Any injury to the body, including damage to the skin's outer layer and impairment of its normal structure and function, is referred to as a wound. Since the beginning of time, people have recognized the crucial nature of wound healing, and significant resources have been used to create cutting-edge wound dressings made of the best materials possible for quick and effective recovery. A vital part of this healing process is played by medicinal herbs. Many studies conducted recently have focused on developing novel wound dressings that contain infusions from medicinal plants or their purified active components, providing viable substitutes for conventional dressings. Several investigations have looked into how various herbal remedies aid in the healing of wounds. This article intends to explain and examine the molecular components of wound healing that are aided by natural plant-based products. The remedies made from herbs participate in various phases of wound healing and work through a variety of processes. Certain herbal medications also increase the formation of important factors that are involved in re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, granulation tissue development, and collagen fiber deposition, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). encouraging anti-inflammatory in nature and antioxidant qualities at different stages of the wound-healing process. The field of herbal medicine and other natural products are used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat wounds. These methods have various benefits over conventional treatments, such as enhanced efficacy owing to different ways in which they work action, antibacterial qualities, and long-term safety when using wound dressings.

The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, represents a significant global public health threat. Initially named the Novel Coronavirus by the WHO, it was later categorised as SARS-CoV-2, sharing similarities with the 2003 SARS virus. Due to its high transmissibility, the resulting COVID-19 disease was declared an airborne, high-consequence infectious disease. By April 2020, COVID-19 had caused over 1 million confirmed cases and 50,000 deaths worldwide. This study evaluates healthcare workers’ knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 at AFH Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Utilising a cross-sectional quantitative approach, a self-administered survey assessed socio-demographic data, sources of knowledge, and perceptions. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to identify trends and gaps. Findings indicated that while healthcare workers generally have adequate knowledge of COVID-19, significant gaps exist, particularly in understanding virus transmission and incubation. Misconceptions were also present among allied health workers. The study highlights the need for ongoing education, accurate information dissemination, and targeted interventions to effectively equip healthcare professionals with the tools to manage COVID-19. The results can inform public health strategies and education programs to improve patient outcomes and control the pandemic’s spread. Addressing knowledge gaps and providing reliable information to healthcare workers is critical in mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and ensuring effective public health responses.

Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor of tuberculosis. Failure of the tubercular treatment outcome is higher among patients who are simultaneously suffering from diabetes. This study aims to observe the treatment outcome of the multi drug resistant tuberculosis patients in respect to their diabetic status. This cross sectional study has been conducted in a tertiary level hospital specialized for the diseases of the chest, during the period of January to December of the year 2019. Ethical approval for the research work has been acquired and informed written consent from the patients has been taken prior conducting the study and data collection. Face to face interview and review of medical records has been undertaken to collect data. Collected data has been analyzed with IBM SPSS software. Among 200 respondents, 53.0% patients showed to have early treatment response whereas, 47.0% had delayed treatment response. Among them, 80 patients were diabetic, where, 82.5.0% showed to have delayed response to the treatment and only 17.5% had early response to the treatment. Out of 120 non-diabetic respondents 77.5% had early response to the treatment and 22.5% had delayed response to the treatment. The treatment outcome of an MDR-TB patient found to be dependent on patient’s gender, age, marital status, monthly family income, history of previous TB treatment and also diabetic status (p<0.05). According to this study, diabetic MDR-TB patients are on increased risk of responding late to the treatments than the non-diabetic MDR-TB patients.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by a progressive decline in pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin resistance. Multiple blood glucose-lowering agents targeting the main pathogenic mechanisms of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance are available for the management of type 2 diabetes. However, many patients do not achieve or maintain recommended blood glucose targets even with combination therapies, which are often delayed. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effects of Empagliflozin as an add-on to Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study and was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Popular Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2023 to December 2023. In our study, we included 255 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who came to receive treatment at the outdoor department of medicine of our hospital. The patients were divided into three groups- Group A (Patients who received the combination of Empagliflozin 10 mg and Metformin 1000 mg), Group B (Patients who received Empagliflozin 10 mg), and Group C (Patients who received Metformin 1000 mg). Result: We found the mean age was 55.8 ± 11.3 years. Most of our patients were male (60%). Among our patients, the majority (57.25%) of them had HbA1c of 8% to 9%. Most patients (60%) got < 8% HbA1c level in Empagliflozin 10 mg combined with metformin 1000 mg group at the end of our study. The majority (9.41%) of patients in the Empagliflozin 10 mg group had >9% HbA1c level compared to other groups. Dizziness, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia were the most common adverse events. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that in people with Type 2 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control, 52 weeks’ treatment with empagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to metformin 1000 mg resulted in sustained and clinically substantial decreases in HbA1c, body weight,FPG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Background: Among all breast cancers, 5 to 10% are hereditary and related to mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene. To date, extensive researches have been carried out for detection of mutations in the exon2 of BRCA1 gene. Genetic study on these two genes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in Bangladeshi population has not been reported so far. Objective: To identify mutation in exon2 of BRCA1 gene from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of adult Bangladeshi Bangali female patients with breast cancer. Methods: The research was cross-sectional descriptive type of study. The study was conducted on Adult Bangladeshi Bangali female patients with breast cancer aged more than 18 years. A questionnaire was developed to record information on socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics. The data was analyzed by SPSS (Statistical package for the social sciences) version 23.0. The whole sequence of exon2 of chromosome 17 was amplified by short range PCR using the Gotaq master mix and primer sequence. The amplicons were confirmed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing was done by Sanger sequencer. Data analysis was performed using Chromas® software version 2.33 and Mega 7 software. The quary sequences were compared with the NCBI database. Results: Average age of the breast cancer patients was 45.46 (± 11.52) and the mean age at menarche was 12.46 (± 0.646). In this study, new mutations along with known mutations were found in exon2 of BRCA1 gene of eight adult female breast cancer patients. The mutations are insertions (C>A, C>T, T>A, G>T, G>C, T>C, A>T, C>G), deletion (C_) and single nucleotide substitution (T-C, G-A, T-G, C-G, T-A, G-C, C-A) in types. Conclusions: The aim of the research was to identify mutation in exon2 of BRCA1 gene. Eight patients have mutation in their DNA sequence revealed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Further studies are required to evaluate whether these mutation contribute to breast cancer or not. Identification of known mutation along with new mutation with this small sample size emphasizes the importance of exploration the genetic makeup of Bangladeshi population to develop a database for proper screening and genetic counseling of the disease.

This study aims to improve learning motivation and writing skills of complex explanatory texts in Semester II Students of Singaperbangsa University, Karawang by applying the cooperative method of the picture and picture type. This study is a classroom action research (CAR) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the study were 30 Semester II Students of Singaperbangsa University, Karawang. The data sources in this study were informants and documents. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, tests, and documentation. Data validity used data triangulation techniques, method triangulation, and informant reviews. Data analysis used comparative descriptive analysis techniques. The research procedure is an interrelated spiral model. The results of the study indicate that the application of the cooperative method of the picture and picture type can improve motivation and writing skills of complex explanatory texts in Semester II Students from pre-action to cycle I and from cycle I to cycle II. This is indicated by the increase in: (1) Student motivation from cycle I to cycle II is quite significant; (2) the average value of student writing skills, namely from 49.09 in the pre-action to 72.07 in cycle I, and 82.07 in cycle II.

Construction industry is high-risk industry with large number of accidents. Nepalese construction industries also suffer from numbers of issues related to safety and health. This study aim to assess the implementation status of safety practices and challenges in proper implementation safety practices in building construction projects of Nepal. For this study, primary data and information were collected from 487 out of 500 respondents of different building projects via checklist and questionnaires. Obtained result were analyzed by MS excel and SPSS. Study revealed overall implementation status of safety practices is moderate level as 70.64 percent responses fall under moderate level of bloom cut off category. Result of RII showed that use of barricades, timely maintenance of plants and equipment, first aid facilities, fire safety, emergency exit and insurance policy are relatively most implemented parameters under study. Design review for safety, safety training and job safety plan relatively less implemented parameters and the provision of safety officer and safety audits were absent in majority of building construction projects. PCA analysis results poor safety culture, Poor safety management, Lack of safety knowledge and resources, Lack of safety infrastructures and communication and problem in governance and implementation are major challenges in implementing safety practices.

