Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded, blood-borne, RNA virus, which infects hepatocytes and can cause chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The task of this hospital-based study was to identify the level of HCV infection in patients in some of the districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. There were 250 patients attending Royal Imperial Hospital, Mingora, to have pre-surgery assessment. Data analyses were performed based on gender, age group and district of residence. Blood samples were taken, serum/plasma was separated and HCV screening was done by the use of rapid diagnostic device. Among 250 patients, 7 were positive of HCV which constitutes a total of 2.8 prevalence. The positive rate of males was 4 out of 104 with a prevalence of 3.84, and the positive rate of females was 3 out of 146 with a prevalence of 2.05. Analysis by district indicated that most positive cases were in Swat with Shangla having the least prevalence. The distribution in terms of age showed that HCV positivity was more common among the adult age groups than among the young people. The results indicate that HCV is a health issue to the community of the study area especially adults and males. To decrease transmission, better screening, awareness, safe blood transfusion practices, sterilization of surgical and dental instruments, and avoidance of sharing needles are advised.

Introduction: Miliary dissemination of adenocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive, and often terminal form of metastasis characterized by countless tiny (millimetric) nodules spreading throughout the lungs, mimicking miliary tuberculosis. It affects less than 5% of all lung adenocarcinomas. The aim of this study is to present a case of miliary disseminated adenocarcinoma originating from the lung with all diagnostic requirements. Materials and Methods: A 57year old male patient with 80-pack year smoking status admitted for invasive diagnostics in our clinic between (22.10.2026-29.10.2026) due to x-ray showing miliary disseminated lung infiltrates and pleural effusion. Results: The light criteria of the pleural effusion showed exudate with high LDH values highly suspected of malignancy. Contrast enhanced CT was scheduled and it showed multiple miliary disseminated infiltrates, mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. Liver and adrenal gland metastases were also noted. Bronchoscopy with TBB from the branch of the right upper lobe, together with TBNA from position 7 and 11R, both came positive for adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive in 50% of ROS1; TTF1; CK7; CEA; and negative on CK20; EGFR, ALK, PDL1 confirming primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Additionally, the patient was presented on tumor bord for treatment options and staging being T4N3M1c2. Conclusion: Miliary disseminated adenocarcinoma is aggressive and usually diagnosed late. Immunohistochemistry can provide an exact origin of the malignant disease.

This study examines the impact of government expenditure on economic development in Ondo State, Nigeria, using internally generated revenue (IGR) as a proxy. It focuses on three sectors: education, health, and agriculture, to assess their relative contributions to state revenue performance. The study employs an ex post facto design using secondary data from 2020 to 2024. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression techniques were applied to evaluate the relationship between sectoral expenditures and IGR, and to determine the statistical significance of each sector’s effect. Results show considerable variability in IGR, with education and health receiving consistently higher allocations than agriculture. Correlation analysis reveals positive associations between IGR and all three sectors. Regression analysis indicates that 89.3 percent of IGR variation is jointly explained by the three expenditures, with education showing a statistically significant positive effect, while health and agriculture show positive but borderline effects. Strategic allocation of public funds, particularly prioritising education, can enhance internally generated revenue and support economic development. Policymakers should adopt integrated budgeting to balance sectoral investments, maximise fiscal outcomes, and strengthen human capital development. The study provides state-level empirical evidence on the effectiveness of government spending in Nigeria, highlighting education as the most influential sector in driving revenue performance. It offers actionable recommendations for improving fiscal planning and resource allocation in sub-national governance contexts.

When soil material is subjected to external loading (pressure), its particles tend to undergo rearrangement because of the gradual expulsion of air/water from the soil mass which gives rise to reduction in volume. The loading pattern has a significant effect on the behavior of soil as it responds to the loading. In this research, two categories of consolidation tests; namely Rapid Loading Tests and Standard loading tests were carried out on different soil samples extracted from four different locations within Port Harcourt, Nigeria to investigate the effect of rate of loading on the consolidation properties of cohesive soils. In the Rapid loading Tests, the incremental loading was done at every one-hour (1hr.) interval to simulate the rapid loading whereas in the Standard Loading Tests, the load increment was done at every 24 hours or until there was no significant change in the dial gauge reading. The results of the investigation showed that the values for the coefficient of volume compressibility (mv), and compression index (Cc) were higher by an average of 34.8% and 77.2% respectively whereas the values of Coefficient of consolidation (cv), Swelling Index (Cs), the time factor for 90% consolidation (t90) and Preconsolidation pressure (Pc) were found to be reduced by an average of 37.8%, 33.8% ,32.6% and 15.4%respectively. More so, the settlements were found to be higher by an average of 23.5% in the rapidly loaded soil samples as compared to those of the standard loading tests. Lastly, the results of the investigation, when compared to the recommended values, were found to be within the acceptable range of values. Hence, it could be concluded that soils respond differently depending on the loading pattern, and that the compressibility properties of soil materials can be affected by the rate of loading.

