Breast cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related death among women, partly due to therapeutic resistance and treatment-related complications. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy play a crucial role in managing breast cancer patients, providing essential treatment for both disease control and overall survival. However, as new therapeutic approaches are introduced and life expectancy continues to increase, the use of these treatments has been associated with persistent adverse effects, including dyslipidemia. This article presents the case of a breast cancer patient treated with chemotherapy and tamoxifen-based hormone therapy who developed severe mixed dyslipidemia. It also reviews lipid metabolism alterations observed in breast cancer patients, emphasizing the importance of monitoring lipid levels in these patients, particularly those undergoing hormone therapy or chemotherapy, to prevent cardiovascular complications.

The study of the apical bases has been relevant in orthodontics for many decades; its study was carried out both on jaw models and on lateral cephalograms. Dentistry today is impossible without three-dimensional studies, which allows you to study an object from any angle and visualize the smallest changes in the anatomical structures of the area under study. The use of cone beam computed tomography to study the apical bases of the jaws makes it possible to study the configuration, size, and position of both the bases themselves and the structures that form them. The parameters we proposed allow us to study the width, length and angle of inclination of the apical base on single CBCT sections. Clinical use of the proposed analysis will contribute to more complete and accurate orthodontic treatment planning.

This study examined language use of the exogamous families in Southwestern Nigeria in order to find out the language choice in a range of domains (formal and non-formal) and with different speech partners. The theoretical framework adopted for this study is Fishman’s (1972) Domain Analysis. Language use questionnaire was structured and administered to these families. The population of the study included nine hundred (900) respondents drawn from twelve (12) Local Governments of South-western Nigeria and the respondents were strictly from exogamous families. Data collected were analysed using statistical tool. The findings revealed that English language is the most used language among the exogamous marriage families in South-Western Nigeria in both formal and non-formal domains. The study also revealed that the children of all the exogamous marriage families have language socialization as they acquired at least one of the languages spoken by their parents easily, but lack the use of it in everyday dialogue rather they prefer to use English. This is because, they lack balance bilingualism or 'multilingualism. The researchers recommended that comparable research could be conducted on exogamous couples living in both rural and urban communities in order to enrich the knowledge of the sociolinguistic findings and better assessment.

release of greenhouse gases linked to the manufacture of cement. Geopolymer as a binder for making concrete consists of two (2) main components; (1) the alkaline liquid consisting of sodium or potassium silicate and sodium or potassium hydroxide and (2) source material of geological origin or by-products rich in silica and alumina. The combination proportions utilised in this investigation were formulated utilising Scheffe's (5,2) basic lattice mix design approach with the intent to create the trial mix and the control mix. A total of thirty (30) geopolymers concrete sample mixes were made in the laboratory, with fifteen samples for trial mixes and fifteen mixtures for control mixes. These mixtures were used to appraise the performance of the sawdust ash geopolymer concrete in term of its flexural strength property. The study used sawdust ash as the source material and investigation revealed that subjecting sawdust ash to pyrolysis without oxygen has a notable impact on the pozzolanic characteristics of the constituent. Consequently, this also affects the flexural qualities of the concrete. Furthermore, it has been shown that softwood sawdust exhibits superior pozzolanic properties when compared to hardwood sawdust. The study revealed that the optimum flexural strength of sawdust ash blended geopolymer concrete is 3.3002 MPa and the corresponding mix deign obtained. Computer programs were created using Matlab and used for the optimization and prediction of the flexural strength of sawdust ash based geopolymer concrete.

This study analyses the Government's responsibilities in implementing land acquisition in National Strategic Projects. This is qualitative research using a statutory approach, case and conceptual approaches. The primary legal materials resulted from relevant laws and legislation. The legal material collected is analysed prescriptively. The results showed that national strategic projects' land acquisition planning arrangements must be accommodated adequately and comprehensively. There are no land acquisition planning arrangements that accommodate justice, which has encouraged the creation of land acquisition conflicts. Research findings show that the Government's responsibility in acquiring land for National Strategic Projects is weak, and regulatory arrangements are unclear. Government responsibility still needs to be stronger and have strict legal regulations. Legal certainty for economic interests in National Strategic Projects is more dominant. At the same time, the Government has ignored the interests of law and justice for the affected communities.