This review presents a study on the anatomical and histological features of the central nervous system in rose-ringed parakeets. The study involved nine healthy pairs of parakeets divided into three groups: Juvenile, Breeding Adults, and Non-Breeding Adults. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted on the brain, spinal cord, and optic lobes, along with measurements of body weight and dimensions. The results showed that adult parakeets during the non-breeding season exhibited the highest weights and dimensions in the body, brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and eyes, while these parameters were lowest in juveniles. The study also highlighted the extensive optic tracts in parakeets, suggesting their high visual activity. Moreover, these findings provide major contribution into the central nervous system characteristics of rose-ringed parakeets and their developmental changes throughout different life stages. In addition, this study conducted to investigate the anatomical and histological features of the central nervous system in rose-ringed parakeets. The research involved nine pairs of healthy parakeets, categorized as Juvenile, Breeding Adults, and Non-Breeding Adults. The brain, spinal cord, and optic lobes were examined through macroscopic and microscopic analyses, while body weight and dimensions were recorded. The study found that adult parakeets during the non-breeding season exhibited the highest weights and dimensions in various anatomical structures including the body, brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and eyes. Conversely, juveniles showed the lowest measurements. Additionally, the parakeets displayed extensive optic tracts, indicating their heightened visual activity.

Obesity in children and adolescents is a global public health concern, with significant implications for physical, mental, and social well-being. The weight children carry in early childhood determines their trajectory toward obesity, with their body mass index (BMI) during childhood continuing to influence them as they move through adolescence and into adulthood. The causes of childhood and teenage obesity are intricate and varied, making prevention and treatment challenging for doctors and researchers. The increasing incidence of childhood obesity has also led to the early emergence of obesity-associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and psychological issues such as depression and low self-esteem. By assessing BMI annually and providing families with age-appropriate anticipatory advice, pediatricians and family medicine doctors can contribute significantly to the fight against obesity. This comprehensive review discusses prevalence, causes, health consequences, and evidence-based interventions to address this critical issue. It explores the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contributing to the rise in childhood and adolescent obesity, underscoring the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and treatment. Strategies must involve actions at the community and environmental levels, in addition to individual and parental efforts.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common condition among adolescent girls, characterized by various physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms occurring before menstruation Despite its prevalence, awareness and understanding of PMS remain limited, particularly among adolescent girls A lack of knowledge can lead to misconceptions and inadequate management of the symptoms, and collect the 50 samples selected by using purposive sampling There was significant improvement in the knowledge of Adolescence girls following the administration of structured teaching program on Premenstrual Syndrome. The majority of respondent 90% had inadequate knowledge on Pre-menstrual syndrome.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted health, social life, and economies, with effects that are still unfolding globally. While much research has been devoted to understanding the acute phase of the virus, there’s limited insight into the lingering symptoms that can affect people’s well-being long after initial recovery, particularly in cases with moderate severity. Recognizing and addressing these persistent issues is essential to fully support patient recovery. Objective: This study focuses on understanding the residual symptoms experienced by patients three months after a moderate COVID-19 diagnosis. The study is centered on individuals who sought care at Dubai Health Authority’s Fever Clinics in Al Badaa and Al Khawaneej, aiming to pinpoint symptom patterns and provide insights into patient recovery trajectories. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed records from 394 individuals diagnosed with moderate COVID-19 between June and December 2020. To qualify for inclusion, patients needed a confirmed moderate diagnosis, characterized by a fever above 38°C or mild-to-moderate pneumonia as observed in chest X-rays. Patients completed an 18-question survey about lingering symptoms, and data were analyzed using Chi-square and T-tests to assess patterns across different demographics and clinical characteristics, with p < 0.05 as the threshold for significance. Results: Out of the 394 participants (68% male, 32% female), 22.1% reported ongoing symptoms three months after their initial diagnosis. The most frequently cited issues were body pain (24.1%), sleep disturbances such as insomnia (21.8%), breathing difficulties (dyspnea) and fatigue (both 20.7%), and feelings of anxiety (19.5%). These symptoms were more common among patients aged 31-49 and those with chronic conditions, especially hypertension, highlighting specific groups that may require additional post-recovery support. Conclusion: Persistent symptoms are common among individuals recovering from moderate COVID-19 infections, varying according to age, existing health conditions, and marital status. Screening and targeted support measures may help address these lingering effects, aiding recovery and quality of life for affected individuals.

