Introduction: The presence of distant metastases is one of the important predictive factors of poor outcomes in patients with thyroid carcinoma. It is rarely observed at early presentation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). This study aimed to analyze the frequency of distant metastasis in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Otolaryngology, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, and Department of Otolaryngology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from July 2011 to Jun 2012. A total of 40 patients were selected as study subjects by simple random sampling technique. A descriptive analysis of data was carried out by using a statistical package for social science (SPSS) 22.0 for Windows. Result: In this study, a majority (35, 87.5%) of the patients suffered from papillary carcinoma, followed by (5,12.5%) follicular carcinoma. Considering the distant metastasis, 2 (5.71%) patients had metastasis to the lung among the patients with papillary carcinoma (n=35). 1 patient had lung metastasis and another 1 patient had bony metastasis among the follicular carcinoma patients. In terms of distant metastasis, 50% of the patients had distant metastasis from each papillary and follicular carcinoma. Conclusion: This study concludes that metastasis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is not uncommon. Distant metastasis is more common in follicular thyroid carcinoma than papillary carcinoma. Lung and bone metastasis are common regarding the site of metastasis.

Fruit and vegetables provide nutrition and food security, income-generating opportunities, ecosystem services, and contribute to cultural identities. Protecting these species, and by extension, demands urgent action. The present study is to understand the diversity of vegetables sold in the markets of Tirunelveli District Tamil Nadu. Field visits were made to the local markets in and around Tirunelveli covering nearly 30 km2. A major survey was done at Tirunelveli Town Wholesale Market Complex, Palayamkottai Market complex, and various farmer markets (Ulaver Santhai). A total of 62 species belonging to 41 genera and 19 families were identified in the study. Out of 62 species, 61 belong to angiosperms and 01 to fungi. Cucurbitaceae is the dominant family with 11 species. Brassica largest genera share 10 species. Totally 20 species of geophytic vegetables were recorded in the study area. Out of them majority (45% of the species) were monocots, and family Brassicaceae, is dominant with 5 species. The present study concluded with an appeal for sufficient, sustained funding to ensure a global rescue plan for vegetable diversity can shift the research and development agenda to focus on nutrition and well-being.

Background- Anaemia is one of the common health issues that pregnant women and children in developing countries face. Anaemia in pregnancy is related to poor fetal and maternal outcomes contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Anaemia is a treatable and preventable condition. Aim - to determine the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women visiting the ANC clinic in a tertiary care centre. Materials and methods- Total 100 pregnant women visiting the ANC clinic in a tertiary care centre were included in the study during the period of 5 months (December 2023 to April 2024) at VVP rural hospital, Loni. The World Health Organization's diagnostic criteria for anaemia was applied for determining hemoglobin levels. Demographic details and hemoglobin levels were collected. Data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and pspp version 1.0.1. Results- Out of total 100 participants, 51 were anaemic. Out of them, 30 (58.8%) women had mild anaemia, 19 (37.3%) women had moderate anaemia and 2 (3.9%) women had severe anaemia. Mean age of women with Anaemia was 23.3 years as opposed to mean age of women without anaemia which was 26.7 years. Out of 51 cases, 10 (19.6%) women were primigravida, 32 (62.7%) women had birth spacing of less than 2 years, 9 (17.7%) women had birth spacing of 2 years or more. Conclusion- Prevalence of anaemia in our study was comparable to NFHS-5 data. There is need of antenatal and pre-conceptional health awareness about implications of anaemia, preventive measures and spacing between births which will reduce prevalence of anaemia, thus maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Background- Blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mmHg, taken after a period of rest, on two occasions or ≥160/110 mmHg on one occasion in a previously normotensive woman is labeled as pregnancy-induced hypertension. [1,2] Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a pregnancy-specific condition that includes gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia (PE), and eclampsia (E). It is linked to intrauterine death, abruptio placentae, maternal mortality, and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) [3, 4]. Aim - to find the prevalence of pregnancy induced hypertension in women attending antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods- Total 200 pregnant women with a gestational age of 20 weeks or greater visiting ANC clinic were included in the study during the period of 5 months (December 2023 to April 2024) at VVP rural hospital, Loni. Demographic details and blood pressure were collected. Data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and pspp version 1.0.1. Results- Mean age of participant mothers was 23.2 years. Out of total 200 participants, 15 (7.5%) women presented with PIH (8, gestational hypertension and 5, pre-eclampsia and 2, eclampsia). Mean age of pregnant women presenting with PIH was 29 years as compared to the mean age of pregnant women without PIH which was 22 years. Out of 15 participants with PIH, 10 were primigravida, 8 and 3 were from lower and lower middle class respectively. Conclusion- PIH is still important problem and health education and awareness is still needed especially in rural communities.

