Hydatidosis can affect up to 5% of the population in areas of high endemicity. Its preferred location is the liver. It is a disease considered benign but can become serious due to its complications. The fistulization of a hydatid cyst (HC) into the abdominal wall is a rare complication. We report the case of a hydatid cyst of the liver fistulized into the abdominal wall.

Introduction: Uterine rupture occurs in many pregnancies. The risk is higher for women who plan to have a normal birth after a previous cesarean section than for those who have another cesarean section. Objectives: This study aimed to predict the thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) by comparing a 2D transvaginal ultrasound with the findings during a cesarean section (C/S) in pregnant women with a history of previous cesarean sections. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Institute of Child and Mother Health, Bangladesh from June 2023 to May 2024. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. 100 women underwent transvaginal ultrasound followed by cesarean section (C/S) within a maximum of one week later. Also, an expert gynaecologist classified LUS thickness into four grades in the operation room. Result: The mean age of the women in the study was 30.7 years (±9.62), while the mean thickness of the lower uterine segment (LUS) was 2.25 cm (± 0.55). Among the participants, 43 were classified as grade I for the LUS based on intraoperative findings. The results indicated a significant difference in the mean thickness of the LUS measured by ultrasound across the three grades identified by the gynaecologist (P = 0.04). However, there were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, parity, or the time since the last cesarean section among women with different LUS grades (P > 0.05). Transvaginal ultrasound may be useful in assessing the risk of scar dehiscence and uterine rupture in women with LUS grades I and II who have a history of previous cesarean sections. Conclusion: Sonographic lower uterine segment thickness prediction is very important in the study of lower uterine segment thickness after a prior cesarean section to predict uterine rupture. 2D vaginal ultrasonography can be used to assess the risk of uterine scar dehiscence of grades I and II.

Background: Quality of education is not just referring to as imparting good knowledge but it also includes availability of potable water and sanitary services. Clean and continuous availability of water and right sanitation practices in schools are prerequisites to school children's entitlement to a basic education. Aim: Therefore, in the current survey study, the main objective was to assess the water supply, sanitation and hygiene practices in schools and colleges of Jammu District. Method: A simple random sampling technique was used to gather 100 school/college students studying in the Jammu region of the Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir (UT), India. Data were retrieved using a self-constructed questionnaire assessing sanitation & hygiene practices using Google form format and E-based method. Result: The findings of the study revealed that the major water drinking facility in the educational institutions was in the form of water cooler (46%) and tap water (34%). There was no satisfactory provision of toilets for the student with disability and regarding menstrual we observed that only 67% of colleges and 51% of schools provides dustbins for disposal of menstrual hygiene wastes. It was also observed that 27% of institutions provide soap in a private space for girls due to which 75% miss classes and suffered from UTI. Conclusion: We concluded that majority of school and colleges of Jammu district provides separate washrooms for girls and boys but only half of the number of school and colleges provides hand wash/soap at hand washing place and also found that there is less menstrual hygiene. Therefore there is an urgent need to provide proper water supply, sanitary services in educational institutions to support the Sustainable Development Goal 6 for proper development of the nation.

Background: Childhood illnesses, including fever, acute respiratory infections (ARI), and diarrhea, remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. These conditions are influenced by socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral factors, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their prevalence and determinants to inform public health strategies. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors for fever, ARIs, and diarrhea among children under five in Bangladesh, thereby providing insights for targeted interventions. Methodology: Utilizing data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18, this cross-sectional study examined a weighted sample of 8,421 children under five. Variables including demographics, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors were analyzed. Prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea was recorded, with logistic regression models estimating odds ratios to identify associations between childhood illnesses and selected predictors. Results: Among children aged 0–59 months, boys exhibited a higher prevalence of fever and ARI compared to girls. Children younger than 12 months showed the highest rates of all three illnesses, particularly ARI. Breastfeeding status, maternal age, and socioeconomic factors (e.g., parental education, wealth index) significantly influenced illness prevalence. Additionally, safe water access and sanitation were linked to lower fever and ARI prevalence. Vaccination status was also associated with illness patterns, highlighting complex health disparities. Conclusion: The study identifies critical factors affecting the prevalence of fever, ARI, and diarrhea in children, emphasizing the need for interventions addressing environmental and socioeconomic risks. Improved water, sanitation, vaccination coverage, and healthcare access are recommended to reduce disease burden among children in Bangladesh.

Food security means all people at all times have economic and physical access to food for dietary needs and healthy life. Ensuring food security for all is a challenge at the global level. Developing nations need help with food security. Developing countries like India are facing a severe challenge in ensuring food security. Various international and national factors contribute to food security. Global factors such as climate change affect agriculture production and productivity. Rising temperatures, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, erratic rainfall, and increasing flood and drought events affect food security adversely. The declining proportion of millet in total food production is another severe issue for physical and economic access to healthy food. Millet's crop is a consumer, environment, and farmer's friend. Several factors, such as increasing population, urbanization, food waste, reducing land for cultivation, and unhealthy change in crop patterns, are making the problem of food security more difficult. The increasing population and resulting anthropogenic activities are putting pressure on natural resources. This article discusses the food security problem and the factors contributing to this problem in the Indian case. We need to work on several fronts to ensure physical and economic access to healthy food security for the increasing population.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting an estimated 5% to 18% of women of reproductive age and 3% to 11% of adolescents. The diagnostic criteria for PCOS in adults are not entirely suitable for adolescents, as certain features may represent normal physiological changes during puberty. Ongoing research aims to refine these diagnostic criteria for teenagers. PCOS is linked to hormonal and metabolic disturbances and increases the risk of associated conditions, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, employing a systematic search of three major databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. Given the high prevalence of PCOS and its potential health complications, it is crucial to identify at-risk adolescent girls early, ensure accurate diagnosis, initiate timely treatment, and promote lifestyle modifications. Current research increasingly focuses on adolescent patients with PCOS. This review aims to explore recent findings on the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnostic approaches for PCOS in adolescents.

Background: Hepatotoxicity induced by chemical agents is a common and life-threatening disease that developed from acute or chronic exposure to environmental chemicals. Despite numerous approaches towards the treatment of liver toxicity, no safe and effective therapy exists. This study evaluated the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol leaf extract of Voacanga africana (VA) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The animals were assigned into seven groups: Control, [DEN+CCL4], [DEN+CCL4] with VA (100, 200, 400 mg/kg), [DEN+CCL4] with Sorafenib (SFB), and SFB alone. Rats received DEN (200 mg/kg) once via i.p. and CCL4 (3 mL/kg) via subcutaneous route once in a week for six weeks. VA was administered orally from the second week until the 15th week. GC-FID analyses of VA revealed active components Voacinol, Voacangine, Amataine, and Ibogaine. [DEN+CCL4] caused a 26% increase in liver organo-somatic weight, which was reduced by 18%, 20%, and 9% with VA doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively. [DEN+CCL4] also significantly increased serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransferases by 55%, 25%, and 17%, and raised α-fetoprotein and total bilirubin levels by 2.0 and 2.5folds, respectively. Hepatic nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activities were increased by 52% and 123%, respectively in the intoxicated rats. Additionally, malondialdehyde levels increased by 80% with decrease in glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase by 35%, 34%, 25% and 32%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed mild APC and strong Bcl-2 expression, while histology revealed severe hepatic necrosis. VA treatment mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and restored liver architecture.