The last few decades have witnessed considerable competition between developed countries to implement innovative digital advancements. This step is actually important for utility-scale highway construction enterprises, which are characterised by significant uncertainties, complex tasks, budget forecasting fluctuations, delays, cost overruns, and litigation. Nonetheless, the construction sector across all lands faces various hurdles to adopting 5G technologies. Thereby, it is substantial to highlight their instrumental benefits. Additionally, it is essential to illuminate the major risks of these projects. Actually, the global literature has few discussions of breakthrough approaches to mitigate the significant risks posed by these massive projects. Accordingly, this paper conducts a PRISMA-based data collection and analysis to bridge these knowledge gaps. This systematic review is noteworthy because it provides practical evidence and practices on the feasibility of digital tools for smart highway construction procedures and intelligent traffic management. It contributes to the available literature through valuable risk evaluation tools, contributions, and the imperative applications of the latest cutting-edge sensors.

Plants remain one of the most valuable sources of therapeutic agents for managing diseases and maintaining health. Ageratum conyzoides (AC) belongs to the family Asteraceae and has been known since antiquity for its medicinal properties and effectiveness in the treatment of various ailments ranging from skin disease, fever, to relief colic, flatulence, dysentery, and diarrhea. Despite its extensive ethnomedicinal use, limited scientific evidence exists to substantiate its pharmacological properties. This study was therefore designed to determine its nutrition and phytochemical component as herbal remedy for hypertension. Proximate analysis (%) shows that the plant has a low moisture content (6.57 ± 0.053), a low crude protein content (8.15 ± 0.041), low concentration of fat (3.10 ± 0.000), a moderate amount of fibre (16.58 ± 0.088), low Ash content (4. 29 ± 0.010) and high amount of carbohydrate (61.21 ± 0.010). This confirms AC as a good source of energy and fibre that aids digestion and improve the intestinal tract. The phytochemical constituents (Tannins, Phenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Saponins) were found to be 2.79%, 49.03mg/g, 0.94%, 38.22mg/g and 3.80% respectively. This confirms the plant’s richness in phytochemicals and antioxidant compounds. The concentration of essential amino acids (mg/g protein) (Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Threonine, and Methionine) were found to be 66.00, 38.05, 48.00, 36.00, 38.00 and 16.05 showing the nutritional quality of AC. Mineral compositions (mg/100g) (magnesium, calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, manganese, cobalt, selenium and zinc) were found to be 27.45, 65.00, 8.16, 720.07, 100.42, 25.00, 5.15, 0.05, 0.72 and 2.24 confirming the nutritional and medicinal richness of Ageratum conyzoides as a herbal remedy. This study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Ageratum conyzoides in local delicacy (black soup) has the potential to improve the nutritional status vis a vis the overall health benefit with regards to hypertension and other traditional use.

Tuberculosis can cause many types of alteration on normal marrow. Patients with tubeculosis were commonly observed to suffer hematological abnormalities. This study was conducted to investigate the influnce of pulmonary tuberculosis on some hematological parameters among kosti teaching hospital visiters. Blood samples were collected from fourty (40) pulmonary tuberculosis patients and thirty healthy individuals as control. The collected blood samples were transferred to EDTA containers and CBC test was immediately carried. The measured parameters included, HIV, RBCs, ESR, HTC, MCV, MCHC, TWBCs and platlet count. The hematological analyzer (sysmexKX21N) was used. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using (SPSS) programs compared with control samples. The ESR was elevated in (99%) of the patients, 45% of ESR values exceed (100mmHg) and thrombocytosis as (17%). The mean values of patients samples were, Hb (12.1 g/dl), MCV (77.2%), RBCs (4.4), HCT (33.8), MPV (8.9) and RDW (14.5). The control samples showed mean values as, Hb (13.2g/dl), MCV (81.21%), RBCs (4.5), HCT (36.5), MCH (29.4), MCHC (36.2), WBCs (5.9), MPV(10) and RDW (13.8). The TB patients samples showed significant increase in platelets count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in addition to clear decrease in MCV.