Fusarium is a widely distributed filamentous fungus in plant debris, soil water. Species most repeatedly caught up in human infections are Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme. The clinical presentation of fusariosis depends mainly on the immune status of the host. The superficial and localized disease occurs mostly in immunocompetent patients, while invasive and disseminated disease affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The common risk factors for fusariosis to develop include prolonged leukopenia, immunosuppressive drugs and organ transplantation. The present case depicts the finding of spindle shaped structures of fusarium in routine urine examination of immuno-compromised post renal transplant patient.

Background: Reports suggest that HIV-infected patients have elevated D-dimer levels that may be related to chronic inflammation and coagulation abnormalities. Levels of D-dimer have also been reported to be higher in HIV treatment-naïve patients compared to treatment- experienced patients. HIV infection has also been associated with a decrease in the number of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells resulting primarily from a combination of increased apoptosis and decreased lymphopoiesis. Methods: Eighty (80) subjects attending HIV clinic at the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers state who satisfied the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. A commercial assay kit; ELISA Kit for D-Dimer (D2D) (manufactured by Uscn Life Science IncorporatedR USA) was used with a TC96+ ELISA microplate reader (manufactured by Ceco diagnosticR USA) to determine the D-dimer level. CD4 + T-cell count was evaluated using the Partec Cyflow counter-1, a single-platform, three-parameter (SSC plus two-colour fluorescence) desktop volumetric flow cytometer (manufactured by Sysmex PartecR Germany).Full blood count was carried out on the EDTA anticoagulated sample using the Horiba Abx Micros 60 Haematology Analyser (manufactured by Horiba instruments incorporatedR USA). Results: The D-dimer level was found to be lower in HAART- experienced subjects (288.35 ± 129.12 ng/ml) than HAART-naïve subjects (389.85 ± 217.61ng/ml.) (P= 0.013).The mean CD4+ T-cell count of HAART–naïve subjects was 379.33±287.25 cell/ul and for HAART–experienced subjects was 387.55±334.85 cell/ul. Their mean difference was not statistically significant (P=0.906). Conclusion: It was observed that there was no correlation between D-Dimer and CD4+ T-cell count in HAART-naive and experienced subjects.

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is worldwide accepted, inexpensive, minimally invasive and very accurate method today especially in commonly encountered clinical problems like salivary gland lesions which range from non-neoplastic lesions like inflammation, cysts, and commonest benign tumours like pleomorphic adenoma to malignant lesions of variable malignant potential. FNAC is major diagnostic tool and is of great relevance in head and neck lesions, including major salivary glands as they are easily accessible target sites. The aim of this study was to evaluate spectrum of salivary gland lesions with their clinical presentations and to study the cytomorphological features of various salivary gland lesions, and to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in salivary gland lesions whenever histopathology was available. Material and Methods: A total of 150 cases of salivary gland lesions were analysed both retrospectively and prospectively from January 2010- December 2015 at Department of Pathology, of a tertiary care medical college Hospital. Cyto-histopathological correlation was interpreted wherever available. Results: In the 150 cases thus analysed, the male to female ratio was 1.14:1. Parotid gland was involved in 73.34 %, submandibular gland in 23.33 %, and other minor salivary glands in 3.33% of patients. There were 57.33 % cases of neoplastic lesions and 42.67% cases of non-neoplastic lesions. Chronic sialadenitis (22.67%) was the commonest non neoplastic lesion. Pleomorphic adenoma (40.67%) was the commonest benign neoplasm and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (9.33%) was the commonest malignant neoplasm. The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for salivary gland lesions were 93.48 %, 100% and 94.23 %, respectively. Conclusion: Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a very useful diagnostic tool for superficial palpable tumors of salivary glands. It has high rates of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value in diagnosing salivary gland lesions and hence a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of patients.

Introduction: Meningiomas are one of the most common primary intracranial tumours. Although most meningiomas are benign, the spectrum also includes atypical and malignant meningiomas. Clinical outcome of meningiomas is often difficult to predict. The stratification of risk on the basis of histomorphology alone remains problematic; thus additional biomarkers are needed. In this study biomarkers of prognostic and therapeutic interest like Ki-67, p53 and HER2/neu have been studied in correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on histologically diagnosed meningiomas was undertaken. Slides were retrieved and reviewed. Clinical details were recorded from the files in the archives of the department. Immunohistochemical staining with markers Ki-67, p53 and HER2/neu were performed and the findings were interpreted. Results: The study included 17 cases with an age range of 16 to 73 years and a male: female ratio of 1.1:1.There were 11 cases (64.7%) of primary tumours and 6 cases (35.3%) were recurrent tumours. WHO Grade I meningiomas were maximum and accounted for 70.5% followed by grade II (17.5%) and grade III (12%) meningiomas. Ki-67 expression was seen in all cases with progressively increased expression in higher grades. p53 expression was observed in all the cases with higher levels (>10%) in Grade II and Grade III meningiomas compared to grade I meningiomas. The HER2/neu staining was negative in all cases studied. Conclusion: Grade I meningiomas appear to have low mitotic count on morphology but have higher proliferation rate on Ki-67 studies. Most of the recurrent tumours have higher p53 expression (>10%). Hence, adjuvant studies with biomarkers Ki-67 and p53 will be helpful in precise grading of meningiomas.