Background: Despite different strategy to retard the progression of CKD, majority still progress to ESRD. Other than conventional risk factors inflammation is considered as one of the reversible factors responsible for CKD progression which can be intervened. Therefore, we have studied the level of inflammatory marker CRP and IL-6 at stages 3-5 of CKD patients and their association with CKD stage progression determined by eGFR. Methods: We have conducted a cross sectional study among 150 CKD patients and 32 healthy controls at OPD of Nephrology department of National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka from January`2016 to December`2016. Purposive sampling method was the tool for case selection and CKD was defined as eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2. AKI, history of dialysis, kidney transplant, patients having acute infection, malignancy or liver disease, received chemotherapy or immunotherapy (<6 months) and patients with connective tissue disease were the exclusion criteria. Fasting blood glucose, Hb%, serum Ca++, serum PO4, serum total cholesterol and serum triglyceride level were measured for both case and controls. eGFR has been calculated using MDRD equation. For the cases CRP had been measured on two occasions at an interval of one and half month. Those cases who had raised CRP level in both occasions were selected for measurement of IL-6 from second sample. CRP had been measured by turbidimetry method using fully automated chemistry analyzer. IL-6 had been measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the Biotin double antibody sandwich technology. Scatter diagram and multiple regression models were used to examine the association between CRP and IL-6 with stage 3-5 of CKD denoted by eGFR. Results: The mean of CRP were 9.5±2.7 mg/L in CKD patients vs. 2.9±0.5 mg/L in controls without CKD and the mean of IL-6 were 29.5±13.0 pg/ml in CKD patients vs. 3.3±0.3 pg/ml in controls without CKD. Both were elevated and significant statistically (p=.001). Scatter diagram showing correlation coefficient (r value) -0.592 and -0.615 for eGFR vs. CRP and eGFR vs. IL-6 respectively which indicate both are negatively correlated with eGFR. But IL-6 had a more strong negative correlation. Multiple regression analysis shows regression co efficient (B) for CRP and IL-6 is -1.251 and -2.826 respectively after taking into account other factors which can alter eGFR level (age, Hb%, serum Calcium, S. Total Cholesterol, S.PO4, S. Triglyceride) that indicates in the prediction of eGFR, IL-6 had significant negative association than CRP after adjusting the conventional factors responsible for CKD progression. Conclusion: Our data suggest that though CRP and IL-6 both are significantly raised in advanced CKD stage 3-5, IL-6 is more rapidly increasing and more strongly associated than CRP with the severity of CKD measured by eGFR.

Dens invaginatus (DI) is a rare developmental anomaly with an unknown etiology and different complexity. It is classified into three types according to Oehler’s classification 1957 based on the extent of invagination. This case involves an upper lateral tooth demonstrating Dens invaginatus type 2, an open apex, and a separate root sheath and diagnosis of necrotic pulp with symptomatic apical periodontitis. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) assessment was conducted prior to nonsurgical root canal treatment, which included apexification with bio ceramic material and internal bleaching to address both healing potential and aesthetics. The procedure was performed under an operating microscope, and a 6-month follow-up was conducted with both clinical and radiographic signs of healing.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of concurrent training on cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed on male middle distance runners. The study employed experimental research design. All 26 Awuscod male middle distance runners were taken with EG and CG and divided randomly into two equal groups. Both the (EG= 13) and (CG= 13) had taken PT and POT of 12-minute run test, sit-reach test, and 30 meter acceleration test to assess cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and speed respectively.EG participated in additional 10 weeks concurrent interventions. While, the CG continued with their usual training The data collected from the study subject were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software by using descriptive statistics (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) with level of significant 0.05. The results showed concurrent training has significantly improved cardiorespiratory endurance and speed on EG (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in flexibility. Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in all of the variables in CG (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that concurrent training has a positive impact on the improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance and speed. Therefore, concurrent training is suggested for middle distance runners to improve physical fitness for athletic performance.

