Developing countries experienced insufficient levels of physical activity, particularly Saudi Arabia. In recent decades, Saudi Arabia has been experiencing a significant change in economy, urbanization, modernization, extensive and rapid demographic changes, and lifestyle transformation. These changes had negatively increased sedentary behaviors, inactivity physical activity, and lifestyle. Physical inactivity increases the risk of non-communicable and disease chronic diseases. Objectives: To highlight the gap in information such as gender inequality, cultural sensitivity, and social norms, including geography. Methods: Saudi Digital library, Google scholar, and UOW library. The terms used are “physical activity”, and “exercise” and research strategy were also adopted. Results: The recent Household Sports Practice Survey Bulletin in 2019 showed significant inequality between males and females. Also, the data showed different results relative to school type and gender. There are specific socio-cultural factors that limit women to participate in physical activities. Females have a low rate of total labor participants in the country. Geographical factors should be considered when establishing a promotion plan for physical activity, and there are no studies that focus on the effect of climate on participation in physical activity. Conclusion: The Saudi country has commenced numerous initiatives to improve people's health and well-being, and hopes to achieve this by 2030. It is important to build a community health center for females because there is a segregation policy to separate males from females in public places and workplaces. Having a national policy or promotion plan and collaborating with government parties is important. In addition, monitoring and evaluating the programs is important to ensure their success.

Background: Researchers now have unprecedented access to low-latency data at affordable prices thanks to social media's widespread acceptance and continuous use. Given how often food is discussed and uploaded on social media, nutrition research may find this to be of special interest. Objectives: To summarize current published evidence on the impact of social media on fast food consumption and increased bad nutritional habits. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct were systematically searched for relevant literature. Rayyan QRCI was employed throughout this comprehensive process. Results & Interpretation: We included six studies with a total of 10988 participants, and 5899 (53.7%) were females. The reported rate of using social media ranged from 72.9% [15] to 95.9% [17]. The average daily usage of social media and the choices and behaviours related to fast food were found to be strongly correlated. The activity that most negatively impacted children's eating habits was watching food videos. Due to the previously identified connections between conventional forms of food marketing and children's eating habits, food marketing is controlled or prohibited in the majority of Western nations. In general, social media has a negative impact on people's relationship with food and how they view their bodies.

