Introduction: The concept of "Balanced Regional Development" has been formally adopted as a primary goal of Economic Planning on a Global Scale throughout history and into the future. Its intention is to minimize spatial disparities between geographic regions, as well as provide access to opportunity and resources equally across the country. North Bengal’s development strategy must take a thoughtful, integrated, multi-dimensional approach that includes: improvements to physical infrastructure; initiatives to encourage new industry sectors; the expansion of human capital; and the development of institutional structures that promote participatory planning and equitable access to resources. Objective of the Study: The study has tried to identify the causes, which differ between the North Bengal and the South Bengal, and to focus primarily on ways to eliminate these disparities and develop in a unified plan for regional equity. Methodology: The Study is a combination of the analytical method to study regional differences, and the policy method to develop strategies for the equitable development of all regions. It uses a combination of both the theoretical perspective to understand and the empirical perspective to collect the data. Result and Discussion: Identification of gaps of development between North Bengal and South Bengal with its reasons and nature has been sought first and then shown. Conclusion: For North Bengal to succeed, it too needs a well-planned, long-term, and integrated approach to address all aspects of its development, such as making its economy more varied, building better roads and schools, improving access to quality healthcare, developing sustainable agricultural practices, and strengthening local institutions.

The administration of iodinated contrast media (ICM) is indispensable for modern diagnostic and interventional procedures. However, the subsequent development of acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a significant clinical challenge, associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. Historically termed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the understanding of this condition has evolved, leading to the more precise term contrast-associated AKI (CA-AKI) to reflect a temporal association rather than assumed causality. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving direct tubular cytotoxicity, renal vasoconstriction leading to medullary hypoxia, and oxidative stress. While the risk is low in the general population, it is markedly elevated in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and in the context of intra-arterial procedures with high contrast volumes. The prevention of CA-AKI has traditionally been managed in departmental silos, an approach that is often fragmented and unreliable. This review proposes a comprehensive, multidisciplinary framework that integrates the expertise of four key pillars: Radiology, Pharmacy, Anesthesia, and Public Health. Effective prevention begins with a shared foundation of robust risk stratification, leveraging quantitative scoring systems and automated electronic health record (EHR) alerts. The Pharmacy pillar focuses on evidence-based pharmacological and medication management, including standardized hydration protocols, controversial adjunctive therapies like N-acetylcysteine and statins, and a critical "nephrotoxic hold" on high-risk medications. The Radiology pillar centers on procedural optimization through the selection of appropriate contrast agents, strict adherence to the principle of dose minimization guided by dose-to-eGFR ratios, and the use of advanced technologies like automated injectors and ultra-low contrast techniques. The Anesthesia pillar provides intraprocedural hemodynamic stewardship for high-risk patients, maintaining renal perfusion through goal-directed fluid therapy and judicious use of vasopressors. Finally, the Public Health pillar provides the system-level architecture for success, designing and implementing hospital-wide "prevention bundles," fostering interdepartmental communication, promoting patient education, and driving continuous quality improvement through audit and feedback. By synergizing these distinct but complementary roles, healthcare systems can transition from a reactive to a proactive and reliable model of care, significantly reducing the clinical and economic burden of CA-AKI.

This narrative review synthesizes the existing literature to define and optimize the distinct and coordinated roles of allied health technologists during the critical initial phase of trauma care. The analysis is framed within the modern interpretation of the "Golden Hour" not as a literal 60-minute timeframe, but as a guiding principle of urgency that demands rapid, parallel, and protocol-driven actions to save life and limb. Through a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, clinical guidelines, and professional standards focusing on adult trauma care in Level I and II trauma centers, this paper examines the contributions of a spectrum of specialists: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), Medical Laboratory Technicians, Radiology Technologists, Anesthesia Technologists, Pharmacy Technicians, and Dental Assistants. The key finding of this review is the identification of a complex system of interdependent, time-sensitive tasks performed by these technologists, which collectively form the diagnostic and preparatory foundation for all definitive surgical and medical interventions. A central theme emerges wherein the efficiency and success of the entire trauma response are contingent on the seamless communication and coordination between these technologist specialties. The review concludes that the "Golden Hour" is saved not only by the visible leadership of physicians and nurses but by the rapid, highly coordinated, and often unseen efforts of this multidisciplinary technologist team. Consequently, this paper advocates for greater institutional recognition of these essential roles, the development of integrated, technologist-inclusive trauma protocols, and the mandatory inclusion of all relevant technologist specialties in high-fidelity interdisciplinary trauma simulations to enhance system-wide performance and improve patient outcomes.