Background: Rabies is a cosmopolitan anthropozoonosis for which humans are accidental victims. In Morocco, rabies is an endemic disease, with new cases of human rabies reported every year. The aim of our study is to analyze the epidemiological aspects of rabies in the province of Ouarzazate. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study using records available at the Ouarzazate Municipal Hygiene Office. It includes 1,759 cases of exposure to animal bites between 2016 and 2019. Results: We identified 1,759 cases of animal bites during the period of 4 years of study, representing an average annual exposure rate of 190/100,000 inhabitants. Most cases were rural (65%). The median age of bitten cases was 28 years, with people under 15 years of age exposed in 32% of cases. Males predominate, with 61.3% of cases. Dogs are the main animal aggressors at 47.8%, followed by cats at 33%. The upper limbs are the preferred sites of aggression (89.2%). Exposure was grade III in 76.8% of cases. Lesions were multiple in 52.1% and superficial in 62.6%. No cases of human rabies have been recorded since 2001, despite 20 cases being exposed to a biologically confirmed rabid animal during our study. Conclusion: Rabies remains a public health concern in the province of Ouarzazate, despite the presence of a national rabies control program. Effective control of this zoonosis requires strengthening education and community engagement, as well as close collaboration between animal health and human health sectors for integrated management of bite cases.

This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of working individually versus in cooperative groups in a classroom setting of undergraduate students. It also investigates how these two tactics enhance learning outcomes and considers their advantages and disadvantages. The literature review places a strong emphasis on the importance of students’ involvement in the learning process and the need for effective teaching strategies that can aid in students’ different styles of learning. The research involves a sample of undergraduate students who are randomly assigned to complete tasks designed to test their capacity for knowledge acquisition, critical thought, problem solving, and communication. The results of the study are analyzed using statistical methods to determine the effectiveness of each approach in enhancing the learning outcomes of the students. The findings of the study contribute to the existing literature on this topic and provide practical recommendations for educators on the most effective ways to structure learning activities in the classroom.

Apart from traditional phytohormones, a range of short peptides known as peptide hormones have gathered more information and focus due to their role in long-range signaling and systemic control of stress adaption and development. New networks exist the crosstalk between different phytohormones under a variety of conditions, such as plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Some of the important plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin’s, jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), florigen, and strigolactones (SLs). Salicylic acid (SA), a crucial plant hormone, is involved in several activities, including thermogenesis, stomatal closure, seed germination, floral induction, root initiation, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Organosulfur compounds are thought to cause phase II detoxifying enzymes, such as quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase, as well as increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which gathered ultimately lead to the detoxification and elimination of carcinogens. Ginseng and ginsenosides seem to help with immunity, cancer, diabetes, CNS function, and other conditions. These therapeutic herbs offer a sensible way to treat a variety of inside illnesses that are typically regarded to be incurable.

Practices of School-based assessment is one of the critical components of assessment in Ghanaian schools. It practices and challenges teachers faced were explored in the Bawku Municipality in the Upper East Region of Ghana. All the teachers at the Junior High Schools in Bawku Central were involved. Questionnaires were used in the collection of the data. Means and standard deviation were used for the analysis. The study revealed Junior High School teachers’ practices of Classroom-based assessment were very low. Also, the study revealed numerous challenges teachers at the Junior High School in Bawku Central faced. The study, therefore, recommended that the stakeholders of the schools in Bawku Central should take it as a matter of urgency to encourage teachers to develop positive attitudes towards the application of SBA. Also, Ghana Education Service in Bawku Municipality should ensure that there is a regular supply of assessment materials to all schools to avoid teachers asking students to provide their assessment materials for their projects. Moreover, Bawku Municipal Education Service should negotiate with stakeholders who have an interest in education to organize in-service training on how to prepare assessment items, especially SBA tasks. This would go a long way to help the teachers construct good SBA items.

The exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates are low globally and in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to identify the type of infant feeding practiced during the first six months of age and determine if there is an association between demographic characteristics and the type of breastfeeding. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted on 401 primipara mothers who attended 15 primary health care centers (PHCCs)by using a self-administered questionnaire. Only 17.2% of infants were exclusively breastfed, and 65.8% were given mixed feeding in the first six months of life. The breastfeeding rate declined from 99.8% in the first month to 76.3% by six months, with a corresponding increase in the use of formula milk, plain water and dates from 31.7%, 24.9%, and 24.7% in the first month to 53.1%. 49.1%, and 32.7% in the six months, respectively. Mothers also used herbs, lump sugar, glucose water and honey every month. A chi-square test reveals no association between the demographic characteristics and type of breastfeeding (EBF, predominant breastfeeding and mixed feeding). The primipara mothers had low EBF rates indicating the need to provide culture-specific education, support and counselling.

Endometrial Adenocarcinoma is one of the common malignancies of the female genital tract. It is associated with specific risk factors, which can be acquired and genetic. There are various precursor lesions of this condition, which warrants detection by proper screening methods to aid in earlier diagnosis and thereby treat these conditions to prevent their progression to well established adenocarcinoma. There are Several Histo-pathological mimickers which simulate Adenocarcinoma, that need to be differentiated by proper clinicopathological evaluation, so the correct diagnosis is made, which helps in overall management of patient. This study is an attempt to describe various precursor lesions of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma and also the differentiation of Pathological conditions that are the look alike of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma. In addition various clinicopathological methods will be described which help to arrive at proper diagnosis. Risk categories for Endometrial carcinoma will be identified which helps in early diagnosis of Disease.

Education systems worldwide aim to not only impart knowledge but also instill values among learners. In Kenya, this objective faces several vices and barriers that hinder the effective inculcation of values in primary and secondary schools. Despite efforts to promote values in educational settings, vices such as cheating, fighting, and drug use remain prevalent in competitive sports within Kenyan schools. The objective of the study was to explore the prevalence of vices and the barriers hindering the inculcation of values among learners in primary and secondary schools in Kenya, particularly within the context of competitive sports. The study employed a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from schools across 24 counties, targeting school administrators, teachers, learners, and key informants. The sample included head teachers, teachers, learners, and stakeholders from various community sectors. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussions, with pre-testing to ensure reliability and validity. The findings highlight significant challenges in promoting values within the educational system. Vices such as cheating (39.3%), fighting (24.0%), and drug use (18.0%) are prevalent in competitive sports, undermining the ethos of sportsmanship and creating adverse environments for value promotion. Despite efforts to implement value-based education, barriers such as peer pressure (36.2%), lack of role models (45.1%), heavy academic workloads, and the influence of social media persist, impeding the effective inculcation of values among learners. In conclusion, the study indicates that vices such as cheating, fighting, and drug use are prevalent in competitive sports within Kenyan schools, posing significant challenges to the promotion of values among learners. To address these challenges, the study suggests several interventions. Strengthening value-based education through curriculum integration and ethical teachings that can foster critical thinking and ethical behavior among learners. Additionally, implementing stricter oversight and penalties for examination malpractices are necessary to maintain academic integrity.