Advertisement is an important tool of businessmen, producers and sellers, which is used in variety of ways to attract consumer’s attention towards the product. This study tries to explore the specific effect of on-line advertisement on consumer behaviour by making a case study of college students in Changsha (Hunan). The study applied mix method approach for collection of data and observations on consumer behaviour and advertisement. A total of 661 students were interviewed by using structured questionnaire and more than 14 students were taken for in-depth interviews, case studies and moreover two focus group studies were conducted in the university. The findings indicate that there's a strong positive association between on-line advertisement and consumer behaviour. The factors such as ads compositions, ad recall, duration of page visit and ad content were the primary determinants influencing consumer preference for on-line advertisement. The results of focus group discussions and case studies revealed that individuals were more inclined to those ads and products which include their favourite celebrity and an amazing story that impress the viewer and made his/her preference towards the advertisement. On the basis of results, the study suggested that ads should be short, conclusive and has a short amazing story and a celebrity to attract more consumers’ attention to the product.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States has approved drugs for sale in the country only if they are both safe and effective, meaning that the advantages of the medication must outweigh any known hazards. But over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications also have negative effects. (FDA) reactions, sometimes referred to as side effects, are undesired side effects that may be connected to a medication. Side effects can range in severity from little issues like a runny nose to potentially fatal situations like heart attack and in some case may lead to death. Age, use of other drugs, vitamins, or diet supplement, amount of drug, and route of administration can affect on degree of side effect as in IM or IV adverse effect is faster and stronger to appear than in oral route. According to laboratory tests, many tests have been done to detect impact of drug on body. In drugs cause liver failure tests appear elevated in liver enzyme as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In kidney failure laboratory test indicate elevated in lipase and amylase serum.in drugs high cholesterol level such beta blocker, prednisone, and anabolic steroid in lab test detect high cholesterol level above 200mg\dl. Drugs elevate blood glucose as statins, corticosteroid, and beta blocker indicated elevation of blood glucose level above the normal. Analytical methods can consider also laboratory method as have been done in labs, it help in identification and separation of drugs so identify the drug these analytical method as spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Introduction: Intra uterine fetal death is always an unacceptable event not only by the expecting mother and family but also by the obstetrician. Both the woman & the obstetrician become desperate to know the cause of IUFD & its prevention in future pregnancy. In more than 50% cases causes of fetal death cannot be determined. Objective: To identify common risk factors associated with IUFD. Methods: It was a cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur over the period of 6 months dated from July 2017 to December 2017. Sample size: 50 cases. All pregnant woman after 28 weeks of gestational age who were admitted in antenatal ward of the Gynae & Obstetric department of Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur. During the study period all the patients with IUFD & Fetuses who does not show any signs of births were the study population of this study. Result: Total 50 patients included in your study. Table-I shows that most of the women with IUFD cases fall in the age group of 20-30years 76% and 72% of women had primary level of education. Most of the patient 70%were from middle class. All were housewife. Majority (88%) were from rural area. Majority 52% were primigravida, 50% were>36weeks of gestational age, history of abortion were in 14% cases & IUFD in 04% cases. None of the patient took regular antenatal care, most of the Patient (72%) took irregular ANC, and 28% of patient did not take any ANC. Hypertensive disorder was the major risk factors 34% which include chr. HTN. 08%, preeclampsia 10% & eclampsia 16%, Other risk factors were PROM 16%, Prolong labor and obstructed labour 12%, GDM 06%, Rupture uterus with previous C/S 10%, Placental factor 08%, Cord prolapse 06%, Severe IUGR 04%, no risk factors found in 04% cases. 72% of the cases had mild anaemia, 60% were normotensive & 40% had high blood pressure, Scar tenderness were found in 20% cases who had H/O C/S. the patient 58% had Hb% 08-10gm/dl, all were Rh+ve mother, PPBS raised in 06% cases. In USG liquor volume normal 20%, mild to moderate oligohydramnios in 44%, moderate to severe oligohydramnios in 20% & severe oligohydramnios in 16% cases. Shows vaginal delivery had occurred in 86% cases. 14% need operative intervention among which 10% laparotomy were due to rupture uterus & 04% LSCS were due to scar tenderness. Maternal outcome in 84% cases were uneventful. Wound infection occured in 12% cases & Puerperial sepsis occurred in 04% cases. Conclusions: PIH, PROM were leading causes of IUFD. Majority of women who had IUFD were emergency admission who had not received adequate antenatal care. A significant proportion of IUFD is preventable by health education to patients and community for regular antenatal care, about warning signs during antenatal period, hospital delivery and early referral.

Liver illnesses that run in families might start childhood with cholestatic jaundice and proceed to severe hepatic dysfunction. Although congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection can initially affect the liver in otherwise healthy hosts, chronic hepatitis is rare. We present an infant with cholestatic jaudnice evolving since birth and dysmorphic facies revealing alagille syndrome, the biological tests is revealing a biological cholestasis and a CMV serology positive. The patient was treated for 3 months.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease of autoimmune origin with early manifestations, which occur predominantly in childhood. Its incidence has been increasing in most European countries. Diabetes is a well-known predisposing factor for oral diseases; therefore, prevention at an early age is essential. Diabetes negatively affectsdeveloping enamel by altering the mineralization process, which can have a detrimental effect on oral health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) may affect the healing and survival of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. Methods: An electronic search of the following databases was carried out to identify the literature evaluating the effect of type 1 diabetes on children's primary teeth: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase. In total, 1244 studies were identified. After removing duplicates (n = 52), then screening based on title and abstract, and then performing full-text screening, a total of nine articles were included in this systematic review. Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that type 1 diabetes does not significantly increase the risk of dental caries or periodontal lesions for children's primary teeth.