Background: Obstetric fistula remains a significant public health issue in low-resource settings, with high prevalence in countries like Bangladesh. The condition often results from prolonged, obstructed labor, compounded by socio-cultural factors such as early marriage, financial constraints, and lack of access to skilled birth attendants. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic characteristics and surgical outcomes of women undergoing fistula repair at a private hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This observational descriptive study included 62 women who underwent obstetric fistula repair between September 2010 and September 2012. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, fistula details, and surgical outcomes through a structured booklet completed at various stages of patient care. Surgical success, complications, and post-operative outcomes were analyzed to identify factors influencing recovery and success rates. Result: The study found that 100% of participants were married at an early age, with significant financial barriers reported by all. A majority (87.10%) had home deliveries attended by unskilled birth attendants. Surgical repair was successful in 88.71% of cases, with a small proportion (11.29%) of unsuccessful repairs. Residual stress incontinence was noted in 4.84% of participants. The mean hospital stay was 17.52 days, with 95.16% of participants requiring continuous catheterization for 7 to 10 days. Conclusion: The high success rate of surgical repairs is promising, but the persistence of socio-cultural barriers and residual complications highlights the need for improved access to maternal healthcare and enhanced post-operative care. Addressing these issues is critical for reducing the burden of obstetric fistula and improving outcomes for affected women.

Biological therapy increases the risk of fungal infections in chronic inflammatory rheumatism patients. Objectives: To determine the incidence of fungal infections in spondyloarthritis patients on biotherapy in the Moroccan registry (RBSMR) during 3-year follow-up and to identify associated factors. Methods: Patients' socio-demographic, clinical and para-clinical data were collected. The type of biotherapy used and episodes of fungal infections were determinated. Also, the frequency of corticosteroids and NSAIDs use, disease activity, and various comorbidities before and at the time of fungal infection during the 3 years of follow-up were defined. Regarding fungal infection, the germ and location were specified. Results: Seven spondyloarthritis patients out of 194 had a fungal infection (with 8 episodes). Mean age was 44±17 years, with mean disease duration of 11 years. All these patients had comorbidities before and during the fungal infection. At the time of this, all patients were on TNF alpha inhibitors, specifically, one patient was on Adalimumab but later switched to Etanercept, five were on Etanercept, and one was on Infliximab. No case of systemic fungal infection was noted. In the 8 fungal infection episodes, there were 7 cases of appendages’ involvement and 1 case of vaginal candidiasis. Conclusion: The incidence of fungal infections in patients with spondyloarthritis remains low and seems to be related to disease activity and type of biologics.

The present paper deals with the seasonal abundance and distribution of micro algae in the estuarine habitats of the Gosthani River near Bhimili, Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected for a period of one year from January 2023 to December 2023. A total of 44 species belongs to four major groups such as Chlorophyceae (12), Cyanophyceae (7), Euglenophyceae (5) and Bacillariophyceae (20) were reported from the estuarine regions of Gosthani River. The density of phytoplankton populations in Gosthani estuary varied seasonally with maximum number of cells per liter (5186) was observed in the month of March and minimum number of cells (789) was recorded in the month of August.

Background: Anemia is one of the common complication of Chronic Kidney Disease that intensifies in grade and severity as eGFR decline which also increases the risks for cardiovascular mortality. The development of anemia and elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 levels are the earliest changes observed in chronic kidney disease. Objective: This study aims to understand the association of FGF23 levels development of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients prior to renal replacement therapy. Methods: This is an analytical type of cross sectional study carried out among 95 respondent'1ged between 18 and 75 years with CKD stage 1-5 before dialysis, divided into two groups- Group I­ comprised of 68 patients and Group 11- included 27 age and sex matched respondents not having CKD, enrolled from two te1tiary-care hospitals, namely- Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital and National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology (NIKDU). Socio-demographic status, disease profile and laboratory findings including serum iron, iron binding capacity, ferritin, transferrin saturation, calcium, phosphorus, intact parathormone, vitamin D, eGFR and FGF-23 levels were studied. Result: Mean age of the respondents was 50.1±10.74 (SD) years, mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 35.92± 22.61 in group I and 91.66± 14.2 in group II. The mean FGF23 level in group I and II were 85.76± 207.54, 21.99± 12.12 pg/mL respectively, serum iron level was 81.61± 39.24 mcg/dL and 95.0± 32.38 mcg/dL in group I and II respectively, serum ferritin level was 225.59± 2 I 2.5 ng/mL and 157.85± 220.89 ng/ml. TIBC was 312.65± 95.83 mcg/dL and 418.85± 118.25 mcg/dL in group I and II respectively. In Group I and II, iron deficiency was found in 23% and 25%respectively when stratified according to serum ferritin level and 26.5% and 22.22% respectively, when stratified according to serum transferrin saturation level. This difference was significant among the group. Serum iron, ferritin, TIBC and TSAT were significantly associated with serum FGF23 levels. Conclusion: Disrupted iron metabolism and high FGF23 levels is commonly found in chronic kidney disease. Clinical laboratory findings have revealed the relation between FGF23 and anemia in no dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.

