optimum physiological function, free radicals and antioxidants must coexist in balance. Oxidative stress results when the body's defences against free radicals are overpowered. As a result, free radicals damage lipids, proteins, and DNA and cause a variety of human disorders. Therefore, using antioxidants from an external source can help to manage this oxidative damage. In contrast to synthetic antioxidants, which are either added to food to increase its shelf-life or are synthesised by plants and found in the foods we consume, natural antioxidants are produced by plants (for example, vitamins and other naturally-occurring substances in our food) (e.g. BHT). Annona squamosa. (Annonaceae, Family). Hindi-speaking locals refer to it as "Sitaphal." Insecticidal, purgative, laxative, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, anti-oxidant, antimalarial, and antibacterial are only a few of the pharmacological effects of the plant. Method: In current study HO-1 protein selected as target protein. The Auto Dock software used a grid-based docking algorithm to determine the bond. Using the Merck Molecular Force Field, 2D structures of compounds were created, transformed to 3D, and then energetically decreased up to an arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Result: Flavonoids of A.squamosa found to be effective antioxidant component and effectively binds to be target protein HO-1 with binding energy -6.18 & -5.26 kcalmol-1for quercetin and rutin respectively. Conclusion: The finding of the in-silico molecular docking showed that both lead compound is effective binds & inhibitory action on target protein. The molecular docking of ligands like quercetin and rutin with human HO-1 receptor revealed that it has exhibited the chemical interaction with the amino acids in the active pockets.

Background: Androgenic alopecia (AGA), commonly referred to as male pattern baldness, represents a prevalent condition characterized by hair loss in men worldwide. While genetic factors primarily influence AGA, hormonal imbalances, particularly involving androgens, play a significant role in its pathogenesis. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for AGA in males, offering hope for effective solutions for hair loss. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of PRP injections in the treatment of androgenic alopecia in males. Methodology: In this prospective study spanning January 2023 to January 2024, 30 male patients with androgenic alopecia (AGA) were enrolled. Diagnosis relied on clinical evaluation, with AGA staging based on the Norwood-Hamilton scale. Patients underwent baseline blood workup and received four PRP injection sessions every three weeks. Visual assessments, digital photography, and a hair pull test were conducted at specified intervals. PRP was prepared from peripheral blood using centrifugation and activated with calcium chloride before injection into affected scalp areas using the nappage technique. Data analysis employed SPSS software, with continuous variables expressed as mean ± SD and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. Fisher’s exact test was used for qualitative data analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP injections in treating AGA in males. Results: The study population's age distribution showcases a varied demographic, with the majority falling within the 28 to 47-year-old range, particularly dominant in the 38-47 years group (50%), followed by 28-37 years (36.67%), while individuals aged 18-27 years represent 13.33% of the total participants. In terms of male pattern baldness, the Modified Norwood Hamilton classification reveals a predominant presence of moderate to slightly advanced stages, with Grade III being the most prevalent (23.30%), followed by IIIa (16.67%) and IIa (16.67%). Additionally, Grade II accounts for 10% of the population, while the more severe stages, IV and IVa, collectively make up 18.50%. At baseline assessment, the majority of patients exhibited moderate hair loss (75%), with mild hair fall noted in 20% and severe hair fall in 5% of the cohort. Over the course of the study, visual assessment on a 7-point scale demonstrated a progressive improvement, with initially all participants showing no change, which decreased to 26% by the 4th month, accompanied by increasing percentages of mild (40.6% at 4th month), moderate (29.6% at 4th month), and excellent (3.7% at 4th month) improvements. Analysis of improvement in the fronto-temporal region compared to the vertex region indicated differences in distribution but lacked statistical significance across categories of improvement (p-values ranging from 0.15 to 1.00), with moderate improvement being more prevalent in the vertex region (50%) compared to the fronto-temporal region (23.8%). Conclusion: PRP therapy offers a straightforward and cost-effective approach to treating AGA in males. With high patient satisfaction rates and minimal adverse effects, PRP presents itself as a viable option for individuals who have not responded satisfactorily to conventional treatments.