The purpose of study was to find out the effects of low Intensity plyometric training combined with aerobic training on explosive power of school kabaddi players. To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty school kabaddi players in, Alagappa Fitness foundation, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu were selected as subject at random and their age group range between 13 to 15 years. The study was formulated as pre and posttest random group design, in which thirty subject were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1(n=10, LI-PT) underwent low intensity plyometric Training. The experimental group-2 (n=10, LI- PT-AT) underwent low intensity plyometric training combined with aerobic training and group 3 served as control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. In this study, two training programme were adopted as independent variable, i.e., low intensity plyometric training, and low intensity plyometric training combined with aerobic training. The explosive power was selected as dependent variables, it was tested by vertical jump test. The selected two treatment groups were performed three days in a week for the period of eight weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The selected performance parameters were collected before and after the training period. The collected pre and post data was critically analyzed with apt statistical tool of analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups with respect to each parameter. The scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups with respect to each parameter. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant was fixed in this study. The results proved that the selected both training produce significant improvement on explosive power rather than the control group. However, plyometric training combined with aerobic training have produced greater improvement on explosive power than the plyometric training alone.

The study aims to investigate the impact of change management on enhancing performance efficiency at Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Riyadh. To achieve this goal, the researchers opted for the descriptive approach. the study sample consisted of (150) from the study items (Administrative, Doctor, Nurse and Technician) at Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Riyadh. The study utilized a questionnaire as a research tool for data collection, and in light of that, the study arrived at several results, with the most significant being the study on the impact of change management on enhancing performance efficiency at Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Riyadh. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between effective change management strategies (Cultural, Technological, Structural, and Human Dimension) and enhancing performance efficiency within the organization. These outcomes collectively contribute to a heightened level of performance and productivity. As organizations navigate an increasingly dynamic business environment, the importance of embracing change management practices becomes evident in sustaining and enhancing operational effectiveness. The study recommends the following in light of the results The necessity of thorough and well-planned change management through the development of long-term strategic plans, along with the presence of short-term goals. The importance of ensuring that organizational structural changes align with the internal work requirements within the hospital, following careful study of both internal and external environmental change requirements. Working on automating systems within the government sector and developing technology for use within the hospital to enhance quality of healthcare services provided by the hospital.

Background: One of the most serious acute metabolic complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is characterised by acidosis, ketosis, and frequently hyperglycemia. Objectives: To summarize the recent epidemiological data and risk factors for developing DKA in adult T1D patients. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct were systematically searched for relevant literature. Rayyan QRCI was employed throughout this comprehensive process. Results & interpretation: We included eleven studies with a total of 104388 participants, and 52733 (50.5%) were males. The incidence of DKA in patients with T1D ranged from 2% to 64.8%. Risk factors for developing DKA included non-adherence, alcohol, higher HbA1c levels, longer-term diabetes, teenage age group, female gender, associated comorbid conditions, and intake of fat and carbohydrates. It's interesting to note that despair, drug misuse, and social deprivation are prevalent among DKA patients who are admitted. Consuming fibre and using freeStyle Libre protected T1D patients from developing DKA. Future research is obviously needed to provide a more comprehensive description of the epidemiology of DKA among adult T1D patients.

Background: Several research endeavours have endeavoured to evaluate the impact of smoking on the physiology of male and female reproduction. Encompassing sperm parameters, male reproductive architecture, and the male hormonal axes. However, the outcomes have been conflicting and ambiguous. Objectives: To investigate the published literature on the effect of smoking on female and male reproductive health. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct were systematically searched for relevant literature. Rayyan QRCI was employed throughout this comprehensive process. Results & interpretation: We included thirteen studies with a total of 10092 participants; 4419 (43.8%) were males, and 5673 (56.2%) were females. Smoking is a risk factor in and of itself for male reproductive health. This is more likely to explain smokers' elevated SHBG levels and differential activity of the seminal antioxidant system. These negative effects included abnormal semen motility, volume, count, and morphology. Additionally, smoking had no discernible impact on women's fertility or ovarian reserve, according to this study. More research is needed to determine whether stopping smoking can treat male infertility caused by these substances and to better understand how cigarette smoke affects both female and male fertility.