This research examines Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) applications in financial risk assessment and investment strategies for mergers and acquisitions (M&A). A comprehensive analysis of over 20,000 global deals from 2013-2023 shows that integrating Ai to predict M&As could reduce transaction failure rates and increase valuation accuracy. After testing multiple algorithms, the XGBoost classifier performed best for merger success with a recall of 60% and precision of 62% on historical data from the Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances. The main contribution of this work is a new integrated framework that combines AI-driven quantitative analysis with human expert judgment, addressing the fundamental limitations of both purely algorithmic and solely human-driven approaches to M&A evaluation. This outperforms existing benchmarks in the literature and is a big step forward in predictability. The results also suggest explainable AI architectures, human-machine collaboration protocols and multidisciplinary training for professionals to ensure accountability, transparency and operational efficiency. The research concludes that AI in M&A is not just about the technology but about how it’s integrated with human judgment, ethical governance and context specific communication frameworks

Anterior open bite is a complex malocclusion that often requires comprehensive treatment due to its multifactorial etiology and high relapse potential. Conventional treatment options such as orthognathic surgery or extraction therapy may have limitations. Recent advancements in skeletal anchorage have introduced miniscrews as a minimally invasive and reliable alternative. This case report illustrates an 18-year-old female with sagittal skeletal Class II pattern, hyperdivergent facial type and class I molar and end-on Class II canine relationship, with an anterior open bite. The treatment plan consisted of using miniscrews placed bilaterally in the posterior maxilla to facilitate molar intrusion. A transpalatal arch was used to maintain transverse stability during the intrusion phase. The approach resulted in effective molar intrusion, closure of the open bite, and an improved facial profile.

The primary motivation for individuals with deep-bite malocclusion seeking orthodontic treatment is the improvement of aesthetics, occlusion, and functions. Deep bites can be treated by the intrusion of anterior teeth and the extrusion of the posterior teeth, or both, according to the exposure of the incisors in the smile. In this case report, we present the treatment of a female patient with a deep-bite malocclusion. This paper describes the clinical and radiographic changes with orthodontic treatment using Invisalign clear aligners and their effectiveness to normalize the overjet and overbite and enhance both aesthetics and functions.

In this study we have studied "Killing Motion of Static Cylindrically Symmetric Spacetimes in f(R) Gravity" by using algebraic and direct integration techniques. This study investigates the Killing motions of static cylindrically symmetric spacetimes with in framework of f(R) gravity, a generalization of Einstein’s General Relativity. We explore the existence of Killing vector fields to understand the symmetries and conserved quantities in such spacetimes. By analysing the modified field equations, we determine the constraints imposed by f(R) gravity on the geometry and dynamics of cylindrically symmetric spacetimes. These contribute to understanding the interplay between symmetry properties and gravitational theories beyond General Relativity. The results have implications for astrophysical and cosmological models influenced by alternative gravity theories. We discussed four cases and found that the dimension of Killing vector fields is either three, four or ten.

Snakebites are serious public health problem in many regions of the world, particularly in rural areas lacking medical facilities. Snake bite is a well-known occupational hazard amongst farmers, plantation workers, and other outdoor workers and results in much morbidity and mortality throughout the world. This occupational hazard is no more an issue restricted to a particular part of the world; it has become a global issue. Accurate statistics of the incidence of snakebite and its morbidity and mortality throughout the world is difficult to publish, however, it is certain to be higher than what is reported. This is because even today most of the victims initially approach traditional healers for treatment and many are not even registered in the hospital. Hence, registering such patients is an important goal if we have accurate statistics and reduce the morbidity and mortality due to snakebite. World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidelines for the clinical management of snakebites. In this article the author tries to throw light on the incidence and clinical features of snakebite and the management and treatment guidelines as per the WHO recommendation.

Enhancing aesthetics, occlusion and functions is a primary motivation for individuals with open-bite malocclusion seeking orthodontic treatment. Open-bite malocclusion, characterized by a lack of vertical overlap of the anterior teeth, can be effectively treated with a combined surgical and orthodontic approach. In this case report, we present the treatment of a male patient with an open-bite malocclusion and a skeletal class II. Initially, the patient underwent a presurgical phase where fixed orthodontic appliance was bonded to achieve well-aligned arches, then came the maxillary impaction to normalize the overjet and overbite and enhance both aesthetics and functions. Keywords: Skeletal Class II, Open-Bite Malocclusion, Orthodontic Treatment, orthognathic surgery, Maxillary Impaction.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infections during pregnancy, associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity if left untreated. The physiological changes of pregnancy, such as urinary stasis and altered urine composition, increase the risk of both symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs. Early identification and management are therefore crucial. Aim of the study: To evaluate the incidence of urinary tract infections during pregnancy and assess the associated maternal and fetal outcomes in a tertiary care setting. Methods: This prospective study was conducted over two years in the Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Rangpur Community Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh. A total of 220 pregnant women aged 18–40 years were enrolled, of whom 41 were diagnosed with UTI based on clinical presentation, urine microscopy, and culture sensitivity. Patients were classified as having symptomatic or asymptomatic UTI and were followed throughout pregnancy and postpartum for adverse outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Result: Among the 41 UTI-positive cases, the highest incidence (60.98%) was observed in women aged 18–25 years and in primigravida patients (56.10%). The majority (58.54%) of infections occurred during the second trimester. Asymptomatic UTI accounted for 65.25% of cases. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (36.59%), followed by Klebsiella (24.39%). Adverse maternal outcomes included anemia (26.83%), puerperal pyrexia (24.39%), and abortion (12.20%). Fetal complications included preterm birth (36.59%), fetal growth restriction (14.63%), and perinatal mortality (12.20%). Conclusion: UTI during pregnancy is a frequent and often silent infection, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. Routine screening and prompt treatment are essential, especially during the second trimester, to minimize complications such as preterm labor, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal mortality.

