Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesviridae family, is believed to play a role in the development of cervical carcinoma in women. About 50–85% of people worldwide are infected with CMV by early adulthood. Objective: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of CMV in Medani, Gezira State, among women who had cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: The study involved 50 women in total. Participants' blood samples (5 mL each) were drawn and transferred into sterile, plain blood containers. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the serum for CMV IgG and IgM antibodies after it was collected by centrifugation at 3000 g for five minutes (Snibe Maglumi X3). Results: According to the findings, 32 (64%) of the 50 women tested positive for CMV antibodies, while 18 (36%) tested negative. Two (6%) of the 32 positive patients had IgM antibodies, which indicated a recent infection, whereas 30 (94%) had IgG antibodies, which indicated a previous or latent infection. According to the distribution of CMV frequency by age group, older women had a greater frequency: 3% of women aged 20–30, 22% of women aged 31–40, and 75% of women aged 40 and above. Furthermore, women with a managed menstrual cycle had a higher frequency (26%) than those with an uncontrolled cycle (20%). In addition, women who married young were more likely to do so (38%) than those who married later (26%). Conclusions: According to the study's findings, women in Gezira State with cervical cancer had a notably high frequency of CMV, especially those who were older. To confirm these results and investigate the part CMV plays in cervical carcinogenesis, more studies with larger sample numbers and more sophisticated diagnostic methods are advised.

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a compound sickness origin via a fundamental interaction compound which is un inheritable factor–environment in addition defined through inflaming toward neurodegenerative the cells of the central nervous system stop working or die demonstration. Alteration the pathologic process and the line of multiple sclerosis due to different molecular modification, which including rises in interleukins, chemokines, NO, species of activated oxygen, self dertermining radicals and glutamate. Material & Methods: This study included 37 patients taking (5 males ,32 females) and 25 healthy controls. Blood samples were obtained from the biological treatment Unit for neurological diseases in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the period from November 2023 to March 2024. The serum was isolated by centrifuging blood samples at 1000g for 5 minutes. Human TNF-ɑ levels were quantified using an ELISA kit (Elabscience Biotechnology Inc., USA;133Hu, Lot. no. L240214179.Following the manufacturers protocol. Results: The results of the present study showed that patients with M.S. had higher levels of TNF-α 34.33 pg/ml while control group had lower levels of TNF-α 28pg/ml, there were a significant difference between patients, P=0.028. Conclusion: Patients with M.S. had higher levels of TNF-α than their levels in control group, provided a fundamental indication that an increment of TNF-α happen topically inside the central nervous system of patients with M.S.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) remains a prevalent hereditary disorder in various regions, including Saudi Arabia. Among its numerous systemic complications, sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) represents a major contributor to both morbidity and mortality. While the clinical manifestations of SCN have been well-documented, detailed histopathological descriptions are limited and dispersed across isolated case reports and small series. Notably, certain histologic alterations, although subtle, may carry important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the histopathological features associated with SCN, correlating them with underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation to enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical management.