A drastic increase in mucormycosis and other opportunistic infections was observed during the Covid-19 pandemic owing to multisystem involvement and related Immunosuppression. This retrospective study was carried out among SARS-COV-2 infected patients having invasive fungal infections [IFI] admitted to a tertiary care hospital in the southern part of India, for one year from August 2020. Among a total of 115 suspected cases, 54 patients were diagnosed to have IFI, during or immediately after Covid 19 disease. The most common fungal pathogens isolated were Mucorales (57.4%) followed by Aspergillus spp. (20.3%), Candida spp. (9.2%) and mixed infections (13.1%). Important predisposing factors identified were diabetes mellitus (70.7%), prolonged use of corticosteroids (85%), and administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics (90%). The predominant species identified among the diagnosed mucormycosis cases were Rhizopus spp. (54%) and Mucor spp. (25%); the site of involvement was paranasal sinus (70.1%), and rhino-orbital in 48.7% of the cases. Increased incidence of invasive Aspergillus infection in COVID-19 was seen mainly among ICU patients on ventilators, with Covid-19 induced lung damage. Common presentations were Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Rhino sinusitis, and Asthma. Of the total IFI, 9.2 % were caused by Candida spp. Of which 75% were due to Non- albicans candida species. Candidemia was the major presentation observed (90%). Of the patients with IFI, 90 % of them recovered, and the rest of them (7.4%) succumbed to infection. Of the patients with rhino-orbital mucormycosis who survived, 10 (39 %) had facial disfigurement and 11 (45 %) had a loss of vision.

Functional dyspepsia (FD), a commonly prevalent multifactorial disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), is encountered and managed in family practice and gastroenterology clinics. The diagnosis is solely clinical based on Rome-IV criteria, excluding the organic, systemic, or metabolic causes. Management is often challenging ranging from lifestyle modifications, H-pylori eradication, H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and prokinetics (1st-line) to antidepressants, and antipsychotics (2nd line) of therapy, once the patient shows no response to 1st line. In severe cases, refractory to 1st & the 2nd line of treatment needs a team approach and gut-brain behavioral therapy. Herein, we present a young female patient diagnosed with FD, managed well with 2nd-line treatment (Sulpiride), an atypical antipsychotic medication, as the patient's symptoms showed no improvement with first-line treatment.

Introduction: The relationship between Apgar scores and perinatal outcomes is a critical area of study in neonatal health, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of lower Apgar scores on perinatal outcomes, providing valuable insights into neonatal health and the effectiveness of prenatal assessments. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 150 pregnant women from a medical facility in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Participants were assessed using the Biophysical Profile (BPP) score and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes post-delivery. The study focused on the association between these scores and perinatal outcomes, including birth asphyxia, neonatal death, and INCU admissions. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the significance of these associations. Result: The majority of the study population were young, with 62% aged between 18-25 years. A significant correlation was found between lower Apgar scores at 1 minute and adverse perinatal outcomes. Specifically, 100% of neonates with a BPP score of 6 had an Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute, compared to only 2.65% in the BPP score 10 group. Additionally, 52% of neonates with an Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute experienced birth asphyxia, and 48% required INCU admission. Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of Apgar and BPP scores in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes. Lower Apgar scores at 1 minute post-delivery are significantly associated with negative neonatal health outcomes, emphasizing the need for vigilant prenatal monitoring and preparedness for immediate neonatal care, particularly in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. This research contributes to the understanding of neonatal health in such contexts and underscores the importance of predictive assessments in improving perinatal health outcomes.

Quality management systems (QMS) have been increasingly implemented in healthcare settings to improve patient care and safety. This study aims to explore the implementation of QMS in laboratory, nursing, and radiology departments and their impact on patient care and safety. The implementation of QMS in the laboratory involves the establishment of quality control measures, standard operating procedures, and continuous monitoring of processes to ensure accuracy and reliability of test results. Nursing is at the forefront of patient care, and the implementation of QMS in nursing departments focuses on standardizing care processes, improving communication and collaboration among healthcare teams, and ensuring patient safety through the use of evidence-based practices. Radiology departments also benefit from the implementation of QMS, as it helps to standardize imaging protocols, ensure equipment maintenance and calibration, and improve the accuracy and timeliness of diagnostic reports. The impact of QMS implementation on patient care and safety is significant. Studies have shown that healthcare organizations with robust QMS in place have lower rates of medical errors, reduced patient complications, and improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, QMS implementation can also lead to cost savings by reducing waste, improving efficiency, and minimizing the need for rework.