Parent’s participation in their child's education creates academic progress. A quantitative approach was adopted in this study and non experimental exploratory research design. A non probability convenient sampling technique was used among 300 parents of school age children various statistical tests were adapted. Questionnaire was confined to the areas of Epstein’s six different types of involvement which included parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with community and Parental involvement opinionnaire was developed and referring to the ‘No child left behind Act’ (NCLB). The study showed, 295 parents has shown full parental involvement in academic performance, 5 of them showed partial involvement and no one showed any involvement in academic performance of their child. Final results revealed 178 children were having good academic performance and 118 were having average academic performance and 4 of them shown poor academic performance. In study group there was highly significant difference of parental involvement i.e. P<0.005 and no significant difference of academic performance i.e. P>0.05. The conclusion is that there is no significant difference between the parental involvement and academic performance of the child.

Menstruation, often referred to as menses or a period, involves the monthly discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus through the vagina, typically beginning between the ages of 12 and 15, known as menarche. The menstrual cycle lasts 21-45 days in young women, averaging 28 days in adults, with bleeding lasting 2 to 7 days. Feminine hygiene products, essential for managing menstruation, include disposable items like sanitary napkins and tampons, as well as reusable options such as menstrual cups and cloth pads. Menstrual cups, made from silicone, are eco-friendly and cost-effective but face adoption barriers due to lack of awareness. This study aimed to assess knowledge about the side effects of sanitary pads and promote menstrual cup usage among college girls. Utilizing a non-experimental survey design, data was collected over seven days from 30 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Results indicated that a significant majority (90%) of participants had inadequate knowledge regarding menstrual cups, with only 10% exhibiting moderate knowledge. The findings highlight a critical gap in awareness about menstrual health and hygiene, emphasizing the need for educational interventions. Promoting knowledge about menstrual cups could encourage better practices and hygiene management during menstruation. Further research is necessary to explore effective strategies for increasing awareness and acceptance of menstrual cups among young women.

The practice of skipping meals is prevalent among nursing students, often due to the pressures of academic and clinical schedules. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a structured teaching program designed to address the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to meal-skipping among nursing students. A quasi-experimental design was used, involving a pre-test and post-test assessment of 60 nursing students from nursing college. Data on meal-skipping behaviors, nutritional knowledge, and health attitudes were collected using a validated questionnaire. The intervention included educational sessions on the importance of balanced nutrition, the effects of skipping meals on health and academic performance, and strategies for effective meal planning. Post-intervention results revealed a significant increase in knowledge and a positive shift in attitudes toward regular meal consumption, with a substantial reduction in reported meal-skipping behaviors. Assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on skipping meals among nursing students. This was a quasi-experimental study where closed ended demographic questionnaire were given to 60 first year student to assess their current situation and self-administered knowledge questionnaire were used as a tool to access sleep hygiene and sleep quality respectively among those 60 first year nursing student by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by direct distribution of tools to each nursing student and data was analysed and results were interpreted by using quasi experimental statistics. The overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 32.75 % and 72.3%, respectively. Enhancements in mean percentage score were found to be 39.55%. The results of the study showed that the overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test and post-test were 32.75 % and 72.3%, respectively. Enhancements in mean percentage score were found to be 39.55%. The statistical paired ‘t’ test indicates that enhancement in the mean percentage knowledge score was found to be significant at 0.05 level for all the aspect under study. The association found to be totally significant between pre-test knowledge scores and selected socio demographic variables at 0.05 level (p<0.05). The study findings suggested that ppt assisted structured teaching program is an effective instructional method in improving the knowledge regarding Skipping Meal among nursing students.

Stroke sometimes called as a brain attack occurs when a clot blocks the blood supply to the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Mirror therapy reduce spasticity, muscle pain, improve muscle strength and improves patient quality of life. In which inversion of visual feedback leads to additional activation of hemisphere contralateral to the perceived limb laterally. Sample size is 60 in which 30 samples covered for experimental group, 30 samples covered for control group and Non probability purposive sampling technique used. Medical research council (MRC) scale acts as a tool for measuring the level of muscle strength. The percentage distribution of muscle strength scores reveals that stroke patients in experimental group had significant resistance whereas in control group had no resistance in the muscle strength level. The findings of the study shows the significance difference between the mean and standard deviation of post test muscle strength scores of stroke patients of experimental and control group using ‘t’ test. The obtained ‘t’ value 5.887 is greater than table value 2.05 at 29 DF in 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the obtained ‘t’ value is found to be significant.