This study delves into the intricate contribution of net exports and remittances on economic growth of Bangladesh with a focus of their impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Net exports along with remittances are considered as key independent variables influencing the economic landscape of the country. The long-run and short-run effects of net exports and remittances on GDP are analyzed by conducting the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over time period 1980-1922. The results of this study show that there is a positive effect of net export, remittance and gross capital formation on economic growth. On the other hand, all these independent variables have negative impact in short run and will adjust in long run significantly. As Bangladesh is a large remittance receiving country, export also increases in large volume by gross capital formation which increases domestic investment and output. The effects of remittances on GDP growth and exports on economic growth have each been the subject of much research, but independently. Buckling the payoff of exports and remittances on economic growth has not been studied. To fill this inane, we have tried to show how remittances and exports together boost economic growth. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which net exports and remittance inflows shape economic outcomes in Bangladesh, offering insightful information to stakeholders and policymakers who are active in promoting sustainable economic development.

Introduction: Hysterectomy is a very frequent pregnancy-unrelated surgical procedure performed in women, which may be accomplished either by abdominal or vaginal route. This study aims to assess the advantages of vaginal hysterectomy compared to abdominal hysterectomy in women with benign gynecological disorders other than prolapse. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of vaginal hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy in treating benign non-prolapsed uterus. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 60 patients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka, from May 2015 to October 2015. The study included 30 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy and 30 patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy. Data collection involved recording patient history, conducting clinical examinations, and documenting information in a pre-designed data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Result: This study included a total of 60 patients, with 30 undergoing abdominal hysterectomy (AH) and 30 undergoing vaginal hysterectomy (VH). Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. There were no intraoperative complications in either group. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, time to out-of-bed activity, mean maximum postoperative body temperature, and duration of fever were all significantly shorter and less severe in the VH group compared with the AH group. Additionally, vaginal length in the VH group was significantly shorter than in the AH group. Conclusion: Vaginal hysterectomy offers advantages over abdominal hysterectomy in treating benign gynecological diseases, providing greater efficacy and safety with less invasiveness.

Purpose: This paper describes the contribution of church missionary society (C.M.S) to the development of teacher education in Kahuhia Normal school. Methodology: This being a historical study, it is based on the analysis of Primary sources of data local written sources, oral sources and archival material through an historical inquiry. Other archival sources referred to were school records documents, photographs, correspondences, minutes and reports of colonial annual meeting. Secondary sources were used to supplement primary data such as books and unpublished and published documents. The interviews were noted, transcribed and a thematically analyzed using qualitative method. Results: The findings demonstrated that Missionaries were major providers of teacher education in the colonial Kenya leading them to gain acceptance and this culturally and socially changed the people of Kahuhia. Consequently, Church Missionary Society employed a strict program of enculturation of African catechist through the provision of education. This led to the emergence of pioneer teacher evangelists and educated elites.it can be concluded that C.M.S played a vibrant role on the growth and development of teacher education in Kenya through the establishment of Kahuhia Normal School. The historical growth and development of the institution from 1922 to 1961 can be greatly attributed to the activities of the C.M.S as well as the Africans who played significant role such as providing land for the establishment of as schools in their area. The establishment of Kahuhia Normal school in turn was consolidated Kahuhia’s social and economic power bring transformation in Kahuhia community and Kenya at large.