The use of performance-enhancing substances (PES) among Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes has been a growing concern in Kenya, driven by the desire to gain a competitive edge. This study explores the knowledge and attitudes associated with the use of PES, traditional herbs, and food supplements among Kenyan MMA athletes. The cross-sectional survey research design allowed for the collection of quantitative data to understand the athletes' perspectives. Participants in the study included MMA athletes from various regions across Kenya, with a target population of 4,000 athletes and a sample of 800 selected through Population Proportionate to Sample (PPS) technique. The research instruments used were questionnaires divided into two sections: Anti-Doping education and beliefs about PES, traditional herbs, and food supplements. Pre-testing ensured the reliability of the questionnaires. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 22, applying descriptive statistics and One and Two-Way Analysis of Variance to examine mean score differences at a 0.05 significance level. Results indicated that the majority of MMA athletes in Kenya are male (79.9%), with an age range of 18 to 54 years and a mean age of 26.8±4.1. Experience in years varied, with Wrestlers having the most years and Taekwondo athletes the least. Knowledge levels were generally low, with Bodybuilders scoring the lowest in a set of 16 Likert scale questions. Misconceptions about the safety of over-the-counter supplements were prevalent, with only 14.8% of athletes believing they were safe. Attitude scores showed that Bodybuilders and Weightlifters had a more favorable view of doping, while female athletes exhibited a significantly higher attitude score compared to males. The study concludes that there is a need for enhanced Anti-Doping education and awareness programs, particularly focusing on athletes with lower knowledge and attitude scores. Recommendations include implementing gender-specific education, promoting gender diversity in MMA, and strengthening collaboration with sports authorities and Anti-Doping agencies.

Basic Education Curriculum Framework (BECF), emphasizes core values such as integrity, respect, and social justice. Despite this focus, there is a concern about the limited awareness and application of these values among learners, leading to a broader issue of inadequate value-based education. The objective of the study was to examine the knowledge and application of values among learners in primary and secondary schools in Kenya, focusing on the curriculum's role in nurturing ethical behavior and responsible citizenship. The study employed a mixed-method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from schools across 24 counties, targeting school administrators, teachers, learners, and key informants. The sample included head teachers, teachers, learners, and stakeholders from various community sectors. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussions, with pre-testing to ensure reliability and validity. The main findings revealed that the majority of learners had limited awareness of core values, with integrity (39.9%) and respect (33.3%) being the most recognized. Despite this, learners identified several practical scenarios where they applied values, such as cleaning school compounds and respecting school rules. Teachers emerged as the most significant influencers of learners' values, followed by parents, while head teachers and relatives had a lesser impact. The study also noted that, while teachers and key informants generally agreed on the importance of nurturing values, there was uncertainty about the community's role in promoting them. In conclusion, the study indicates a need for a more integrated approach to value-based education. Recommendations include strengthening the curriculum to emphasize value-based learning, enhancing teacher training, fostering school-community partnerships, promoting consistent reinforcement of values, and implementing ongoing assessment and evaluation mechanisms.

This study assessed parental awareness of avulsed tooth management among 300 participants at Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda. Results revealed significant gaps in understanding, with only 0.66% indicating they would replant an avulsed tooth, and 87.3% disagreed that it could be replanted. Most participants were uncertain about key aspects, such as replantation and tooth storage. These findings emphasize the need for targeted educational interventions to improve parental preparedness for dental emergencies. Addressing these knowledge gaps can empower individuals to provide appropriate first aid and seek timely professional care, ultimately improving outcomes for dental trauma patients.

Introduction: Diabetes is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. It also represents a significant risk factor for stroke. The excess stroke risk associated with diabetes is significantly higher in women than in men, independent of sex differences observed for other major cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and Method: This retrospective descriptive study was carried out in the Internal Medicine department of Point G University Hospital from January 2008 to December 2012. Included in this work were all type 2 diabetic patients hospitalized in the department during the duration of the study, presenting clinical signs of sentivo-motor deficit with performance of a brain CT scan. Results: At the end of this work, 358 patients were hospitalized, among whom 19 cases of established stroke were recorded, i.e. a frequency of 5.3%. Dilated cardiomyopathy represented 36.8% of cases. LVH and repolarization disorders accounted for 21.1% each. Composite ischemic stroke represented 79% of cases followed by mixed stroke or 16% of cases. The evolution was marked by after-effects such as left hemiparesis 36.8%, right hemiplegia 10.5% and death in 5.3% of cases. Dyslipidemia 82%, hypertension 84.21% were the risk factors most associated with diabetes. Conclusion: Strokes are common in type 2 diabetic patients. Their prevention requires better management of diabetes and its associated risk factors.