In India only few studies are focused on hematological parameters in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). This study was undertaken to study haematological parameters in ESRD patients undergoing regular haemodialysis and to compare haematological parameters in these patients before and after haemodialysis. Chronic Kidney Disease is a global public health problem responsible for high morbidity and mortality with greater burden of cost of care especially in developing countries like India. Adult patients with ESRD undergoing regular haemodialysis at Tertiary Care Hospital, Hemodialysis unit were included in the study, irrespective of their etiology. ESRD was diagnosed by nephrologist with creatinine clearance < 15 ml/min calculated by Cockcroft-Gault equation, biochemical and radiological investigations. With proper aseptic precautions, 5 ml venous blood collected in EDTA vacutainer just before starting haemodialysis and after completion of haemodialysis. Mean age of the patients was 41.03±12.6 years with maximum number of male patients with diabetes mellitus with hypertension being most common cause for ESRD. There was statistically significant difference in post haemodialysis value as compared with predialysis value for haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, RBC count and platelet count. Globally, the dialysis-monitoring strategy is principally based on measurement of biochemical parameters before and after each session of dialysis. This study indicate that most haematological parameters in Hemodialysis patients are significantly altered both pre and post haemodialysis. Thus, monitoring the haematological parameters may help in deciding erythropoietin stimulating agent dose, preventing possible complications and consequently reducing the mortality/morbidity rate in ESRD patients on haemodialysis.

Background: Students’ satisfaction reflects what they expect from their educational institution Until the 1980s, feedback from students about their experience in higher education was an uncommon practice. Student life is a network of academic and social interactions connected. Many colleges have comprehensive processes for achieving excellence or meeting high-quality standards, with "Student Satisfaction" at the heart of all higher education targets for excellence. Student's satisfaction reflects what they expect from their educational institution. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population includes nine graduates of the MD pathology program who specialized in histopathology. The data was gathered through a structured questionnaire. Self-administered, closed-ended, unipolar 5-grade Likert scale has been developed and validated to assess the level of satisfaction of histopathology graduates in 14 areas of the training program. Results: High satisfaction: Overall, the trainees expressed significant satisfaction with numerous training areas are entry exam (90%), surgical pathology knowledge (80%), surgical pathology skills (80%), routine work (90%), textbooks (100%), teaching slides (80%), local training courses (80%), peer learning (100%), weekly sessions (100%), hand over (90%). Conclusion: The students and trainees overall have a high level of satisfaction with postgraduate training in histopathology. This study can serve as a preliminary guide for potential reform of the histopathology training. Reform will lead to better training and better service.

Etiological agents causing infection in the nails vary with gender, age, occupation, A total number of 51 patients having clinically diagnosed Onychomycosis were selected, Direct microscopy of nail specimen in 40% KOH, culture on SDA, DTM was done. out of 51 patients, 17 were between 20-30 years of age (33.33%),out of 51 patients 33 were males and 18 were females, 27 patients (52.94%) had DLSO pattern, Of the 32 positive cultures, Dermatophytes were isolated in 10 (23.80%) and Non-Dermatophytes in 15 (29.41%). Non-Dermatophyte fungi are being isolated more frequently from nail infections.

A stroke stroke is extremely rare during pregnancy. Called PRA, the prognosis is potentially serious, the mechanism of occurrence and causes are still uncertain. Neurologic manifestations in a gestational setting associated with other risk factors may be life-threatening for the mother and fetus by further complicating the choice of treatment. We report the observation of a young woman pregnant with 26SA + 4jrs in anemia led to the diagnosis of a cerebral infarction.

Ovarian surface epithelial tumors with choriocarcinomatous differentiation are vary rare. We report a case of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary with choriocarcinomatous differentiation in a 54-year-old female who got admitted for evaluation of a large pelvic mass. Clinically, mass arising from right adnexa/ soft tissue/ appendix was suspected which on radiologically showed a solid and cystic mass arising from right adnexa. The mass was excised in toto and sent for histopathological examination. Grossly, we received a salphingo-opherectomy specimen measuring 13x11x8 cm. External surface was smooth with congested blood vessels. Cut surface revealed solid (40%) and cystic (60%) areas and reddish brown fluid was extruded. Friable and hemorrhagic areas were noted grossly. Microscopy revealed sheets of clear cells the lesion was composed of round to oval cells with ill defined cell border, moderate eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and bland nuclei. A panel of Immunohistochemical markers were performed and the lesional cells were positive for Pax 8 and beta HCG .With H&E morphology and Immunohistochemical staining pattern a diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary with choriocarcinomatous differentiation was rendered.