Retroperitoneal teratoma represents 1-11% of primary retroperitoneal tumors [1]. It is generally benign whether mature or immature. The treatment is surgical and the prognosis is excellent in the absence of complications. We report a case of mature retroperitoneal teratoma in an 8-year-old girl revealed by an isolated right paramedian abdominal mass. CT revealed a right suprarenal mass, fatty density with calcifications, without invasion of neighboring structures, measuring 124 mm in transverse diameter, 104 mm in anteroposterior diameter and 174 mm in height. Management consisted of complete excision of the tumor without incident.

Background: Red cell distribution width (RDW), a measure of erythrocyte size variation, has been implicated as a potential biomarker in various malignancies. However, its role in distinguishing between benign and malignant endometrial diseases remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of RDW and its correlation with disease severity in endometrial carcinoma. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 183 women diagnosed with either benign or malignant endometrial diseases. RDW levels were measured and analyzed for their diagnostic significance. Statistical analysis included independent t-tests to compare RDW values between groups and ROC analysis to determine diagnostic accuracy. Correlation between RDW and FIGO staging was also evaluated. Results: RDW was significantly higher in the malignant group (46.64±6.18) compared to the benign group (43.05±7.03; p < 0.001). A non-significant positive correlation was observed between RDW and FIGO staging (r = 0.031, p = 0.815). The ROC analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.463 (95% CI: 0.374–0.552; p = 0.414). The best cutoff value for RDW was 49.50, with a sensitivity of 17% and specificity of 90%. Conclusion: While elevated RDW is associated with endometrial malignancy, its diagnostic accuracy is limited. However, RDW may serve as a supplementary marker when combined with other diagnostic tools, particularly in low-resource settings. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and explore RDW’s prognostic value.

The most common known forms of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disorder with auto antibodies and type II which is multi-factorial influenced by genetics, environment. Another form of diabetes is MODY (maturity onset diabetes in young), the most common form of monogenic diabetes, seen in non-obese children, adolescents and young adults. MODY a rare condition, accounts for 1–5% of all cases of DM and 1–6% of paediatric diabetes. This is non-ketotic and patients have no antibodies. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta is one of the several genes associated with this disease, causing beta cell dysfunction and extrapancreatic manifestations involving kidney, liver and intestines. In the present case glomerular cystic kidney disease is identified in a young male with diabetes raising clinical strong suspicion of maturity onset diabetes, which later showed Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta mutation. A 17-year-old male, presumed type-1 diabetic who was under regular follow up with an endocrinologist, presented with elevated serum creatinine and protein in urine. On referral to our nephrologist, further evaluation was done when cortical kidney cysts were observed on imaging and on biopsy glomerular cystic kidney disease was identified. Genetic analysis revealed heterozygous missense variant of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1Beta on Exon 4, thereby a final diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes in young-hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta considered. His condition was stable during follow-up, despite the fact that chronic kidney disease is a progressive illness. Interdisciplinary approach helps in accurate typing of diabetes which has a bearing on prognosis and treatment.

Several NPs are being protect plants from various environmental stresses and encourage plant growth. Plant extract-mediated AuNP synthesis has drawn a lot of interest in this field since it can produce AuNPs effective results. AuNPs have better biocompatibility without harboring hazardous chemicals. The physical properties of nanoparticles, such as size, chemical makeup, surface charge, and surface modification, influence the absorption and transportation processes. Applying nanoparticles can assist plants in reducing abiotic stressors. Silver, gold, and other metallic nanoparticles have been produced using a variety of bacterial species. Some strains Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were used to create AgNPs with antibacterial qualities. The exogenous NP administration allows plants to maintain their photosynthetic efficiency under DS while also stabilizing the ultra-structure of the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The application of SiO2 NPs to the leaves enhanced the elasticity and expansion of the cucumber's cell wall during the growth period and increased the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the leaves, thereby reducing the salt stress on cucumber plants. Silver nanoparticles are formed by natural biomolecules present in plants, including proteins, enzymes, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, alcoholic chemicals, and vitamins. Additionally, nanoparticles have different effects on seed germination and plant growth as they move throughout the plant body.

Waste management can be seen as the biggest global issue that affects people's well-being, our communities, and the natural world. This study goes into detail about how we can plan for waste; recycle what we can, and find effective ways to get rid of the rest. It looks at different types of waste, where it comes from, and the importance of finding balanced solutions. The study adopted a qualitative research approach while drawing from books, journals and articles. The study advocated for the importance of a nuanced understanding of waste and highlighting the existing practices while proposing the areas for improvement. It calls for taking into account diverse perspectives from NGOs, policy makers and government agencies for a sustainable and inclusive future. The study also offered some new ideas for how we can manage waste in a clever way that shows we're leading the way in innovation.